Ho Utulla Mokhoa oa ho Rata Khauta ka Sodium Cyanide

I. Selelekela

Indastering ea merafo ea khauta ea sejoale-joale , sodium cyanide e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Ho fapana le mekhoa ea khale ea ho cheka khauta, mekhoa ea kajeno ea ho cheka khauta ea khoebo e ka ntša khauta mafikeng a nang le khauta e tlase haholo, ka linako tse ling e le nyane haholo joaloka 0.005%, moo khauta e sa bonahaleng mahlong. Sodium cyanide ke sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa lik'hemik'hale ts'ebetsong ena e rarahaneng ea ho ntša khauta, e nolofalletsang ho aroloa ha khauta ho mafika ka katleho. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba ka botlalo hore na Sodium Cyanide e sebelisoa joang merafong ea khauta.

II. Lintho tsa motheo tsa sodium cyanide

A. Lintho tsa Lik'hemik'hale

Sodium cyanide, e nang le foromo ea lik'hemik'hale ea NaCN, ke motsoako o mosoeu oa kristale. E hlaha e le li-granule kapa phofo 'me e na le tatso e monate. Motsoako ona o na le monko o fokolang oa lialmonde tse babang. Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho qhibiliha, o qhibiliha haholo metsing, ha o ntse o qhibiliha hanyane feela ka har'a ethanol. Ka lik'hemik'hale, sodium cyanide ke motheo o matla le letsoai le fokolang la asiti. Tharollo ea eona ea metsi e haelloa ke hydrolyze ho hlahisa hydrocyanic acid, e leng se etsang hore tharollo e be alkaline haholo. Haholo-holo, sodium cyanide e chefo haholo. Esita le tekanyo e nyane, ebang ke ka ho kopana le letlalo, ho hema, kapa ho e ja, e ka lebisa chefong e matla 'me e ka ba kotsi. E fana ka phello ea eona e bolaeang ka ho lokolla li-ion tsa cyanide (CN-) tse nang le kamano e matla le li-ion tsa tšepe ho feta oksijene. Sena se sitisa lits'ebetso tse tloaelehileng tsa oxidative tsa lisele, qetellong se fella ka ho se sebetse hantle ha sele le hypoxia ea lisele.

B. Bohlokoa ba Indasteri

Ntle le karolo ea eona merafong ea khauta, sodium cyanide e bohlokoa haholo makaleng a fapaneng a indasteri. Ka indasteri ea electroplating, e sebetsa e le karolo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho roala koporo, silevera, cadmium le zinki. E thusa ho fokotsa polarization ea anodic, ho netefatsa ho qhibiliha ho tloaelehileng ha anode, ho tsitsisa tharollo ea plating, le ho ntlafatsa polarization ea cathodic ho fumana likarolo tse lekanang le tsa boleng bo phahameng. Metallurgy, e sebelisoa haholo ha ho ntšoa litšepe tsa bohlokoa tse kang khauta le silevera. Ho feta moo, ke thepa e tala ea mantlha indastering ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa ho etsa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-cyanide tsa inorganic le ho hlahisa hydrocyanic acid. E boetse e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea lisebelisoa tsa manyolo joalo ka likhalase tsa tlhaho, lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa maiketsetso, rabara ea nitrile le li-copolymers tsa fiber. Indastering ea dae, e sebelisoa ho hlahisa cyanuric chloride, e bohareng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lidae tse sebetsang le selelekela sa lisebelisoa tse soeufatsang. Ho feta moo, indasteri ea meriana e sebelisa sodium cyanide ha ho etsoa metsoako e kang cyanoacetic acid methyl ester le diethyl malonate. Ka kakaretso, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a sodium cyanide le ho sebetsa hape ho etsa hore e be lik'hemik'hale tsa bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa morao-rao tsa indasteri.

III. Ts'ebetso ea Meepo ea Khauta e nang le Sodium Cyanide

A. Boitokiso ba Ore

Mohato wa pele wa ho sebedisa sodium cyanide bakeng sa ho ntsha kgauta ke ho lokisa lejwe. Dikotwana tse kgolo tsa lejwe le nang le kgauta di qala ho silwa dikotwana tse nyane ho sebediswa di-crusher tse boima. Ho silwa hona ha mantlha ho fokotsa boholo ba lejwe ho isa tekanyong e laolehang haholoanyane, hangata e ka ba dimilimithara tse 150-300. Ka mora moo, lejwe le sitsitsweng le feta hara ho silwa ha bobedi, hangata ka di-crusher tsa dikhoune kapa di-crusher tse nang le tshusumetso, ho fokotsa boholo ba dikarolwana ho ya ho dimilimithara tse ka bang 20-50. Kamora moo, lejwe le silwa hore e be phofo e ntle ka di-ball mill kapa di-rod mill, ho netefatsa hore boholo ba dikarolwana di ka tlase ho dimilimithara tse 0.074. Ho silwa hona ho hotle ho bohlokwa kaha ho eketsa sebaka sa bokahodimo ba lejwe haholo, ho thusa ho kopana hantle le ho arabela tharollong ya cyanide tshebetsong e latelang ya ho ntsha. Ho feta moo, lejwe le ka feta tshebetsong ya tlhahlobo ho arola boholo bo fapaneng ba dikarolwana, ho dumella taolo e nepahetseng haholoanyane ya kalafo ya dikhemikhale le ho eketsa bokgoni ba ho ntsha.

B. Mokhoa oa Leaching

Hang ha tšepe e se e lokisitsoe hantle, e kena mokhahlelong oa leaching, e leng pelo ea ts'ebetso ea ho ntša khauta ka sodium cyanide. Ore e entsoeng ka phofo e kopantsoe le motsoako o entsoeng ka hloko oa cyanide, hangata ka sodium cyanide concentrations ho tloha ho 0.05% ho ea ho 0.1%. Mothating ona, ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e etsahala moo khauta e ore e kopanang le li-ion tsa cyanide (CN-) boteng ba oksijene. Karabelo ka kakaretso e ka emeloa ke equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Mona, liathomo tsa khauta li etsa motsoako o qhibilihang o nang le li-ion tsa cyanide, tse etsang sodium gold cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), e qhibilihang ka tharollo. Ts'ebetso ea leaching e hloka taolo e tiileng ea liparamente tse fapaneng. PH ea tharollo e bolokiloe hoo e ka bang 10-11 ho netefatsa botsitso ba cyanide le ho thibela ho thehoa ha khase e chefo ea hydrogen cyanide. Mocheso le oona o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa; Ka tloaelo, e bolokoa ka har'a mocheso oa 20-30 ° C. Thempereichara e tlase haholo e liehisa sekhahla sa karabelo, ha mocheso o feteletseng o ka lebisa ho mouoane o potlakileng oa tharollo le ho hola ha lisebelisoa. Phetoho e lekaneng le moea li lula li fanoa ho netefatsa hore ore e tsoakoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le tharollo ea cyanide, ho khothaletsa ho qhibiliha ha khauta ka katleho.

C. Mothati oa Pula

Kamora ts'ebetso ea leaching, khauta e se e le sebopeho sa li-complex tsa cyanide tsa khauta tse qhibilihang ka tharollo. Ho khutlisa khauta, ho etsoa sethala sa pula. Hangata sena se kenyelletsa ho eketsa phofo ea zinki kapa khabone e kentsoeng tharollong. Ha phofshoana ea zinki e sebelisoa, karabelo ea ho falla e etsahala. Zinc, kaha e sebetsa ho feta khauta, e tlosa khauta sebakeng sa khauta ea cyanide. Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e ka hlalosoa e le: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Joale liathomo tsa khauta li fokotsehile ka sebopeho sa tsona sa tšepe ebe li tsoa ka har'a tharollo. Haeba ho sebelisoa khabone e kentsoeng, sebaka sa eona se holimo le thepa ea adsorption lia sebetsa. Metsoako ea khauta ea cyanide e adsorb holim'a khabone e kentsoeng, ka katleho e arola khauta ho tharollo. Khabone e kentsoeng ka har'a eona e ntse e sebetsoa hape ho khutlisa khauta e batiloeng. Hang ha pula e felile, seretse se hlahisoang se ea tlhotloa kapa se kenngoe bohareng ho arola metsi a khauta a tiileng ho mokelikeli o setseng, o ka bang le masala a cyanide le litšila tse ling.

D. Mokhoa oa ho hloekisa

Khauta e fumanoeng sethaleng sa pula e ntse e na le litšila tse ling 'me e hloka ho hloekisoa ho finyella bohloeki bo phahameng bo hlokahalang' marakeng. Ts'ebetso ea tlhoekiso hangata e qala ka ho qhibilihisa, moo metsi a khauta a futhumetseng ho fihlela mocheso o phahameng ka sebōping. Sena se qhibilihisa khauta, e leng se lumellang litšila tse teteaneng hore li tebele ho ea tlaase ha khauta e qhibilihisitsoeng e ka tlosoa kapa ea tšeloa ka har'a hlobo. Ka mor'a moo, electrolysis e ka sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhoekiso e tsoelang pele. Ka seleng ea electrolytic, khauta e sa hloekang e etsoa anode, 'me letlapa le tšesaane la khauta e hloekileng le sebetsa e le cathode. Ha motlakase o feta ka seleng, li-ion tsa khauta tse tsoang ho anode li fallela ho cathode ebe li beha e le khauta e hloekileng, li siea litšila tse setseng ho anode. Ka mehato ena ea ho hloekisoa, khauta e ka fihla boemong ba bohloeki ba ho fihla ho 99.99%, e finyella litekanyetso tsa likopo tse fapaneng tsa indasteri, ho etsa mabenyane le ho tsetela.

IV. Likopo tsa Ts'ireletso le Tlhokomelo ea Tikoloho

A. Polokeho ea Basebetsi

Ka lebaka la chefo e feteletseng ea sodium cyanide, ho netefatsa polokeho ea basebetsi ho bohlokoa haholo. Basebetsi ba amehang tšebetsong ea merafo ea khauta ba sebelisa sodium cyanide ba tlameha ho fuoa koetliso e batsi ea polokeho. Ho hlokahala hore ba be le tsebo ea ho sebetsana le k’hemik’hale, ba utloisise likotsi tse ka ’nang tsa e-ba teng, le ho tseba mekhoa e nepahetseng ea maemo a tšohanyetso. Thepa ea ts'ireletso ea motho (PPE) ha e khone ho buisanoa. Basebetsi ba lokela ho roala liatlana tse sa keneleng metsi ho thibela ho kopana ha letlalo, likhalase tse sireletsang mahlo a bona, le lisebelisoa tsa ho hema ho qoba ho hema khase efe kapa efe e ka bang teng ea cyanide. Ho feta moo, liprothokholo tse tiileng tsa polokeho li tlameha ho ba teng. Ka mohlala, libaka tsa mosebetsi li lokela ho ba le moea o motle ho fokotsa cyanide leha e le efe e tsamaisoang ke moea. Basebetsi ba boetse ba lokela ho thibeloa ho ja, ho noa, kapa ho tsuba libakeng tseo sodium cyanide e leng teng ho thibela ho ja ka phoso. Litlhahlobo tsa kamehla tsa bongaka e lokela ho ba tlamo ho beha leihlo bophelo ba basebetsi, haholo-holo ba sebetsanang le k'hemik'hale ka kotloloho, ho lemoha matšoao a pele a ho ba le cyanide.

B. Tšusumetso ea Tikoloho

Tšebeliso ea sodium cyanide merafong ea khauta le eona e baka matšoenyeho a maholo tikolohong. Kamora ts'ebetso ea ho ntša khauta, litšila tse setseng, tse tsejoang e le li-tailings tsa Cyanide , li na le cyanide e setseng. Haeba li sa laoloe hantle, li-tailings tsena li ka baka tšokelo e kholo tikolohong. Cyanide e ka kena mobung le metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše, ea silafatsa mehloli ea metsi le ho senya bophelo ba metsing. Metsing a holim'a metsi, esita le tekanyo e nyane ea cyanide e ka sitisa botsitso ba tikoloho, e leng se lebisang ho bolaoeng ha litlhapi le litlamorao tse ling tse mpe ho mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang. Ho fokotsa likotsi tsena tsa tikoloho, lik'hamphani tsa merafo li tlameha ho kenya tšebetsong maano a matla a taolo ea tikoloho. Mokhoa o mong ke ho phekola li-tailings tsa cyanide ho fokotsa litaba tsa cyanide ho ea maemong a sireletsehileng. Sena se ka kenyelletsa mekhoa ea kalafo ea lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka mekhoa ea oxidation kapa pula, ho fetola cyanide e chefo hore e be metsoako e seng kotsi haholo. Mohato o mong oa bohlokoa ke ho lahla le ho thibela li-tailings tse phekotsoeng hantle. Matangoana a sirelelitseng lithōle kapa li-tailings a nang le liner tse loketseng a ka thibela ho lutla ha litšila tse setseng tikolohong. Ho phaella moo, ho beha leihlo tikoloho e potolohileng ka nako e telele, ho kenyeletsoa boleng ba metsi le maemo a mobu, ho bohlokoa ho lemoha tšenyo efe kapa efe e ka bang teng tikolohong esale pele le ho nka khato ea ho lokisa lintho kapele.

V. Qetello

Ha ho pelaelo hore sodium cyanide ke k'hemik'hale ea bohlokoa merafong ea khauta ea sejoale-joale, e nolofalletsang ho ntšoa ha khauta ho tsoa marung a nang le khauta e tlase. E bile lejoe la motheo la indasteri ea merafo ea khauta ka mashome a lilemo, e nolofalletsa tlhahiso ea khauta e futhumatsang liindasteri tse fapaneng, ho tloha ho etseng mabenyane ho isa lits'ebetsong tsa theknoloji e phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea eona e hloka tlhokomelo e kholo ho polokeho le tšireletso ea tikoloho. Likhamphani tsa merafo li tlameha ho tsetela lisebelisoa tsa polokeho tsa sejoale-joale, li fane ka koetliso e felletseng ho basebetsi, le ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa e thata ea polokeho ho sireletsa maphelo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, li na le tlamo ea boitšoaro le ea molao ea ho laola tšusumetso ea tikoloho, li tšoara mesaletsa ea cyanide ka boikarabello le ho beha leihlo tikoloho ho thibela tšenyo ea nako e telele. Ha theknoloji e ntse e tsoela pele, lipatlisiso mabapi le mekhoa e meng e sireletsehileng le e mosa haholoanyane tikolohong ho feta sodium cyanide li lokela ho tsoela pele. Ke feela ka ho fumana teka-tekano pakeng tsa ho ntšoa ha khauta ka katleho, polokeho ea basebetsi le tlhokomelo ea tikoloho moo indasteri ea merafo ea khauta e ka atlehang ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng nakong e tlang.