Ubume boPhando lwangoku kunye namaThemba eeReagents zokuLungisa iziMbiwa eziRare Earth

IiReagents zokuLungisa iziMbiwa eziQhelekileyo: abaqokeleli, abaXhazileyo, iiFrothers kunye neeArhente zokuFundisa ngokuLungileyo kunye noZinzo

Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (REEs) zinoluhlu lweepropathi ezikhethekileyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali, zizenza zibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwizinto zombane ukuya kwezomkhosi. Zaziwa njengeeminerali ezibalulekileyo ngamazwe afana neTshayina, iUnited States, iJapan kunye neOstreliya. Nangona kunjalo, izimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zininzi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kodwa ziphantsi kwinqanaba kwaye zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nezimbiwa ezifanayo ze-ganggue. Ukuxhamla kwabo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuqhubeleni phambili kwiirejensi zokulungisa izimbiwa.

Eli nqaku lijolise ekuzuzeni ngokufanelekileyo ubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo. Ishwankathela imeko yangoku yophando kunye nophuhliso lwe ii-reagents ezidadayo kwiminerali esekwe kwintsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba, kubandakanywa abaqokeleli, ukudakumba, izivuseleli, kunye abazalwana, kunye neendlela zabo zokudada. Ii-reagents ze-chemical beneficiation ze-ion-type ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kubandakanywa ii-arhente zokuvuza kunye nee-arhente zokumanzisa, nazo zixoxiwe, ezibandakanya ubume bazo bophando kunye neendlela zokuhlamba. Ngaphezu koko, imeko yangoku ye ukudada komhlaba okunqabileyo abaqokeleli zivandlakanywe, kunye nezalathiso zophando elizayo Ukulungiswa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ii-reagents ziyahlalutywa. Olu phononongo lujolise ekuboneleleni ngereferensi yeenkampani kunye neengcali ezibandakanyeka kulungiso lwezimbiwa ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nophuhliso lwe-reagent.

Intshayelelo ye0

Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (REEs) ziquka i-scandium, i-yttrium, kunye nazo zonke ii-lanthanides ezili-15, zizonke ziyi-17. Ezi zinto zibonisa uluhlu lweepropathi ezikhethekileyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali, zibenza babaluleke kakhulu kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oluntu nelasemkhosini, kubandakanya ezonyango, amandla kunye nokhuselo. Zihlala zibizwa ngokuba "ziivithamini zamashishini," "izinto ezimangalisayo," "amahomoni ezolimo," kunye "nezinyithi zemfazwe," ezibonwa njengeeminerali ezibalulekileyo ziintlanga ezifana ne-United States, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, kunye ne-European Union. Ngokwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS), ukususela ngo-2022, iindawo zokugcina i-global rare earth oxide (REO) zime malunga ne-120 lezigidi zeetoni, ikakhulu zigxile e-China (36.7%), Vietnam (18.3%), Brazil (17.5%), Russia (17.5%), India (5.8%), nase-Australia (3.3%).

Imigodi yomhlaba enkulu enqabileyo yehlabathi iquka i-Bayan Obo yaseChina, i-Maoniuping, kunye ne-Ganzhou idiphozithi, i-Mountain Pass mine e-US, imigodi ye-Araxa ne-Minasu e-Brazil, idiphozithi ye-Strange Lake e-Canada, i-Mount Weld deposit e-Australia, kunye ne-Zandkopsdrift deposit eMzantsi Afrika. Ukongeza, amaphondo asemazantsi eTshayina, kubandakanya iJiangxi, iGuangdong, iFujian, kunye neYunnan, alikhaya leediphozithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezingaphezulu kwe-170 ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezisebenza njengowona mthombo wehlabathi wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba eziphakathi kunye nezinzima.

Zingaphezulu kwama-250 iintlobo zeeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezichongiweyo, kunye ne-bastnäsite ((Ce, La) (CO3) F), i-monazite ((Ce, La) PO4), i-xenotime (YPO4), i-yttrialite (Y2FeBe (SiO4) 2O2), kunye ne-fergusonite (YNbO4) ibalwa ngaphezulu kwe-95% ye-mineral esekelwe phezu komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ore zihlala zidibaniswa ne-quartz, i-fluorite, i-barite, i-feldspar, i-calcite, kunye nezinye iiminerali ze-silicate gangue, ezikhokelela kwi-ores ephantsi enzima ukuhlukana. Ke ngoko, ukuxhamlwa kwezinto ezikrwada zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zihlala zifuna indibaniselwano yokwahlulwa komxhuzulane, ukwahlulwa kwemagnethi, kunye nokuphaphatheka ukuze kuphuculwe i-ore ekumgangatho ophantsi ukuya kugxininiso lwebakala lokunyibilikisa kwimizi-mveliso. Kwimeko ye-ion-adsorption enqabileyo yomhlaba, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zibhengezwa njengeeyoni kumphezulu weminerali okanye ngaphakathi kwamaleko ekristale, efuna ukusetyenzwa kweekhemikhali ukukhupha iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo.

Nokuba ujongana nezimbiwa ezisekwe okanye udidi lwe-ion-udidi olunqabileyo lomhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwee-reagents zoncedo kubalulekile ekumiseleni umgangatho wemveliso, ukuchacha okunqabileyo komhlaba amaxabiso, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, iindleko, kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo.

Eli nqaku ligxininise ekuxhamleni ngokufanelekileyo kwemithombo yomhlaba enqabileyo, enikezela ngenkcazo ecacileyo yeentlobo, iindlela, kunye nenkqubela yophando lwe-reagents ye-flotation (abaqokeleli, abafoli, abalawuli) be-mineral-based ores enqabileyo yomhlaba, kunye ne-chemical beneficiation reagents (i-leaching agents, i-precipitating agents) kwi-ion-uhlobo lwe-ores enqabileyo yomhlaba. Ikwabonisa izalathiso zexesha elizayo zophando kunye nophuhliso kwii-reagents zokulungisa izimbiwa emhlabeni ezinqabileyo, ezijolise ekuboneleleni ngereferensi yeenkampani kunye nabaphandi ababandakanyekayo kulwahlulo lomhlaba olunqabileyo okanye uphuhliso lwezinto ezisebenza kumashishini.

1 Abaqokeleli boMhlaba oRare Flotation

Abaqokeleli badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekujikelezeni komhlaba okunqabileyo ngokutshintsha umphezulu we-hydrophobicity yeeminerali ekujoliswe kuzo, bezenza kube lula ukuncamathisela kumaqamza kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zabo zokudada. Ngokusekelwe kumaqela asebenzayo, abaqokeleli be-flotation yomhlaba enqabileyo bangahlelwa kwi-hydroxamic acids, i-fatty acids, i-phosphonic acids, kunye nezinye i-reagents.1.1 Abaqokeleli be-Hydroxamic Acid

Abaqokeleli be-Hydroxamic acid, abaphuhliswe kwiminyaka yoo-1980, zezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-reagents ekujikelezeni komhlaba okunqabileyo. I-Hydroxamic acids, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-oximes, ikhona kwiifom ezimbini ze-isomeric: i-oxime (isakhiwo se-keto) kunye ne-hydroxamic acid (isakhiwo se-enol), kunye ne-oxime eyona nto iphambili. Zombini ii-isomers ziyahlukana ukuze zenze iianion ezifanayo ngexesha lokudada.

Abaqokeleli be-hydroxamic acid abaqhelekileyo abasetyenziswa kumhlaba onqabileyo wokuntanta baquka i-C7-C9 i-alkyl hydroxamic acid, i-2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (H205), i-1-hydroxy-2-naphthohydroxamic acid (H203), i-salicylic hydroxamic acid (L102), i-cycloalkyl acid, i-hydrozylomicyl acid, i-hydrozylomicyl (OMHA), kunye nezinye iimveliso ze-hydroxamic acid ezilungisiweyo okanye ezixutywe, ezifana ne-H316 (i-H205 elungisiweyo), i-P8 (ingakumbi i-hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), i-LF8 # (98% i-hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), kunye nomqokeleli we-103 (salicylic hydroxamic acid). Ngelixa i-hydroxamic acids ibonisa ukukhetha okulungileyo kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, zihlala zifuna ukufudumeza ngexesha lokudada, okukhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu zamandla, kunye nokudibanisa kwazo kunokubiza.

1.2 Abaqokeleli be-Acid enamafutha

Abaqokeleli be-asidi enamafutha baye basetyenziswa ekujikelezeni komhlaba okunqabileyo ukususela ngo-1950 xa i-oleic acid yasetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwi-Mountain Pass e-United States. E-China, izifundo ezicwangcisiweyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-oleic acid kunye nesepha yeparafini ene-oxidized ukujikeleza okunqabileyo komhlaba kwaqala ngo-1960s.

Abaqokeleli be-fatty acid baphuma kwimifuno yendalo okanye ioli yezilwanyana, ngokuqhelekileyo ihlanganiswe ngumxube we-C10-C20 egcweleyo kunye ne-unsaturated carboxylic acids okanye i-salts. Ii-reagents eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-oleic acid, i-sodium oleate, ioli ende, isepha yeparafini ene-oxidized, ioli yeziqhamo ye-Bacchus, i-phthalates, i-naphthenic acid, kunye ne-oxidized petroleum derivatives. Nangona kunjalo, abaqokeleli be-asidi enamafutha banokukhethwa okuphantsi kweeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwaye bahlala befuna ukongezwa kwe-depressants kunye nokulungiswa kweqondo lokushisa ukufezekisa ukwahlukana okusebenzayo.

Ukuphaphatheka kweeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kusetyenziswa i-acids enamafutha kukholelwa ukuba kubandakanya indibaniselwano ye-adsorption yomzimba, i-adsorption yeekhemikhali, kunye nokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezingaphezulu.

1.3 Abaqokeleli beAcidi yePhosphonic

I-Phosphonic acid (—P=O) kunye nephosphonate (—O—P=O) abaqokeleli babonisa ukusebenza okuqinileyo kokudada kwiiminerali zesinyithi xa kuthelekiswa ne-hydroxamic kunye nabaqokeleli be-asidi enamafutha. Nangona kunjalo, abaqokeleli be-phosphonic acid ngokubanzi banokukhetha okuphantsi.

Ngoku abaqokeleli be-phosphonic acid esetyenziswayo kwi-flotation yomhlaba enqabileyo iquka i-styrene phosphonic acid, i-p-toluene phosphonic acid, i-benzyl phosphonic acid, i-α-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid, kunye neemveliso zorhwebo ezifana ne-P538 kunye ne-Flotinor 1682.

1.4 Abanye abaqokeleli

Ngaphandle kwe-hydroxamic acids, i-fatty acids, kunye ne-phosphonic acids, iindidi zabaqokeleli zenoveli ziyaphononongwa ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokujikeleza komhlaba kunye nokukhetha. Ezinye zezi ziquka i-sulfonates, i-thio-phosphates, kunye neetyuwa ze-quaternary ammonium.

• Sulfonates: Ii-sulfonates ziye zabikwa ukuba zibonise ukukhetha okulungileyo kunye nokusebenza kwiinkqubo ze-flotation, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwi-rare earth mineral flotation kusekumanqanaba okuqala.

• Thio-phosphates: Aba baqokeleli bahlala besetyenziswa kwi-sulfide mineral flotation, kodwa uphando kwisicelo sabo kwi-rare earth flotation iyaqhubeka.

• Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Ezi khompawundi ziye zaphononongwa ukukwazi kwazo ukudada iiminerali ezingezizo i-sulfide, kwaye enye impumelelo iye yaxelwa ekujikelezeni komhlaba okunqabileyo. Basebenza ngomtsalane we-electrostatic kunye nemiphezulu yeminerali ehlawuliswa kakubi.

Abaphandi bahlala bezama ii-reagents ezintsha ukunyusa ukusebenza kwe-Rare Earth mineral flotation, kugxininise ekuphuculeni izinga lokubuyisela kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwezi khemikhali.

2 IziXhobo zokuNjabhisa okuNqabileyo koMhlaba

I-Depressants ibalulekile kwi-rare earth mineral flotation ukwenzela ukuba kuthintelwe ngokukhethekileyo iiminerali ze-ganggue, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukukhetha kunye nesivuno sethagethi yeeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Iiminerali eziphambili ze-ganggue ezinxulumene ne-ore yomhlaba enqabileyo, efana ne-quartz, i-calcite, kunye ne-barite, zihlala zibonisa indlela yokuziphatha efanayo yokudada, isenza ukuba ukukhetha kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukudakumba okuqhelekileyo kumhlaba onqabileyo ojikelezayo kubandakanya iglasi yamanzi (i-sodium silicate), i-sodium fluoride, i-tannins, kunye nesitashi.

2.1 iSodium Silicate (iglasi yamanzi)

I-sodium silicate, eyaziwa njengeglasi yamanzi, yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukudambisa kumhlaba onqabileyo wokudada. Isetyenziselwa ukuthintela iiminerali ze-silicate ezifana ne-quartz kunye ne-feldspar. Inkqubo yesenzo sokudakumba se-sodium silicate ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa ukubunjwa kwe-silica layer phezu kwendawo yamaminerali e-ganggue, evimbela ukunyuswa komqokeleli.

Iglasi yamanzi yinto esebenzayo, ephantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kunokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezifana ne-pH, i-ion concentration, kunye nedosi ye-reagent. Abaphandi bahlola i-silicates eguqulwayo kunye nezinye izongezo zekhemikhali ukuphucula ukukhethwa kweglasi yamanzi.

2.2 ISodium Fluoride

Isodium fluoride isetyenziselwa ukucinezela icalcite kwiinkqubo ezinqabileyo zokudada komhlaba. Impembelelo yayo yokudakumba isekelwe ekuphenduleni phakathi kwe-ion ye-fluoride kunye ne-calcium ions, eyenza ifilimu ye-calcium fluoride engabonakaliyo kwi-mineral surface, evimbela ukunyuswa komqokeleli.

Nangona kunjalo, i-sodium fluoride yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokubeka iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Ngenxa yoko, abaphandi bazimisele ukufuna ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo.

2.3 IiTannins kunye neStatshi

IiTannins kunye nestatshi yimizekelo yezinto ezidambisa umzimba ezisetyenziswa kumhlaba onqabileyo ukudada. I-Tannins, ephuma kwizinto zezityalo, zisetyenziselwa ukucinezela iiminerali ze-ganggue ezifana ne-barite kunye ne-fluorite. Indlela yabo ibandakanya ukuxutywa kunye ne-ion zetsimbi kwi-mineral surface, ukunciphisa ukudibanisa komqokeleli.

Isitatshi siqhele ukusetyenziswa njengesidambisi se-hematite kunye nezinye iiminerali ezinentsimbi ekujikelezeni kweeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwesitatshi kunye neeminerali iqhelekile, kunye neemolekyuli zesitatshi ezibhengeza kumphezulu wezimbiwa, zithintela isenzo somqokeleli.

2.4 Ii-Depressants ezitsha

Ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha zokudakumba yindawo eqhubekayo yophando kwi-rare earth flotation. Ezi reagents ezinoveli zijolise ekuphuculeni ukukhetha kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yenkqubo yokudada. Imizekelo yophuhliso lwakutsha nje ibandakanya istatshi esilungisiweyo, iipolima zokwenziwa, kunye ne-biodegradable organic depressants.

3 Frothers for Rare Earth Flotation

I-Frothers idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni amagwebu azinzileyo kwiiseli ezijikelezayo, evumela ukuba kwahlulwe iiminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwizinto ze-ganggue. I-Frothers inefuthe kubungakanani beqamza, ukuzinza kwegwebu, kunye ne-flotation kinetics. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswa kwi-frother kwi-flotation yomhlaba enqabileyo yi-alcohol-based kunye ne-ether-based reagents.

3.1 IiFrothers ezisekelwe etywaleni

I-Alcohol-based frothers, njenge-methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) kunye neoli yepineyini, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-mineral flotation, kuquka ukujikeleza komhlaba onqabileyo. La magwebu anceda ekuveliseni amaqamza amancinane nazinzileyo aphucula ukudada kwamasuntswana acolekileyo.

Ii-frothers ezisekwe etywaleni azibizi kakhulu kwaye ziyasebenza, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana ne-pH, ukwakheka kweeminerali, kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-reagent.

3.2 I-Ether-Based Frothers

Ii-ether-based frothers, ezifana ne-polypropylene glycol ethers (umzekelo, i-DF-250), zikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-flotation yomhlaba enqabileyo. Ezi frothers zikholisa ukuvelisa amaqamza acolekileyo kunye namagwebu azinzile ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa ne-alcohol-based frothers. Nangona kunjalo, ii-ether-based frothers zinokubiza kakhulu kwaye zinokufuna ulawulo lwedosi oluchanekileyo.

3.3 Inoveli Frothers

Uphando kwimibhobho emitsha yokujikeleza komhlaba enqabileyo igxile ekuphuculeni ukukhetha kunye nokuzinza kwegwebu ngelixa kuncitshiswa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Ezi ziquka i-biodegradable frothers kunye ne-frothers kunye nokuchasana okuphuculweyo kubukho be-oyile kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwi-flotation slurry.

4 IiReagents zokuLeaching zeIon-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Ion-adsorption ore ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziyingqayizivele kuba izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zibhengezwa kumphezulu weeminerali zodongwe kunokuba zivalelwe kwizakhiwo zezimbiwa. Ezi ore zisenziwa ngokwesiqhelo kusetyenziswa i-leaching endaweni yokudada. Ii-agent ezikhuphayo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngokutshabalalisa ii-ion zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ukusuka kumphezulu wodongwe.

4.1 I-Ammonium Sulfate Leaching

I-Ammonium sulfate yeyona arhente ixhaphakileyo yokuvuzisa kwi-ion-adsorption enqabileyo yomhlaba. I-ammonium ion ngokutshintshiselana ngesisombululo kunye neeyoni zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kumphezulu weeminerali zodongwe, ziwakhulula kwisisombululo. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphantsi nokulula.

Nangona kunjalo, i-ammonium sulfate leaching inokubangela imiba ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi malunga nongcoliseko lwe-ammonium ion. Iinzame ziyenziwa ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezizezinye ezinokuthi zikhuseleke ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo.

4.2 I-Sodium Chloride kunye neMagnesium Sulfate Leaching

I-sodium chloride kunye ne-magnesium sulfate ziye zaphandwa njengenye indlela ye-ammonium sulfate. Ezi reagents zisebenza ngeendlela ezifanayo zotshintshiselwano lwe-ion kodwa zinenzuzo yokuba zingabi yingozi kangako kwindalo esingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, bakholisa ukungasebenzi kancinci ngokwemilinganiselo yokubuyisela, kwaye uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo.

4.3 Ii-Arhente ze-Organic Leaching

Ii-arhente ze-Organic leaching, ezifana ne-citric acid kunye ne-EDTA, zijongwa njengezinye iindlela ezinokuthi zibe nobuhlobo ngokusingqongileyo kwii-reagents eziqhelekileyo ze-inorganic leaching. Ezi khompawundi ze-organic ziyakwazi ukutshisa ii-ion zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, zenze kube lula ukukhupha kwi-ore. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zezi reagents yinto ethintela ukwamkelwa kwazo ngokubanzi.

Ii-Agent ezi-5 ezimanzisa kwi-Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Nje ukuba iiyoni zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zifakwe kwisicombululo, kufuneka zigalelwe kwaye zibuyiselwe. Ii-agent ezikhuphayo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinokuthi zihlulwe kwisisombululo se-leach.

5.1 I-Ammonium Bicarbonate

I-Ammonium bicarbonate iqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukuwisa ii-ion zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ukusuka kwizisombululo ze-leach njengeekharboniti zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Le reagent iyasebenza kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa inokuvelisa umthamo omkhulu wamanzi amdaka ane-ammonium, ebeka imingeni yokusingqongileyo.

5.2 I-Oxalic Acid

I-asidi ye-oxalic isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuwisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba njengee-oxalates zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ezinokuthi emva koko zibe calcined ukuvelisa iioksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Iasidi ye-Oxalic iyasebenza kakhulu kodwa ingabiza kakhulu kune-ammonium bicarbonate. Ukongezelela, ukuphathwa kwe-oxalic acid kufuna amanyathelo okhuseleko ngononophelo ngenxa yobuthi bayo.

5.3 Ii-Arhente eziNtsha zokuZisa

Uphando luyaqhuba ukuphuhlisa ii-arhente ezikhethayo kunye nezokusingqongileyo ezinobungozi bokubuyisela umhlaba onqabileyo. Ezi ziquka i-acids eziphilayo, ii-reagents ezinokubola, kunye ne-ion-exchange resins.

Izikhokelo ezi-6 zexesha elizayo kunye namaThemba

Ikamva lee-reagents zokulungisa izimbiwa ezinqabileyo lisekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezikhethwayo ngakumbi, ezisebenzayo, nezingamelani nokusingqongileyo. Iindawo eziphambili zophando lwexesha elizayo ziquka:

• Ukuphuhliswa kwee-reagents eziluhlaza: Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokudada nokuvuza yinkxalabo enkulu, ngakumbi kumxholo wokulungiswa komhlaba onqabileyo. Kukho imfuno ekhulayo yophuhliso lwe-biodegradable, ii-reagents ezingenayo ityhefu ezinokuthatha indawo yeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-ammonium sulfate kunye ne-oxalic acid.

• Ukuphuculwa kokukhetha: Abaqokeleli abatsha, i-depressants, kunye ne-frothers bayafuneka ukuze kuphuculwe ukhetho lwe-flotation yomhlaba enqabileyo, ngakumbi kwi-low-grade kunye ne-ores enzima. Oku kubandakanya ukuphononongwa kwezakhiwo ezintsha zemolekyuli kunye nohlengahlengiso lweerejenti ezikhoyo.

• Ukunciphisa iindleko: Iindleko eziphezulu zezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zokulungisa umhlaba, ngakumbi i-hydroxamic acids kunye ne-phosphonic acids, ngumba othintela ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kufuneka lugxininise ekudibaniseni ezinye iindlela ezifikelelekayo okanye ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-reagents ezikhoyo ukunciphisa iimfuno zedosi.

• Ukugcinwa kwendalo: Ngokunyuka kwemimiselo kwihlabathi jikelele ejolise ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yemisebenzi yemigodi, uphuhliso lokugcinwa kobugcisa obunqabileyo bokucwangcisa umhlaba bubaluleka ngakumbi. Oku kubandakanya ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali eziyingozi kunye nokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma kunye nongcoliseko.

Ukuqukumbela, ukusetyenzwa kweeminerali ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwee-reagents zamachiza, kwaye uphando oluqhubekayo lubalulekile ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle, ukukhethwa, kunye nokuzinza kwezi reagents. Uphuhliso lwezimbiwa ezitsha, eziluhlaza luya kubaluleka kwikamva lokuxhamla umhlaba onqabileyo, njengoko imfuno yehlabathi yezi zimbiwa zibaluleke kakhulu iqhubeka nokunyuka.