Ho tloha ho Sodium Cyanide ho ea Hydrogen Cyanide: Ho Hlahloba Likopo le Phetoho

Li-cyanides, ho kenyelletsa Sodium cyanide (NaCN) le Haidrojene Cyanide (HCN), ke tse ling tsa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale tse chefo haholo empa e le tsa bohlokoa indastering. Reactivity ea bona e ikhethang e nolofalletsa lits'ebetso meepong ea khauta, meriana, lipolasetiki le tse ling. Sengoliloeng sena se kenella ka har'a thepa, lits'ebetso, le Liphetoho tsa Lik'hemik'hale pakeng tsa senotlolo tsena tse peli li-cyanides, ha ho ntse ho sebetsanoa le liphephetso tsa polokeho le lits'ebetso tsa theknoloji.

I. Thepa le Lisebelisoa tsa Sodium Cyanide

1. Mefuta ea Lik'hemik'hale

Sodium cyanide ke kristale e tšoeu e tiileng, e qhibilihang haholo metsing. Chefo ea eona e tsoa ho cyanide ion (CN⁻), e thibelang phefumoloho ea lisele ka ho tlama cytochrome oxidase.

2. Lisebelisoa tsa indasteri

• Khauta ea KhautaJoalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, NaCN e qhaqha khauta ka karabelo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

• electroplating: E tsitsisa li-ion tsa tšepe ka liaparo (mohlala, zinki, koporo).

• Tlhaho ea Organic: Selelekela sa li-nitriles, adiponitrile (nylon), le meriana ea meriana.

• Likokoana-hloko: E sebelisoa ka chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana joalo ka fenvalerate.

II. Hydrogen Cyanide: Thepa le Lisebelisoa

1. Mefuta ea Lik'hemik'hale

Hydrogen cyanide ke mokelikeli o se nang 'mala / khase e nang le monko o bohloko oa almonde. E na le ho ferekana haholo 'me e monngoa ka potlako ka ho hema kapa ho kopana le letlalo.

2. Lisebelisoa tsa indasteri

• meriana: Synthesis ea livithamine (mohlala, B12), lithethefatsi tsa antithyroid.

• dipolasetiki: Tlhahiso ea acrylonitrile (e sebelisoang ka polasetiki ea ABS le likhoele tsa maiketsetso).

• Temo: Sefumi bakeng sa lijo-thollo tse bolokiloeng le ho thibela mobu.

• Ntoa ea Lik'hemik'hale: Tšebeliso ea histori e le sebetsa e le sebetsa, e seng e laoloa ka thata.

III. Mekhoa ea Phetoho Pakeng tsa NaCN le HCN

1. Ho tloha NaCN ho ea ho HCN

Tlas'a maemo a asiti (pH <7), NaCN e ntša khase ea HCN:

NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑

Boitšoaro bona bo bohlokoa merafong ea khauta; alkalinity e sa lekaneng (mohlala, tlatsetso e tlase ea CaO) e ka lebisa ho lutla ha khase ea HCN, ho baka likotsi tse matla tsa polokeho.

2. Ho tloha HCN ho ea ho NaCN

HCN e ka fokotsoa ka metheo e matla ea ho nchafatsa letsoai la cyanide:

HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisoa ho hloekisetsa khase ho phekola melapo ea ho tsoa e nang le HCN.

3. Oxidation le ho senyeha

Ka bobeli NaCN le HCN li ka tlosoa chefo ka oxidation:

• Tlhoekiso:

2CN⁻ + 5ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂↑ + N₂↑ + 5Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

• Ozonation:

CN⁻ + O₃ → CNO⁻ + O₂

IV. Mathata a Polokeho le Taolo ea Taolo

1. Chefo le Likotsi tsa Tikoloho

• Bophelo ba Batho: Ho hema HCN (lethal dose: ~ 50-200 mg) ho baka ho se tsebe letho ka potlako le lefu.

• Tšusumetso ea tikoloho: Tšilafalo ea cyanide litseleng tsa metsi e ka bolaea bophelo ba metsing; ho qhalana ha histori (mohlala, koluoa ​​ea 2000 Baia Mare) e totobatsa likotsi.

2. Mehato ea Taolo

• Sehlopha sa UN: HCN ke Kemiso ea 3 ea lik'hemik'hale tlas'a Tumellano ea Libetsa tsa Lik'hemik'hale.

• Meeli ea OSHA: Moeli o lumelletsoeng oa ho pepeseha (PEL) bakeng sa HCN: 10 ppm (TWA ea lihora tse 8).

• Litaelo tsa ICMI: Khoutu ea Tsamaiso ea Cyanide ea Machabeng e laela hore ho sebetsoe ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng merafong.

V. Litlhahiso ho Tsamaiso ea Cyanide

1. Mekhoa e Sireletsehileng ea Tlhahiso

• Moloko oa Sebaka: HCN e ntse e tsoela pele ho hlahisoa ka ammoxidation e laoloang ea methane (mohlala, CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O), ho fokotsa likotsi tsa lipalangoang.

• Mefuta e meng e se nang Cyanide:

• Khauta ea Khauta: Thiourea, bromine, kapa metsi a ionic.

• electroplating: Lisebelisoa tsa zinc-nickel ntle le cyanide.

2. Tlhokomelo ea Dijithale

Li-sensor tsa IoT le li-algorithms tsa AI li thusa ho latela nako ea 'nete ea maemo a cyanide moeeng le metsing, ho fokotsa ho lutla.

VI. Mekhoa ea Bokamoso

• Green Synthesis: Tlhahiso ea biocatalytic ea nitriles e sebelisa li-enzyme (mohlala, nitrile hydratase).

• Lisebelisoa tsa Matla: HCN joalo ka sejari sa haedrojene ka har'a lisele tsa mafura.

• Moruo o chitja: Ho hlaphoheloa ha cyanide melapong ea litšila ka ho sefa ha membrane kapa ka adsorption.

fihlela qeto e

The interplay between sodium cyanide le hydrogen cyanide e totobatsa likarolo tsa bona tse peli e le lipere tsa indasteri le likotsi tsa tikoloho. Le hoja likopo tsa bona li ntse li le bohlokoa haholo makaleng a kang a merafo le a meriana, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le ho tiea ha taolo li tsamaisa mekhoa e sireletsehileng haholoanyane. Bokamoso ba k'hemistri ea cyanide bo holim'a ho leka-lekanya katleho le ts'ebetso, ho netefatsa hore metsoako ena e matla e sebeletsa batho ntle le ho senya bophelo bo botle kapa polanete.