Inkqubo yokutsalwa kweGolide ye-Thiourea: Imigaqo, iMisebenzi, kunye neNgqwalasela

intshayelelo

Ukutsalwa kwegolide yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwimigodi kunye neshishini leentsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhutshwa, i eThioureaUkutsalwa kwegolide inkqubo iye yafumana ingqalelo ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. I-Thiourea, kunye ne-chemical formula \ (SCN_2H_4 \), i-organic compound edlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Esi sithuba sebhlog siya kuphonononga ngokubanzi inkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ye-thiourea, egubungela imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo okusebenza, izinto ezinempembelelo, kunye neenzuzo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli.

Imigaqo yeThiourea Gold Extraction

Umthetho-siseko osisiseko wokutsalwa kwegolide ye-thiourea usekukwazini kwayo ukwenza iikhompleksi ezizinzileyo ezine-ion zegolide kwindawo eneasidi. Phambi kwe-agent ye-oxidizing, igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada iye ifakwe i-oxid kwaye emva koko idibane ne-thiourea yenze izinto ezinyibilikayo zegolide-thiourea. Ii-oxidizing agents eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kule nkqubo ziyi-iron (III) ion kunye ne-oxygen echithwe.

I-Thiourea izinzile ngokwentelekiso kwizisombululo ezineasidi, eyona nto iphambili eyenza le nkqubo yokutsalwa. Kwimeko ye-acidic, i-thiourea inokwenza uluhlu lwee-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nee-cations zetsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle I-MERCURY, ukuzinza kwee-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-thiourea kunye nezinye iintsimbi ziphantsi. Olu phawu lunika igolide esekwe kwi-thiourea ngokukhetha okuphezulu kwegolide.

Amanyathelo okuSebenza kwiNkqubo yokuKhiwa kweGolide yaseThiourea

Ukulungiselela intsimbi

Inyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide ye-thiourea kukulungiswa kwentsimbi. Intsimbi ekrwada idinga ukutyunyuzwa kwaye icolwe ukuya kubukhulu obufanelekileyo besuntswana ukunyusa indawo yomphezulu wokudibana okungcono nesisombululo sethiourea. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ubungakanani bamasuntswana bucoleke, kokukhona unyuka umyinge wokusabela phakathi kwentsimbi ekrwada kunye nesisombululo esine-thiourea. Nangona kunjalo, ukucola okucokisekileyo kusenokuzisa iziphumo ezingalunganga, ezifana nokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nobunzima bokwahlukana okuqinileyo okulandelayo - ukwahlulwa kolwelo.

Thiourea Leaching

Emva kokulungiswa kwe-ore, i-ore yomhlaba ixutywe kunye nesisombululo esine-thiourea. Ekubeni i-thiourea ingazinzanga kwizisombululo ze-alkaline kwaye ibola ngokulula ibe yi-sulfides kunye ne-amino.iicyanides, isisombululo se-leaching ngokuqhelekileyo sisisombululo se-sulfuric acid edibeneyo ye-thiourea. Kubalulekile ukongeza i-asidi kuqala kwaye emva koko i-thiourea ukunqanda ukushisa okugqithisileyo kwendawo yepulp, enokubangela i-thiourea hydrolysis kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Ngexesha Inkqubo yokuLeaching, izinto ezifana nokugxininiswa kwe-thiourea, uhlobo kunye nobungakanani be-agent e-oxidizing, ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo, ubushushu be-pulp, kunye nexesha lokukhupha zonke zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwizinga legolide le-leaching. Umzekelo, umyinge wokuvuza kwegolide ngokubanzi unyuka ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-thiourea, kodwa i-thiourea egqithisileyo inokukhokelela ekonyukeni kweendleko kunye neengxaki ezinokubakho zokusingqongileyo. Ixabiso le-pH lephakathi linxulumene nokuxinana kwe-thiourea. Phantsi kobushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye neemeko zedosi ye-thiourea, ixabiso le-pH lephakathi likhethwa ukuba libe ngaphantsi kwe-1.5. Nangona kunjalo, i-asidi akufanele ibe phezulu kakhulu, ngaphandle koko, iya kwandisa ubuninzi be-asidi e-soluble yokungcola kwi-ore.

Okuqinileyo - Ukwahlulwa kolwelo

Emva kwenkqubo yokucoca, ukuhlukana okuqinileyo - ukuhlukana kwamanzi kuqhutyelwa ukwahlula isisombululo esikhulelweyo esiqulethe i-gold-thiourea complexes kwiintsalela eziqinileyo. Uqina oluqhelekileyo - iindlela zokwahlula ulwelo ziquka ukuhluzwa kunye nentlenga. Ukhetho lwendlela yokwahlula kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nobume bentsimbi ekrwada, ubungakanani bamasuntswana okuqina, kunye nobungakanani bomsebenzi. Okuqinileyo okuqinileyo - ukwahlula ulwelo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wesisombululo esikhulelweyo kunye nokuququzelela imisebenzi elandelayo yokubuyisela igolide.

UkuBuyiswa kweGolide kwiSisombululo esikhulelweyo

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokubuyisela igolide kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo esifunyenwe emva kokuhlukana okuqinileyo-ulwelo. Iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo kukutshintshwa kwesinyithi kunye ne-electrowinning.

Ukutshintshwa kwesinyithi: Izinyithi ezifana nentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium zingasetyenziswa njengeejenti zokunciphisa ukubuyisela igolide kwi-complex yegolide ye-thiourea kwisisombululo. Igolide etshintshiweyo yenza imvula eqinileyo, enokuthi iqhubekeke nokuqhubekekiswa ukuze kufunyanwe igolide esulungekileyo.

Umbane: Kwinkqubo ye-electrowinning, umbane wombane udlula kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo. I-ion zegolide kwisisombululo ziyancipha kwi-cathode kwaye zifakwe kwi-cathode surface, ngelixa i-thiourea kunye nezinye izinto zixutywe kwi-anode. Le ndlela inokufezekisa ukubuyiswa kwegolide ephezulu kodwa idinga izixhobo ezithile zombane kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza.

Ukucokiswa kweeMveliso zeGolide

Igolide efunyenwe emva kokuchacha ihlala iqulethe ukungcola kwaye kufuneka icocwe ukuze ifumane iimveliso zegolide ezisulungekileyo. Inkqubo yokusulungekiswa iyafana naleyo yegolide efunyanwa ngezinye iindlela zokuyikhupha, njenge<em>cyanidation. Iindlela zokucoca eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukucocwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokucokisa i-electrolytic, enokususa ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola kunye nokuphucula ukucoceka kwegolide ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike.

Imiba echaphazela iNkqubo yokuCinywa kweGolide ye-Thiourea

Ukubunjwa kweziMbiwa kweNgxoxo

Ukwakheka kwezimbiwa ze-ore kunempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokukhupha igolide ye-thiourea. I-Copper, i-bismuth oxides kwizixhobo eziluhlaza ziya kunyibilika zibe yi-asidi kwaye zibe yinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-thiourea, nto leyo enciphisa isiphumo sokukhupha igolide ye-thiourea kwaye inyuse ukusetyenziswa kwe-thiourea. Ukongeza, ukuba izixhobo eziluhlaza ziqulathe inani elikhulu lezinto ezinyibilikayo ze-asidi (ezifana ne-divalent iron, ICarbon(Ii-ates, ii-non-ferrous metal oxides, njl.njl.) kunye nokunciphisa izinto, kuya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwee-oxidants kunye ne-sulfuric acid kwaye kunciphise izinga lokuphuma kwegolide. Nangona kunjalo, iiminerali ze-sulfide ezifana ne-copper, i-arsenic, i-antimony, kunye ne-lead azinampembelelo ingako inobungozi ekuphumeni kwegolide kwi-thiourea, nto leyo eyenza ukukhutshelwa kwegolide okusekelwe kwi-thiourea kube nokwenzeka ukukhupha igolide nesilivere ngokukhethekileyo kwizinto eziluhlaza zegolide ezingafunekiyo.

Ubungakanani besuntswana leGolide kwintsimbi ekrwada

Ubungakanani besuntswana legolide kwintsimbi ekrwada yenye yezinto ezichaphazela izinga legolide evuzayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, incinci isayizi yamasuntswana egolide, inkulu indawo ethile yomhlaba, kwaye kulula ukudibanisa nesisombululo se-thiourea, okukhokelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokuvuza. Ngoko ke, kwinqanaba lokulungiselela i-ore, imisebenzi efanelekileyo yokusila iyafuneka ukwenza amasuntswana egolide kwi-ore avele ngokupheleleyo kwaye aququzelele inkqubo yokucoca.

iqondo lobushushu

Ubushushu buneziphumo ezimbini kwinkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ye-thiourea. Kwelinye icala, ukonyusa iqondo lobushushu kunokulikhawulezisa izinga lokusasazwa kwee-reactants kunye nereyithi yokusabela phakathi kwegolide kunye ne-thiourea, ngaloo ndlela kunyusa izinga legolide lokuphuma. Kwelinye icala, i-thiourea inozinzo olubi lwe-thermal. Xa ubushushu buphezulu kakhulu, i-thiourea ixhomekeke kwi-hydrolysis kunye nokubola, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa. Ngokubanzi, iqondo lobushushu benkqubo ye-thiourea leaching ikhethwa ukuba ilawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-55 °C, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, iqhutyelwa kwiqondo lokushisa.

pH Ixabiso leSisombululo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ixabiso le-pH lesisombululo lihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuzinza kwe-thiourea kunye nefuthe le-leaching yegolide. I-Thiourea izinzile kwindawo ene-acidic, kwaye indawo ene-acidic efanelekileyo ihambelana nokwakhiwa kwe-gold-thiourea complexes. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ixabiso le-pH liphantsi kakhulu, aliyi kwandisa kuphela ukungcola kwe-asidi-enyibilikayo kodwa kunokubangela ukusabela kwecala okungahambiyo kwinkqubo yokutsalwa. Ngoko ke, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwexabiso le-pH lesisombululo luyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumo ochanekileyo wokukhupha.

Ukugxilwa kwe-Thiourea kunye ne-Agent ye-Oxidizing

Ukuxinwa kwe-thiourea kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inani leekhompleksi zegolide-thiourea ezenziwe. Ngokubanzi, ukonyusa ingxinano ye-thiourea kunokunyusa izinga legolide lokutsalwa. Nangona kunjalo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindleko kunye nezinto zokusingqongileyo, ukuxinana kwe-thiourea kufuneka kuphuculwe. Uhlobo kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-agent e-oxidizing nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. I-agent eyaneleyo ene-oxidizing iyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-oxidation eqhubekayo yegolide kwi-ore, kodwa i-agent e-oxidizing egqithisileyo inokukhokelela kwi-oxidation kunye nokubola kwe-thiourea, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwe-thiourea.

Izinto eziluncedo zeThiourea Gold Extraction Process

1. Fast Leaching Speed: Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zemveli zokutsalwa kwegolide ezifana ne-cyanidation, inkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide ye-thiourea inesantya esikhawulezayo sokuvuza. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-gold-thiourea complexes kwi-acidic medium inokukhawuleza ukunyibilika igolide, enokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokukhutshwa.

2. Ubuthi obuphantsi: I-Thiourea inetyhefu encinci xa ithelekiswa nayo i-cyanide esetyenziswa kwiindlela zemveli ze-cyanidation. I-Cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ibeka isoyikiso esibi kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-thiourea ekutsalweni kwegolide kunciphisa iingozi ezinokubakho zokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko ezinxulumene nezinto eziyityhefu.

3. Ukukhetha okulungileyo: Ngenxa yozinzo oluphantsi ngokwentelekiso lwee-ion eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-thiourea ezinesinyithi ezininzi ngaphandle kwemekyuri, inkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide esekwe kwi-thiourea inokukhethwa okuphezulu kwegolide. Iyakwazi ukukhupha igolide ngokufanelekileyo kwi-ores eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe ukungcola kwetsimbi ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokungcola kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa.

4. Lula Post - unyango lwe Solution: Emva kwenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide, isisombululo esiqulethe i-thiourea kulula ukunyanga. Ngokomzekelo, kwinqanaba lokubuyisela igolide, ukusetyenziswa kokutshintshwa kwesinyithi okanye iindlela ze-electrowinning kunokwahlula ngokulula igolide kwisisombululo, kwaye isisombululo esiseleyo sinokunyangwa ngakumbi ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo.

isiphelo

Inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide ye-thiourea yindlela ethembisayo kwintsimi yokukhutshwa kwegolide. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yayo, amanyathelo okusebenza, imiba enempembelelo, kunye noncedo, iinkampani zemigodi kunye nabaphandi banokuyenza ngcono inkqubo yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa kwegolide, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Nangona kusekho imingeni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe, njengokuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-thiourea kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwenkqubo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-ore, uphando oluqhubekayo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kule ndawo ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukhuthaza uphuhliso olongezelelweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwegolide ye-thiourea.