Ngaba Kukhuselekile ukusebenzisa iSodium Cyanide kwiMigodi?

intshayelelo

I-Cyanide sodium, ikhompawundi yeekhemikhali eyaziwa ngokuba yityhefu egqithisileyo, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimichiza Icandelo lezemigodi amashumi eminyaka, ngakumbi ekutsalweni kwegolide. Ukukwazi kwayo ukunyibilikisa igolide kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezivela kwi-ore yenze ukuba ibe sisixhobo esiyimfuneko kubasebenzi basezimayini. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe i-cyanide I-sodium iphinde yaphakamisa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo malunga nokhuseleko, kokubili kubasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kule nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa umbuzo: Ngaba kukhuselekile ukusebenzisa i-cyanide sodium kwimigodi?

Yintoni iSodium Cyanide?

I-sodium cyanide yi-chemical compound kunye ne-formula ye-NaCN. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakala njengekristali emhlophe eqinileyo, ihlala ikwimo yeepellets okanye umgubo. Enye yeempawu zayo eziphawulekayo kukuthotywa kwayo, ivumba le-almond elikrakra, elinokusebenza njengesilumkiso sobukho bayo, nangona ingenguye wonke umntu onokulibona eli vumba.

Le khompawundi inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, kwaye kwizisombululo ezinamanzi, i-hydrolyzes ukuvelisa i-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), igesi eguquguqukayo kunye netyhefu kakhulu. Isodium cyanide idume ngokuba netyhefu enamandla; kunokubangela ityhefu ekhawulezileyo neqatha ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni. Kwanomlinganiselo womzuzu, xa utyityisiwe, uphefumla, okanye ufunxeka eluswini, unokuphazamisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba kwaye ukhokelela ekufeni. Isixhobo esisemva kwesiphumo sayo esibulalayo sisekukwazini kwayo ukuphazamisa ukuphefumla kweselula. Xa sele ingaphakathi emzimbeni, ii-ion ze-cyanide zibophelela kwi-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme ebalulekileyo kwinyathelo lokugqibela lekhonkco lokuthutha i-electron kwiiseli. Ngokwenza njalo, ivimbela ukuhanjiswa kwee-electron, ukukhusela iiseli ekusebenziseni i-oksijini ngokufanelekileyo, ekugqibeleni kubangele i-cell asphyxiation kunye ne-tissue hypoxia.

Isodium cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Kwi-metallurgy, ngakumbi kwimigodi yegolide, idlala indima ephambili. Inkqubo ye-cyanide leaching, ebandakanya ukusebenzisa Isodium cyanide Izisombululo, yindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhupha igolide kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwi-ores. Yenza ii-complexes ezizinzile ngegolide, evumela ukuba isinyithi sinyibilike kwaye sihlukaniswe kwilitye elijikelezileyo. Ukongeza, ifumana izicelo kwi-electroplating, apho inceda ukufaka umaleko obhityileyo wesinyithi kumphezulu, kunye nakwi-chemical synthesis, esebenza njengebhloko yokwakha ukuveliswa kwezinto ezininzi eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic, kubandakanywa amayeza, izibulala-zinambuzane, kunye nedayi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo, ukuphathwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kufuna eyona miqathango yokhuseleko engqongqo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide kwiMigodi

Inkqubo yezeMigodi

Ukusetyenziswa sodium cyanide emigodini, ngakumbi ekutsalweni kwegolide, kubandakanya uthotho lweenkqubo ezilawulwa ngononophelo. Okokuqala, intsimbi ekrwada idla ngokutyunyuzwa kwaye igutywe ibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo ukuze yandise indawo yayo, kube lula ukunxibelelana nesisombululo secyanide. Le ore icoliweyo ithi ke ixutywe ne-dilute Isodium cyanide isisombululo kwiitanki ezinkulu okanye iivathi. I-cyanide yenza ii-complexes kunye negolide ekhoyo kwi-ore, evumela ukuba inyibilike. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation okanye i-leaching, inokuthatha iiyure eziliqela ukuya kwiintsuku, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zentsimbi.

Emva kwenkqubo ye-leaching, isisombululo segolide sihlukaniswe kwinkunkuma eseleyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-tailings. Igolide ibuye ibuyiselwe kwisisombululo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifana nekhabhoni adsorption, apho ikhabhoni esebenzayo itsala kwaye ibophe iikhompleksi zegolide. Ngaphandle koko, i-zinc precipitation ingaqashwa, apho i-zinc powder yongezwa kwisisombululo, ibangela ukuba igolide ikhuphe. Igolide efunyenweyo iphinda icocwe ngeenkqubo ezinje ngokunyibilikisa ukufumana izitena zegolide ezisulungekileyo okanye ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo kwintengiso.

eziluncedo

Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kwimigodi kukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ekutsalweni kwegolide. Inokunyibilikisa igolide nakwizinto ezikrwada ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi, iyenze isebenze ngokwezoqoqosho kwiidiphozithi zemigodi ebezingayi kuba nangeniso. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezizezinye, ezinjengokwahlulwa komxhuzulane okanye ukuphaphatheka, i-cyanidation ihlala ifikelela kumazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuchacha, ngamanye amaxesha ukodlula ama-90% egolide ekhoyo kwintsimbi ekrwada.

Ukususela kumbono wezoqoqosho, i-cost-effectiveness ye-sodium cyanide yenye into ebalulekileyo. Ixabiso eliphantsi ngokwentelekiso lomchiza, lidityaniswe nokukwazi kwawo ukucubungula imithamo emikhulu yentsimbi ekrwada, linegalelo kwinzuzo epheleleyo yemveliso. UkuSebenza kweMigodi. Ikwavumela ukuxhatshazwa kweediphozithi zegolide ezincinci kunye nezisasazwe ngaphezulu, ukwandisa imithombo enokubakho yemveliso yegolide.

Iinkxalabo Zokhuseleko

Iingozi zetyhefu

Ubuthi obugqithisileyo besodium cyanide bubeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo kwimpilo yabasebenzi basezimayini. Ukuphefumla okanye ukudibana kwesikhumba kunye nemilinganiselo encinci ye-cyanide kunokukhokelela kwityhefu enzima. Iimpawu zinokususela ekubeni sisiyezi, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, nobuthathaka ukuya ekulahlekelweni zingqondo ngokukhawuleza nasekufeni. Kukho iziganeko ezininzi ezibuhlungu apho abasebenzi basezimayini, ngenxa yokuphathwa kakubi okanye ukuvezwa ngengozi, bafumene iziphumo ezibulalayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iindawo zokomba igolide ngokungekho mthethweni kwiindawo ezisemagqagaleni, abasebenzi-mgodini abangenazo izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko noqeqesho baye barhola igesi yecyanide, nto leyo ebangele ukuba bangakwazi ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza yaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, bafe ngoko nangoko.

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

Xa i-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa emigodini, kukho umngcipheko omkhulu wokungcoliseka kwendalo. Ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, i-cyanide inokungcolisa imizimba yamanzi, ekhokelela ekufeni kobomi basemanzini. Intlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-cyanide, kwaye nokuba umkhondo wexabiso unokuphazamisa iinkqubo zabo zokuphefumla kwaye ubangele ukufa kwabantu abaninzi. Ukongeza, amanzi angcoliswe yicyanide anokungena emhlabeni, echaphazela ukuchuma komhlaba kwaye anokuthi angcolise amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ongumthombo obalulekileyo wamanzi okusela kuluntu oluninzi. Iziphumo zexesha elide ze-ikholoji zinokuba yingozi, ziphazamise yonke i-ikhosistim kwaye zikhokelele kwilahleko yeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, kwimimandla apho ukumbiwa kwegolide esekwe kwicyanide kuxhaphakile, imilambo namachibi akufutshane abone ukuhla okubonakalayo kwenani leentlanzi, kwaye uhlaza olujikelezileyo nalo luye lwachaphazeleka kakubi ngenxa yokuthotywa komhlaba.

ImiGaqo yoKhuseleko kunye neMimiselo

IiNkampani zokuSebenza kweMigodi

Iinkampani zemigodi ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zenze amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko. Okokuqala, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokungenisa umoya zibalulekile. Kwiindawo apho i-cyanide igcinwa khona, iphathwa, okanye isetyenziswa, njengezityalo zokusetyenzwa kwe-ore kunye nezixhobo zokucoca, ukungena komoya okwaneleyo kuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na i-buildup yegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iyancitshiswa. Oku kubandakanya ukufakela iifeni zokukhupha ezinamandla kunye ne-ducting yokutsala umoya ngokuqhubekayo kwaye endaweni yawo ufake umoya omtsha.

Izixhobo zokukhusela umntu (i-PPE) ayinakuxoxwa. Abasebenzi kufuneka babonelelwe kwaye bafuneke ukuba banxibe iisuti ezikhusela umzimba ngokupheleleyo ezenziwe ngezinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali ukuthintela ukudibana kwesikhumba. Ukhuseleko lokuphefumla, olufana neemaski zerhasi ezinezihluzo ezifanelekileyo ezikwaziyo ukubambisa umphunga wecyanide, lubalulekile. Iiglavu kunye nezibuko zokhuseleko zikwayinxalenye yodidi oluqhelekileyo lwePPE.

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zisisiseko sokhuseleko. Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo kuwo nawuphi na umba wokuphatha icyanide kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi. Oku kubandakanya ukufunda ngeempawu zekhemikhali, ubuthi, kunye neenkqubo ezichanekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwayo. Kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiimpendulo zikaxakeka, ezifana nendlela yokunika uncedo lokuqala kwimeko yetyhefu ye-cyanide kunye nendlela yokuphuma ngokukhuselekileyo kwimeko yokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza.

Ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa kwezixhobo rhoqo kubalulekile. Iitanki, imibhobho, iivalve, kunye nezinye iziseko ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yecyanide kufuneka zijongwe rhoqo ngeempawu zokubola, ukuvuza, okanye omnye umonakalo. Nasiphi na isixhobo esinempazamo kufuneka silungiswe okanye sitshintshwe ngokukhawuleza ukuthintela ukukhutshwa ngengozi.

Izicwangciso zokusabela ngokungxamisekileyo kufuneka zibekho kwaye ziqhelaniswe rhoqo. Kwimeko yokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza kwe-cyanide, kufuneka kubekho iprotocol ecacileyo yokukhutshwa kwabasebenzi, equlethe ukuchithwa, kunye nokuqalisa iinkqubo zokucoca. Oku kubandakanya ukuba neendawo zokusabela zikaxakeka kwindawo enezixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nemathiriyeli, ezifana neepadi ezifunxayo, ii-absorbent agents, kunye neeshawari zokucoca.

IMigangatho yoLawulo

Zombini izigqeba ezilawulayo zelizwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe ziye zaseka izikhokelo eziqinileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwimigodi. Le migaqo ibandakanya zonke iinkalo zobomi bayo, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya ekulahlweni.

Kwamazwe amaninzi, ukuveliswa kwe-sodium cyanide kunqunyelwe kwiindawo ezimbalwa ezigunyazisiweyo ezimele zihambelane nokhuseleko olungqongqo kunye nemigangatho yokusingqongileyo. Ezi zityalo ziphantsi kokuhlolwa rhoqo ngamagunya alawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa.

Imithetho yezothutho iyalela ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-cyanide kubhalwe ngokucacileyo njengezinto eziyingozi. Izikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo kunye neenqwelo, ezixhotyiswe ngeempawu zokhuseleko ezifana neenkqubo zokuqulatha ukuchitheka kunye nezixhobo zokusabela kwintlekele, ziyafuneka. Abaqhubi kunye nabasebenzi bezothutho kufuneka babe noqeqesho olukhethekileyo kunye neelayisensi zokuphatha loo mthwalo unobungozi.

Amaziko okugcinwa kwesodium cyanide kufuneka ahlangabezane neendlela ezingqongqo. Kufuneka zibekwe kude neendawo ezihlala abantu kunye nemithombo yamanzi, ngocingo olukhuselekileyo, ulawulo lokungena, kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso. Izakhiwo zokugcina kufuneka ziyilelwe ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokuchitheka, kunye nemigangatho engagxumekiyo kunye neenkqubo zesibini zokuthintela.

Ngokumalunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwimigodi, kukho imida ekugxininiseni kunye nobuninzi be-cyanide enokusetyenziswa. Iinkampani zemigodi nazo kufuneka zingenise iimvavanyo ezineenkcukacha zempembelelo kokusingqongileyo kunye nezicwangciso zolawulo, ezibandakanya imilinganiselo yokuthintela nokunciphisa nakuphi na ukukhutshwa kwecyanide okunokubakho.

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezivumelwano, ezifana nezo zinxulumene nongcoliseko olungaphaya kwemida kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma eyingozi, zilawula ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwesodium cyanide. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe asebenzisana ukuthintela ukusasazeka kongcoliseko lwecyanide kwimida yonke kunye nokukhuthaza izenzo ezizinzileyo zemigodi kwihlabathi jikelele.

isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwimigodi ngumba onzima ofuna ibhalansi ethambileyo phakathi Izibonelelo zoqoqosho kunye neenkxalabo zokhuseleko. Ngelixa ubuthi bayo obunobungozi kunye nokuba nokwenzeka komonakalo wendalo kungenakuhoywa, xa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo aphunyezwa ziinkampani zemigodi kwaye kunyanzeliswa imigangatho yolawulo engqongqo, iingozi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwayo zinokuncitshiswa kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yemigodi esebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ijonge ukhuseleko njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemodeli yabo yoshishino. Ngokutyala imali kwiinkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezisemgangathweni, ukubonelela nge-PPE ebanzi, kunye nokuqhuba uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo, banokukhusela abasebenzi babo kwiingozi ezikhawulezayo zokuvezwa kwe-cyanide. Ukongeza, ukuthobela izikhokelo zolawulo malunga nokugcinwa, ukuthutha, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma kunceda ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye noluntu olungqongileyo.

Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uphando oluqhubekayo kwiindlela ezizezinye zokutsalwa kwegolide kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obunobuhlobo ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo lunika ithemba ngekamva apho ishishini lemigodi linokunciphisa ukuthembela kwalo kwiikhemikhali eziyityhefu kakhulu njengesodium cyanide. Kuze kube ngoko, ngokuqhubeka nokuqaphela kunye nokuzibophezela ekukhuseleni, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwimigodi kunokulawulwa ngendlela yokunciphisa umonakalo kunye nokwandisa izibonelelo zezoqoqosho ezibonelela.