Ho tloha ho Sodium Cyanide ho ea Hydrogen Cyanide: Ho Hlahloba Likopo le Phetoho

Li-cyanide, ho kenyeletsoa le Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) le Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), ke tse ling tsa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e chefo ka ho fetisisa empa e le ea bohlokoa indastering. Mokhoa oa tsona o ikhethang oa ho sebetsana le lintho o nolofalletsa ts'ebeliso merafong ea khauta, meriana, polasetiki le tse ling. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba litšobotsi, ts'ebeliso le Liphetoho tsa Lik'hemik'hale lipakeng tsa li-cyanide tsena tse peli tsa bohlokoa , ha se ntse se sebetsana le liphephetso tsa polokeho le boqapi ba theknoloji.

I. Thepa le Lisebelisoa tsa Sodium Cyanide

1. Mefuta ea Lik'hemik'hale

Sodium cyanide ke kristale e tšoeu e tiileng, e qhibilihang haholo metsing. Chefo ea eona e tsoa ho cyanide ion (CN⁻), e thibelang ho hema ha sele ka ho tlama ho cytochrome oxidase.

2. Lisebelisoa tsa indasteri

• Ho Ntša Khauta : Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, NaCN e qhala khauta ka karabelo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

• Ho betla ka motlakase : Ho tsitsisa li-ion tsa tšepe ka har'a lipente (mohlala, zinki, koporo).

• Ho kopanya lintho tse phelang : Selelekela sa nitriles, adiponitrile (nylon), le meriana.

• Libolaya-likokoana-hloko : Li sebelisoa libolaya-likokoana-hlokong tse kang fenvalerate.

II. Hydrogen Cyanide: Thepa le Lisebelisoa

1. Mefuta ea Lik'hemik'hale

Hydrogen cyanide ke mokelikeli o se nang 'mala / khase e nang le monko o bohloko oa almonde. E na le ho ferekana haholo 'me e monngoa ka potlako ka ho hema kapa ho kopana le letlalo.

2. Lisebelisoa tsa indasteri

• Meriana : Ho kopanya livithamine (mohlala, B12), meriana e loantšang thyroid.

• Liplastiki : Tlhahiso ea acrylonitrile (e sebelisoang liplastiking tsa ABS le likhoele tsa maiketsetso).

• Temo : Sebolaya dikokwanyana tse bolokilweng le ho bola mobung.

• Ntoa ea Lik'hemik'hale : Tšebeliso ea nalane e le sebetsa, joale e laoloa ka thata.

III. Mekhoa ea Phetoho Pakeng tsa NaCN le HCN

1. Ho tloha NaCN ho ea ho HCN

Tlas'a maemo a asiti (pH <7), NaCN e ntša khase ea HCN:

NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑

Boitšoaro bona bo bohlokoa merafong ea khauta; alkalinity e sa lekaneng (mohlala, tlatsetso e tlase ea CaO) e ka lebisa ho lutla ha khase ea HCN, ho baka likotsi tse matla tsa polokeho.

2. Ho tloha HCN ho ea ho NaCN

HCN e ka fokotsoa ka metheo e matla ea ho nchafatsa letsoai la cyanide:

HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

Ts'ebetso ena e sebelisoa ho hloekisetsa khase ho phekola melapo ea ho tsoa e nang le HCN.

3. Oxidation le ho senyeha

Ka bobeli NaCN le HCN li ka tlosoa chefo ka oxidation:

• Ho kenya chlorine :

2CN⁻ + 5ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂↑ + N₂↑ + 5Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

• Ozonation :

CN⁻ + O₃ → CNO⁻ + O₂

IV. Mathata a Polokeho le Taolo ea Taolo

1. Chefo le Likotsi tsa Tikoloho

• Bophelo ba Batho : Ho hema HCN (tekanyo e bolaeang: ~50–200 mg) ho baka ho se tsebe le lefu ka potlako.

• Tšusumetso Tikolohong : Tšilafalo ea cyanide metsing e ka bolaea libopuoa tsa metsing; ho tšoloha ha nalane (mohlala, koluoa ​​​​ea Baia Mare ea 2000) ho totobatsa likotsi.

2. Mehato ea Taolo

• Sehlopha sa Machaba a Kopaneng : HCN ke k'hemik'hale ea Kemiso ea 3 tlas'a Tumellano ea Libetsa tsa Lik'hemik'hale.

• Meeli ea OSHA : Moeli o lumelletsoeng oa ho pepesehela mahlaseli a kotsi (PEL) bakeng sa HCN: 10 ppm (TWA ea lihora tse 8).

• Tataiso ea ICMI : Khoutu ea Machaba ea Tsamaiso ea Cyanide e laela hore ho sebetsanoe le merafo ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng.

V. Litlhahiso ho Tsamaiso ea Cyanide

1. Mekhoa e Sireletsehileng ea Tlhahiso

• Tlhahiso Sebakeng : HCN e ntse e hlahisoa ka ho eketsehileng ka ho laolwa ha methane (mohlala, CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O ), ho fokotsa likotsi tsa lipalangoang.

• Mekhoa e meng e se nang Cyanide :

• Ho Ntša Khauta : Thiourea, bromine, kapa metsi a ionic.

• Ho betla ka motlakase : Li-alloy tsa zinki-nickel tse se nang cyanide.

2. Tlhokomelo ea Dijithale

Li-sensor tsa IoT le li-algorithms tsa AI li thusa ho latela nako ea 'nete ea maemo a cyanide moeeng le metsing, ho fokotsa ho lutla.

VI. Mekhoa ea Bokamoso

• Ho kopanya lintho tse tala : Tlhahiso ea li-nitrile ka biocatalytic e sebelisang li-enzyme (mohlala, nitrile hydratase).

• Tšebeliso ea Matla : HCN e le mojari oa haeterojene liseleng tsa mafura.

• Moruo o Selikalikoe : Ho tsosolosoa ha cyanide ho tsoa melapong ea litšila ka ho sefa lera kapa ho monya metsi.

fihlela qeto e

Tšebelisano pakeng tsa sodium cyanide le hydrogen cyanide e totobatsa mesebetsi ea tsona e 'meli e le basebetsi ba indasteri le likotsi tsa tikoloho. Leha ts'ebeliso ea tsona e ntse e le ea bohlokoa haholo makaleng a kang merafo le meriana, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le taolo e thata li khanna mekhoa e sireletsehileng. Bokamoso ba k'hemistri ea cyanide bo ho leka-lekanya bokhoni le botsitso, ho netefatsa hore metsoako ena e matla e sebeletsa batho ntle le ho beha bophelo bo botle kotsing kapa polanete.