Inkqubo yeMveliso kunye neNkqubela yeTekhnoloji yeSodium Cyanide

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sekhemikhali esisisiseko, esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nokutsalwa kwemigodi yegolide, ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo zamayeza. Inkqubo yayo yokuvelisa idlule kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu yokuphindaphinda ubuchwepheshe, kwaye okwangoku, inkqubo yemizi-mveliso elawulwa yindlela yokwenziwa kwayo yenziwe. Eli nqaku liza kucwangcisa ngokucwangcisiweyo iinkqubo eziphambili zemveliso yeSodium Cyanide kunye nenkqubela yazo kwezobuchwepheshe, kwaye lixoxe ngezikhokelo zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo.

I. Ukuvela kweeNkqubo zeMveliso yeSodium Cyanide

1. Iinkqubo zangaphambili (Ngasekupheleni kweNkulungwane ye-19 - Phakathi kwiNkulungwane yama-20)

Kwimihla yokuqala, ukuveliswa kwe -sodium cyanide kwakuxhomekeke kakhulu ekukhutshweni kwezinto zendalo. Umzekelo, "inkqubo ye-cyanidation yokukhupha igolide" eyasungulwa ngo-1887 yayikhupha i-cyanides ngokucubungula izityalo ezine-cyanide (ezifana nee-almond ezikrakra). Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yayingasebenzi kakuhle, ibiza kakhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoshishino. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, isazi semichiza saseJamani uFriedrich Kahlbaum waphuhlisa indlela yokunyibilika kwe-cyanide, eyayilungisa i -Sodium cyanide ngokuphendula i-calcium cyanide ne-sodium carbonate. Ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi lezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokulula kwenkqubo, le nkqubo yaba yiteknoloji ephambili kwiintsuku zokuqala.

2. UkuPhakamisa kweNdlela yoQhagamshelwano (ephakathi kwiNkulungwane yama-20 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku)

Ngophuhliso lweshishini lepetrochemical, indlela yokudibanisa ithathe indawo ngokuthe ngcembe iinkqubo zemveli. Okwangoku, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yesodium cyanide iveliswa kwihlabathi jikelele kusetyenziswa ezi nkqubo zintathu zilandelayo:

• Inkqubo yaseAndrussow

Ukusebenzisa i-methane, i-ammonia, kunye neoksijini njengezinto eziluhlaza, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwenzeka phantsi kwesenzo se-platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst:

Irhasi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) eyenziwayo ifunxwa yi-sodium hydroxide ukuze ifumane isisombululo se-sodium cyanide. Le nkqubo ineenzuzo zezinto eziphantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi kunye namazinga okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ukushisa okuphezulu (1000 - 1200 ° C) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kubangela iindleko eziphezulu.

• Indlela yePyrolysis yeoli eKhanya

Ukusebenzisa ioli ekhanyayo (njenge-naphtha) njengento eluhlaza, i-HCN yenziwa nge-pyrolysis kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu (1400 - 1500 ° C), kwaye unyango olulandelayo lufana nenkqubo ye-Andrussow. Le nkqubo ifanelekile kwimveliso emikhulu kodwa isebenzisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu kwaye ivelisa isixa esikhulu sekhabhoni emnyama njengemveliso ephumayo.

• Indlela ye-Methanol Ammonia Oxidation

Ukusebenzisa i-methanol, i-ammonia, kunye nomoya njengezinto eziluhlaza, i-HCN yenziwa phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst (efana ne-V₂O₅-MoO₃):

Le nkqubo ineendleko zemathiriyeli ephantsi kunye neemeko zokusabela ezithambileyo (400 - 500 ° C), kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe iye yaba lolona khetho lukhethwayo kubuchule obutsha bemveliso.

II. Inkqubela phambili yezobuGcisa kunye nezikhokelo zokuQala

1. Uphuhliso lweeNkqubo zoHlaza

Iinkqubo zemveli zineengxaki zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye nongcoliseko oluphezulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi baye baphonononga ezi teknoloji ziluhlaza zilandelayo:

• Indlela ye-Biosynthesis

Ukusebenzisa iintsholongwane (ezifana nePseudomonas) ukushukumisa i-hydrolysis yeekhompawundi ze-nitrile ukuvelisa iCyanides , kodwa kusesekwinqanaba lelebhu.

• I-Electrochemical Synthesis

Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kwe-sodium cyanide ngokufaka i-electrolyzing cyanide-containtaining water amdaka ukuze kuphunyezwe ubuncwane obusetyenzisiweyo, kodwa ukusebenza kwangoku kunye neendleko kufuneka ziphuculwe ngakumbi.

2. ULawulo oluBuchule kunye noKhuseleko lweTekhnoloji

Ukuveliswa kwesodium cyanide kubandakanya izinto ezinetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo lokhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu. Iifektri zala maxesha ngokubanzi zisebenzisa iNkqubo yoLawulo oluSasazo (i-DCS) ukuphumeza ukubeka iliso okuzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo kwayo yonke le nkqubo, kunye nokwazisa itekhnoloji yohlalutyo lwe-intanethi yokujonga ukugxila kweHCN ngexesha lokwenyani, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvuza.

3. Umzekelo woQoqosho lweSetyhula

Ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvelisa ngokubambisana. Umzekelo, i-carbon dioxide eveliswa yinkqubo ye-Andrussow ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-urea, kwaye i-carbon black eveliswa kwi- Light Oil Pyrolysis Method ingasetyenziswa njenge-arhente yokuqinisa irabha, yenze uthotho lwemizi-mveliso oluvaliweyo "lwezixhobo - iimveliso - inkunkuma - izixhobo eziphinda zisetyenziswe".

III. Imingeni kunye neeNdlela zekamva

1. Ukuguquguquka kweeNdleko zeMpathi ekrwada

Inkqubo ye-Andrussow kunye nendlela ye-methanol ixhomekeke kwigesi yendalo (i-methane) kunye namalahle (njengezinto eziluhlaza ze-methanol). Ukuguquguquka kwamaxabiso ombane kumazwe ngamazwe kuchaphazela ngqo iindleko zemveliso. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zemathiriyeli ekrwada (ezifana ne-biomass ukuya kwi-methanol) sisihloko sophando esishushu kwixesha elizayo.

2. Uxinzelelo lokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo

Ngokuqiniswa kwemimiselo yokukhusela indalo yehlabathi, ukuveliswa kwe-sodium cyanide kufuneka kunciphise ngakumbi ukukhutshwa kwe-nitrogen oxides (NOx) kunye namanzi amdaka aqukethe i-cyanide. Itekhnoloji yokwahlula iiMembrane, i-catalytic oxidation denitrification, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ziye zalingwa kwezinye iifektri.

3. Ukwandiswa kwezicelo ze-High-End

Imfuno ye-sodium cyanide ephezulu (ubunyulu ≥ 99.9%) kwi-synthesis ye-cathode ye-precursors ye-lithium-ion ikhula ngokukhawuleza, ikhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa ekuphuculeni kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu.

isiphelo

Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zokuvelisa i-sodium cyanide zihlala ziguqukela kwiinjongo ezintathu eziphambili "zokhuseleko, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nohlaza". Kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokuphumelela kumandla amatsha kunye nobuchwepheshe bokukhusela indalo, kunye nokuhlanganiswa okunzulu kokuveliswa kwedijithali, imboni ye-sodium cyanide iya kuqhubeka nokwandisa kwicala lokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ukungcola okuncinci, kunye nexabiso eliphezulu elongezelelweyo.