Ukuvalwa kweCyanide kwihlabathi liphela: Ukutyhilwa kweBali

intshayelelo

I-Cyanide, iqela leekhemikhali ezinevumba elicacileyo nelidla ngokuchazwa njengevumba "elifana ne-almond ekrakra", idume ngokuba netyhefu egqithisileyo. Kwiintlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-hydrogen cyanide (HCN), i-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), kunye ne-potassium cyanide (KCN), inokubangela ingozi ekhawulezileyo neqatha kwizinto eziphilayo.

Ubuthi be-cyanide bulele ekukwazini kwayo ukuphazamisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kweeseli kwinqanaba elisisiseko. Nje ukuba ingaphakathi emzimbeni, i-cyanide ibophelela kwiathom yentsimbi kwi-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme edlala indima ebalulekileyo kuthutho lwe-electron ngaphakathi kweeseli. Oku kubopha ngokufanelekileyo kumisa inkqubo yokuphefumla kwamaselula, ukuthintela iiseli ekusebenziseni ioksijini ukuvelisa amandla ngendlela ye-ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ngenxa yoko, iiseli zilamba ngamandla kwaye ziqala ukungasebenzi, okukhokelela kwi-cascade yeempawu ezinokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ekungaphumeleli kwamalungu kunye nokufa.

Impembelelo ye-cyanide idlulela ngaphaya kweenkxalabo zempilo yomntu ngamnye. Kwimekobume, icyanide - equlathe inkunkuma evela kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi yasemigodini, inokuba neziphumo ezibi. Xa ikhutshelwe emanzini, nakwindawo ephantsi kakhulu, icyanide inokuba yingozi kubomi basemanzini. Ngokomzekelo, i-concentration ye-0.04 - 0.1 mg / L ye-cyanide ion (CN⁻) emanzini yanele ukubulala intlanzi. Oku akuphazamisi nje inkqubo yendalo yasemanzini kuphela kodwa kuneempembelelo kumashishini okuloba kunye nolungelelwaniso olupheleleyo lwendalo.

Ngaphaya koko, ubukho be-cyanide emhlabeni bungonakalisa umhlaba wezolimo, buchaphazele ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokungena kwikhonkco lokutya. Ukuba izityalo zifunxa icyanide emhlabeni, inokuqokelelana kwizicubu zazo, kwaye xa isetyenziswe ngabantu okanye zizilwanyana, inokukhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo ezingapheliyo.

Ngenxa yemingcipheko ebalulekileyo eyayanyaniswa necyanide, akumangalisi ukuba amazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke athabathe amanyathelo okuthintela okanye ukulawula ngokungqongqo ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ukugcinwa nokuthuthwa kwayo. Ezi zithintelo ziyimpendulo kwimfuno yokukhusela impilo yoluntu, ukukhusela okusingqongileyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ikamva elizinzileyo. Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kuphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvala i-cyanide kwihlabathi jikelele, izizathu ezisemva kwazo, kunye nefuthe kumashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nabachaphazelekayo.

Amazwe aneCyanide Bans

amantla Emelika

eunited States

E-United States, umba wokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwimigodi ibe ngumxholo wengxoxo enzulu kunye nesenzo sokulawula. Ngokomzekelo, iMontana ithathe amanyathelo aqinileyo ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide kwimigodi yegolide. Ngo-1998. Inyathelo leZiko loLwazi lokusiNgqongileyo laseMontana's Citizens 137 lamkelwa. Eli nyathelo lakhokelela ekuthintelweni kokusetyenziswa kwecyanide kwimigodi yegolide kunye nokuvuza kwemfumba yomoya evulekileyo kurhulumente. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseMontana yahlabela mgama yangqina ukuba oku kuvalwa komsebenzi akuwophuli uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Esi sigqibo ibe luloyiso olubalulekileyo lweengcali zokusingqongileyo kunye nabo baxhalabileyo malunga neempembelelo ezinokuthi zibe kho kokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yemisebenzi yemigodi esekwe kwi-cyanide.

Nangona kunjalo, imeko yaseColorado inzima ngakumbi. Amanye amaphondo eColorado, afana neCostilla, iGunnison, iConejos, kunye neGilpin, ekuqaleni bezikuthintele ukomba i-cyanide. Kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseColorado, kwisigwebo seKomishoni yeZikhalazo zeMigodi yaseColorado, yathi i-county, njengesebe likarhulumente, ayinakunqanda iikhemikhali ezivunyelwe phantsi koMthetho we-Colorado Mining Land Reclamation Act. Umthetho we-federal, okhuthaza ukuphononongwa, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, kunye nokutsalwa kwezimbiwa ezixabisekileyo, uzimisele ukuthatha indawo yokuqala kwimimiselo yesiphaluka. Eli dabi lasemthethweni liqaqambisa ukruthakruthwano phakathi kweenzame zasekhaya zokukhusela okusingqongileyo kwingozi yokwembiwa kwe-cyanide kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi yomanyano ejolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhutshwa kwezimbiwa kuphuhliso loqoqosho.

amazantsi Emelika

Argentina

I-Argentina ibone i-patchwork yemigaqo malunga nokumbiwa kwe-cyanide kwinqanaba lephondo. Kwiphondo laseChubute, ukususela ngo-Agasti 5. 2003. ukumbiwa kwe-cyanide, umgodi ovulekileyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwesinyithi akuvumelekanga. Esi sithintelo samiselwa ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kwendawo, njengoko ukusebenza kwemigodi esekwe kwicyanide kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimithombo yamanzi kunye nomgangatho womhlaba. Umzekelo, inkunkuma ene-cyanide esuka emigodini inokuntywila emanzini aphantsi komhlaba, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni kwaye yenzakalise imisebenzi yezolimo.

Iphondo laseRio Negro lathatha inyathelo elifanayo ngoJulayi 21. 2005. xa livala ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwi-extraction, uphuhliso, kunye noshishino lwesinyithi. Kwiphondo laseTucuman, ukususela ngo-Aprili 20. 2007. imigodi ye-cyanide, imigodi evulekileyo, kunye nokutsalwa kwesinyithi kuye kwavalwa. I-Mendoza ilandele ngo-Juni 20. 2007. ukuvala ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ekubhaqweni kwesinyithi, ukuhlola, uphuhliso, kunye noshishino. Iphondo laseLa Pampa, ngo-Agasti 16. 2007. akuvumelekanga ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwesinyithi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ukuhlola, uphuhliso, ukutsalwa kunye nokugcinwa kweentsimbi. Iphondo laseCordoba, ngoSeptemba 24. 2008. likwabeke imiqobo kwimigodi yemingxuma evulekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwesinyithi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwimisebenzi ehambelanayo.

Nangona kunjalo, imeko yephondo laseRioha yahlukile. Iqale yavala ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide ukukhupha isinyithi ngo-Agasti 3. 2007. kodwa oku kuvinjelwa kwasuswa ngoSeptemba 26. 2008. Izizathu zokuphakanyiswa zinokuthi zihambelane neengqwalasela zezoqoqosho, ezifana nokunyuswa okunokwenzeka kuqoqosho lwengingqi kwimisebenzi yokukhutshwa kwesinyithi. Kodwa olu tshintsho luphinde lwaphakamisa inkxalabo phakathi kwamaqela okusingqongileyo malunga nokonakaliswa kwemo engqongileyo okunokuthi kulandele ukuqaliswa kwakhona kwemigodi esekwe kwicyanide.

icosta Rica

Ngo-2002. I-Costa Rica yenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo sokunqumamisa ukuvulwa kwemigodi ye-cyanide leaching. Eli nyathelo laliyinxalenye yemigudu yeli lizwe yokukhusela indalo etyebileyo. ICosta Rica iyaziwa ngeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kwaye ukumbiwa kwe-cyanide leaching, okubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ukukhupha igolide kunye nezinye izinyithi kwintsimbi ekrwada, kwabonwa njengengozi kweli lifa lendalo. Ukunqunyanyiswa kujolise ekuthinteleni ungcoliseko lwamanzi olunokubakho, njengoko icyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka asuka kwimisebenzi yokomba inokuba yingozi kakhulu kubomi basemanzini. Ikwajolise ekukhuseleni impilo yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni, njengoko ukuvezwa kwi-cyanide kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo.

iYurophu

Umphakathi waseCzech

Ngo-2002. IPalamente yaseCzech yenza isigqibo esikhaliphileyo sokuvala ukuvuzwa kwegolide kwicyanide. Esi sigqibo yaba yimpendulo kwiinkxalabo ezikhulayo malunga nobungozi bokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo ehambelana nokutsalwa kwegolide esekelwe kwicyanide. Igolide yecyanide leaching ibandakanya ukusebenzisa izisombululo zecyanide ukunyibilikisa igolide kwintsimbi ekrwada, kwaye inkqubo inokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zenkunkuma enetyhefu. Ngokuvala le ndlela, iRiphabhliki yaseCzech yayijolise ekukhuseleni imithombo yayo yamanzi, umgangatho womhlaba, kunye nentlalontle yabemi bayo. Esi sithintelo sikwathumele umyalezo oqinileyo malunga nokuzibophelela kwelizwe kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kwimiba yefuthe elibi elinokubakho kwishishini lemigodi.

Jemani

Ngo-2006. IJamani yathatha inyathelo ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo emigodini ngokunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe isixa secyanide esivumelekileyo emigodini. Le ndlela yayiyeyona ilinganiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa nokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwecyanide kusenokwenzeka ukuba kube sisiphumo sokulingana phakathi kokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kushishino lwezimayini eJamani kunye nesidingo sokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Ngokunciphisa kancinci ukusetyenziswa kwecyanide, urhulumente waseJamani wayejolise ekunikeni ishishini lemigodi ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokufumana ezinye iindlela, ezinobungani nokusingqongileyo zokutsala. Oku kunokubandakanya utyalo-mali kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha enokufikelela kwiziphumo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezixa ezikhulu zecyanide.

Hangari

NgoDisemba 2009. iPalamente yaseHungary, kwiphulo eliququzelelwe yi-Cyanide yaseHungary - i-Free Association, ivotele ukuvala ngokupheleleyo imigodi ye-cyanide. Oku kuvalwa kwaba luloyiso olubalulekileyo lwabameli bendalo kunye nempilo. Ukumbiwa kwemigodi yeCyanide bekuyinkxalabo eHungary ngenxa yokuchitheka kwecyanide, enokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimizila yamanzi yelizwe nakwinkqubo yendalo. Ukuchitheka kwe-Baia Mare cyanide ka-2000 elumelwaneni laseRomania, apho icyanide-amanzi amdaka agalelwe kumlambo iDanube kunye neTisza, ebangela umonakalo omkhulu wendalo, mhlawumbi usebenze njengobizo lokuvusa iHungary. Ukuphalala kube neziphumo ezifikelela kude kubomi basemanzini, kumashishini okuloba, kunye nomgangatho wobomi ubonke kwimimandla echaphazelekayo. Ukuvalwa kweHungary yayilinyathelo lokuthintela ukuphepha iintlekele ezifanayo ngaphakathi kwemida yayo.

udibano lwaseyurophu

Ngo-2010. IPalamente yaseYurophu yathatha isigqibo malunga nokutsalwa kwe-cyanide ngokuvota ukuba ikhuthaze iKhomishini yaseYurophu ukuba yenze ukuvalwa okupheleleyo kokukhutshwa kwe-cyanide. Nangona kunjalo, iKomishoni yalile ukucebisa umthetho. Ngokutsho kwabantu abaqheleneyo nalo mbandela, esona sizathu sokwala yayiyinkxalabo yokuba ukuvala ukukhutshwa kwegolide yecyanide eYurophu kuya kuba nempembelelo embi kwimisebenzi. Ishishini lemigodi, ngakumbi kwimimandla apho ukumbiwa kwegolide esekwe kwicyanide kuxhaphakile, libonelela ngamathuba engqesho kubantu abaninzi. IKomishoni kwafuneka ilinganisele iingenelo zokusingqongileyo zokuvalwa kwecyanide ngokuchasene neziphumo ezinokuthi zibe kho zezoqoqosho nezentlalo zokulahleka kwemisebenzi. Esi sigqibo sakhokelela kwiyantlukwano phakathi kwezazi ngemekobume, ezabona imfuneko yokuvalwa umlomo ukuze kukhuselwe imekobume, kunye nabo bakushishino kunye nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo ababeyixhalabele ngakumbi imiphumo yezoqoqosho.

Asia

ikarikuni

Ngo-2007. IBhunga leLizwe laseTurkey, elisekelwe kwiGatya 56 loMgaqo-siseko waseTurkey, eligxininisa “Ekukhuseleni ilungelo labantu lokuhlala kwindawo esempilweni,” lagqiba kwelokuba lingawuvumeli umgodi wecyanide. Esi sigqibo sasiluphawu olucacileyo lokuzinikela kweTurkey ekukhuseleni intlalo-ntle yabemi bayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukumbiwa kwemigodi ye-cyanide, kunye namandla awo okungcolisa imithombo yamanzi kunye nomhlaba, kwabonwa njengesoyikiso esithe ngqo kwimo engqongileyo enempilo umgaqo-siseko ojolise ukuyikhusela. Ngokunqanda ukumbiwa kwe-cyanide, iTurkey ijolise ekuthinteleni ukuthotywa kwemithombo yayo yendalo kunye nokuqinisekisa indawo yokuhlala ekhuselekileyo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

kuMbindi Merika

El Salvado

Kwinyathelo elibanzi, i-El Salvador, ilizwe elikuMbindi Melika, yavala zonke iintlobo zokwembiwa kwesinyithi kummandla wayo. Ngomhla wama-29 kweyoKwindla ngo-2017, ipalamente yase-El Salvador yavota, kwaye kwavunywa umthetho obanzi wokwembiwa kwesinyithi ngenkxaso yamalungu angama-70 amaqela ahlukeneyo. Lo mthetho ubanzi uthetha ukuba lonke uphando lwesinyithi, ukucocwa, kunye nokucubungula, nokuba kusemhlabeni okanye phantsi komhlaba, akuvumelekanga. Kunye noku, iikhemikhali ezinobuthi ezifana ne-cyanide kunye ne -MERCURY nazo ziyavalwa. Lo mthetho wawuyimpendulo kwiinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezentlalo ezinxulumene nokumbiwa kwesinyithi. Imisebenzi yokumbiwa kwesinyithi e-El Salvador yayinokubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ungcoliseko lwamanzi, kunye nokungazinzi koluntu. Ngokuvala wonke umthetho wokumbiwa kwesinyithi, i-El Salvador yayijolise ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo kwendalo, imithombo yamanzi, kunye namalungelo oluntu lwasekuhlaleni.

Izizathu ezisemva kokuvalwa komsebenzi

Iingxaki zokusiNgqongileyo

I-Cyanide ibeka ingozi enkulu kwindalo, kwaye esi sizathu esisisiseko sokuphunyezwa kokuvinjelwa kumazwe amaninzi. Enye yezona mpembelelo zikhawulezayo nezibonakalayo ze-cyanide zikwimizila yamanzi. Xa icyanide-equlethe inkunkuma ikhutshelwa emilanjeni, emachibini, okanye kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, inokuba neziphumo ezibi kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2000 ukuchitheka kwe-cyanide ye-Baia Mare eRomania, ukusilela kwedama kumgodi wegolide kwakhupha amanzi amaninzi amdaka e-cyanide-afakwe kumlambo iTisza neDanube. Ukuxinana okuphezulu kwecyanide emanzini kwakhokelela ekufeni kwenani elikhulu leentlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ukuchitheka akuchaphazeli ushishino lokuloba lwasekuhlaleni kuphela kodwa kube neziphumo zexesha elide kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemilambo.

Ukongeza kungcoliseko lwamanzi, icyanide inokungcolisa umhlaba. Imisebenzi yasemigodini esebenzisa icyanide isoloko ivelisa izixa ezikhulu zenkunkuma, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-tailings, eziqulathe intsalela yecyanide. Xa ezi ntsalela zingalawulwa kakuhle, icyanide inokuphumela emhlabeni. Xa sele isemhlabeni, icyanide inokuthintela ukukhula kwezityalo ngokuphazamisana neenkqubo zazo zemetabolism. Isenokuthathwa zizityalo, ezithi ke zingene kwikhonkco lokutya. Le bioaccumulation yecyanide kwikhonkco lokutya inokuba neziphumo ezide kwizilwanyana zasendle nakubantu. Umzekelo, ukuba izilwanyana ezitya utyani zitya izityalo ezine-cyanide, zinokuba neengxaki zempilo, kwaye i-cyanide inokudluliselwa kumarhamncwa azondla ezi zilwanyana.

Mngcipheko we zeMpilo

Ubuthi be-cyanide kwimpilo yabantu bubhalwe kakuhle kwaye yeyona nto iqhuba ukuvalwa kwelizwe jikelele. I-Cyanide yi-inhibitor enamandla yokuphefumla kweselula. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ibophelela kwi-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme eyimfuneko kwikhonkco lothutho lwe-electron kwiiseli. Ngokuvala le enzyme, icyanide ikhusela iiseli ekusebenziseni ioksijini ukuvelisa amandla, okukhokelela kwimeko eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cellular asphyxiation.

Kwityhefu ye-cyanide ebukhali, iimpawu zinokuba ngokukhawuleza nangokuqatha. Iimpawu zokuqala zingabandakanya intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, kunye nokuhlanza. Njengoko ityhefu iqhubeka, iimpawu ezinzulu ngakumbi ezifana nokuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, iintlungu zesifuba, kunye nokudideka zinokwenzeka. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ityhefu ye-cyanide inokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni zingqondo, ukuxhuzula, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukufa. Idosi ebulalayo ye-cyanide inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lwe-cyanide, indlela yokuvezwa (ukuphefumla, ukuginya, okanye ukunxibelelana nolusu), kunye nobunzima bomzimba womntu kunye nempilo iyonke. Umzekelo, idosi ebulalayo yomlomo ye-hydrogen cyanide iqikelelwa ukuba imalunga ne-50 - 100 mg, ngelixa idosi ebulalayo yeSodium Cyanide imalunga ne-1 - 2 mg/kg yobunzima bomzimba.

Ukuba sesichengeni okungapheliyo kumanqanaba asezantsi e-cyanide kunokuba neziphumo zempilo zexesha elide. Inokubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous, ekhokelela kwiimpawu ezinjengobuthathaka, ukuphazamiseka, kunye nobunzima bokulungelelanisa. Kukwakho iinkxalabo malunga neziphumo ezinokubakho ze-carcinogenic zokuvezwa kwexesha elide kwi-cyanide. Olunye uphononongo lucebise ikhonkco phakathi kokuvezwa okungapheliyo kwe-cyanide kunye nomngcipheko owongeziweyo weentlobo ezithile zomhlaza, nangona uphando oluninzi luyafuneka ukuseka unxibelelwano oluqinisekileyo.

Uxinzelelo lweNtlalo noLuntu

Iinkxalabo zoluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye neempembelelo zamaqela obulungisa bendalo kunye nentlalontle ziye zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni oorhulumente ukuba bavale i-cyanide. Kwiindawo ezininzi apho amashishini asekelwe kwi-cyanide asebenza khona, njengemisebenzi yemigodi, abahlali basekuhlaleni bayazi kakuhle ingozi enokubakho kwimpilo yabo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Bahlala besoyika iziphumo zokuchitheka kwecyanide okanye iziphumo zexesha elide zokuhlala kwindawo enamanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko lwecyanide.

Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo ezikufuphi nemigodi yegolide ezisebenzisa icyanide xa kumbiwa, abahlali basenokuxhalatyiswa ngumgangatho wamanzi okusela, ukhuseleko lwabantwana babo abadlala phandle, nendlela abachaphazeleka ngayo ezolimo kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Ezi nkxalabo zinokukhokelela kuqhanqalazo olulungelelanisiweyo, izikhalazo, kunye namaphulo oluntu afuna inyathelo likarhulumente lokuvala okanye ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwecyanide.

Imibutho yokusingqongileyo ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwaziseni abantu malunga neengozi zecyanide kunye nokukhuthaza ukuvalwa komsebenzi. La maqela aqhuba uphando, apapashe iingxelo, kwaye azibandakanye noluntu ukuze afundise uluntu malunga nobungozi bendalo kunye nempilo ehambelana ne-cyanide. Bakwaphembelela oorhulumente namaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe ukuba amisele imithetho engqongqo okanye ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwecyanide. Imizamo yabo ibe negalelo ekuziseni umba we-cyanide kwingqalelo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko, okukhokelela ekwamkelweni kokuvalwa komsebenzi kumazwe amaninzi.

Iimpembelelo zokuValwa

Kwishishini lezeMigodi

Ukuvalwa kwe-cyanide kube nefuthe elimandla kwishishini lemigodi. Kwiinkampani zemigodi ekudala zixhomekeke kwiindlela zokukhupha i-cyanide, ngakumbi kwimigodi yegolide, ukuvalwa kudale imingeni ebalulekileyo. Ngoku bajongene nemfuneko yokuba bazitshintshe ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo zabo zokukhutshwa okanye bafumane ezinye iikhemikhali ezithatha indawo yecyanide.

Omnye wemingeni emikhulu lixabiso eliphezulu elinxulunyaniswa notshintsho. Ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza ubugcisa obutsha bokutsalwa kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu kuphando nophuhliso, nakwizixhobo ezitsha neziseko ezingundoqo. Umzekelo, ezinye iinkampani zemigodi ziphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iiarhente zokuvuza ezifana nethiosulfate okanye ibromide. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela ezizezinye zisenokungasebenzi njengeenkqubo ezisekelwe kwicyanide kwezinye iimeko, kwaye zisenokufuna iimeko zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkampani zemigodi kufuneka zenze utyalo-mali ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi bazo ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezitsha kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo ezintsha.

Ukongezelela, ukuvinjelwa kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni okwethutyana kwimisebenzi yemigodi njengoko iinkampani zilungelelanisa imimiselo emitsha. Ngeli xesha lotshintsho, imveliso ingancitshiswa, enokuthi ibe nefuthe elithe ngqo kwingeniso yenkampani. Ezinye iinkampani zemigodi ezincinci zinokujongana nomngcipheko wokuphuma kwishishini ukuba azikwazi ukufikelela kwiindleko ezinxulumene notshintsho.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kukwanika ithuba lokuba ishishini lemigodi livelise izinto ezintsha. Uxinzelelo lokufumana ezinye iindlela zotsalo lukhuthaze uphando kunye nophuhliso endle. Iidyunivesiti ezininzi, amaziko ophando, kunye neenkampani zemigodi ngoku zisebenza kunye ukuphuhlisa ubuchwephesha obunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo nobuzinzileyo bemigodi. Obu buchwepheshe butsha abunciphisi nje kuphela impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yemigodi kodwa kwakhona bunamandla okuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nenzuzo yokusebenza kwemigodi kwixesha elide. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iindlela ezintsha zokukhutshwa ziyakwazi ukukhupha isinyithi ngokukhetha ngakumbi, ukunciphisa inani lenkunkuma eveliswayo kunye nokwandisa isivuno esipheleleyo senkqubo yemigodi.

KuQoqosho

Iimpembelelo zoqoqosho zokuthintelwa kwecyanide ziphindwe kabini. Kwimimandla apho ishishini lemigodi liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho lwengingqi, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho ekuqaleni. Umzekelo, kwezinye iidolophu ezincinci eArgentina apho imigodi esekwe kwicyanide yayilelona shishini liphambili, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kukhokelele ekuphulukaneni nemisebenzi njengoko imigodi iye yanciphisa ukusebenza kwayo okanye yavalwa. Oku kube nefuthe elibi kuqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni, kwachaphazela amashishini afana neendawo zokutyela, iivenkile, kunye nababoneleli beenkonzo abaxhomekeke kwingeniso yabasebenzi-mgodini.

Izithintelo zinokuchaphazela uqoqosho olubanzi malunga nokubonelela kunye nemfuno yesinyithi. Ukuba ukuveliswa kwezinyithi ezithile, ezifana negolide, kuncitshiswe ngenxa yokungakwazi ukusebenzisa i-cyanide ekukhutshweni, ukunikezelwa kwezi zinyithi kwiimarike kunokuncipha. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunyukeni kwexabiso lesinyithi, elinokuthi libe nefuthe kumashishini ahlukeneyo asebenzisa ezi ntsimbi njengezinto eziluhlaza. Umzekelo, imboni yobucwebe, engumthengi omkhulu wegolide, inokujongana neendleko eziphezulu ukuba ixabiso legolide linyuka ngenxa yokubonelela - imiqobo yecala.

Kwelinye icala, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kukwadala amathuba okukhula kwamanye amacandelo. Isidingo sobuchwephesha obunye bokutsala kunye neenkonzo zokulungisa imeko esingqongileyo ikhokelele kuphuhliso lwamashishini amatsha. Iinkampani ezisebenza ngokukhethekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekuboneleleni ngezisombululo ezingezizo i-cyanide, kunye nezo zibandakanyekayo ekuphatheni nasekulahleni inkunkuma yasemigodini ngendlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo, zibona imfuno eyongeziweyo yeemveliso neenkonzo zazo. Oku kunamandla okudala imisebenzi emitsha kunye nokuvuselela ukukhula koqoqosho kula macandelo asakhulayo. Umzekelo, iinkampani ezibonelela ngetekhnoloji ye-bio-leaching njengenye indlela yokutsalwa okusekwe kwicyanide ziya zivelela ngakumbi, kwaye ziqesha izazinzulu, iinjineli, kunye namagcisa ukuba aphuhlise kwaye aphumeze obu buchwepheshe.

KwiNdalo kunye neMpilo yoLuntu

Ukuvalwa kwe-cyanide kube nefuthe elihle kakhulu kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo yoluntu. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, i-cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle. Ngokuvala ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimigodi nakwamanye amashishini, umngcipheko wongcoliseko olunxulumene necyanide uncitshiswe kakhulu.

Ngokuphathelele umgangatho wamanzi, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kuye kwanceda ukukhusela imilambo, amachibi, kunye nemithombo yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ekungcoleni icyanide. Oku kubalulekile ekugcineni indalo yasemanzini esempilweni kunye nokuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwamanzi okusela kuluntu lwengingqi. Ngokomzekelo, kumazwe afana neCosta Rica neRiphabliki yaseCzech, apho ukuvalwa komsebenzi we<em>cyanide kuye kwabakho kangangexesha elithile, kuye kwakho ukuphucuka okuphawulekayo komgangatho wamanzi kumanzi akufutshane. Ubomi basemanzini, obufana neentlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, azisekho semngciphekweni wokutyhefwa yicyanide - amanzi amdaka aqhotsiweyo, kwaye zonke iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo seziqalile ukuchacha.

Ukuvalwa komsebenzi kukwanegalelo ekukhuseleni umgangatho womhlaba. Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide encinane emigodini, kukho umngcipheko ocuthiweyo wokuvuza kwecyanide emhlabeni kwaye kungcolise umhlaba wezolimo. Oku kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwezityalo zokutya. Ukongeza, ukuncitshiswa kongcoliseko olunxulumene ne-cyanide kunempembelelo entle kumgangatho womoya, njengoko i-cyanide inokukhutshelwa emoyeni kwezinye iinkqubo zoshishino. Ngokuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide, inani lezinto ezingcolisayo emoyeni liyancipha, elinenzuzo kwimpilo yokuphefumula yabantu basekuhlaleni.

Ngokubanzi, ukuvalwa kwe-cyanide kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yoluntu, kwaye zilinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphumezeni uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.

Iindlela ezizezinye zeCyanide

Ukusabela kwiinkxalabo ezikhulayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide, ngakumbi kwishishini lemigodi, iindlela ezininzi ezizezinye ziye zaphuhliswa. Ezi zikhetho zibonelela ngendlela ezinzileyo kunye neyokusingqongileyo ekutsalweni kwesinyithi.

Enye yezona ndlela zithembisayo kukusebenzisa i- Gold Leaching Reagent enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo . Ezi reagents zenzelwe ukuthatha indawo ye-cyanide kwinkqubo yokukhupha igolide ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshintsha kakhulu inkqubo yokuqala kunye nezixhobo. Umzekelo, ezinye zezi reagents zisekelwe kwi-thiosulfate, ebonakaliswe njengeyona ndawo isebenzayo ye-cyanide kwiintlobo ezithile zegolide ores. Ii-leaching agents ezisekelwe kwi-Thiosulfate zineengenelo ezininzi. Azinabungozi kangako kune-cyanide, oko kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko wongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kunye nomonakalo kwimpilo yabantu uncitshisiwe kakhulu. Ukongeza, zinokukhetha ngakumbi ekukhupheni igolide, zinciphise inani lenkunkuma eveliswayo ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha.

Enye indlela kukusetyenziswa kobuchule be-bio-leaching. Le ndlela iquka ukusebenzisa iintsholongwane, ezinjengeentsholongwane nomngundo, ukukhupha isinyithi kwintsimbi ekrwada. Iimicroorganisms ziyayiqhekeza intsimbi ekrwada kwaye zikhulule iintsimbi, ezinokuthi emva koko zifumaneke. I-Bio-leaching yinkqubo yendalo kwaye ezinzileyo enefuthe eliphantsi lokusingqongileyo. Ayifuni ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali eziyityhefu njengecyanide, kwaye inokuqhutywa kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kunye noxinzelelo. Nangona kunjalo, i-bio-leaching yinkqubo ecothayo xa kuthelekiswa ne-cyanide-based extraction, kwaye isenokungalungeli zonke iintlobo ze-ores.

Ukuqulunqwa nokusetyenziswa kwezi ndlela zokhetho akupheleli nje ekujongeni indalo esingqongileyo kunye neenkxalabo zokhuseleko ezinxulumene necyanide kodwa kukwavula amathuba amatsha kushishino lwemigodi ukuze lusebenze ngendlela ezinzileyo nethembekileyo. Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubeka nokuhambela phambili, sinokulindela ukubona iindlela ezisebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko-ezisebenzayo kwicyanide zivela kwixesha elizayo.

isiphelo

Ukuvalwa kwe-cyanide kwihlabathi liphela kubonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo elisingise kwikamva elizinzileyo nelikhuselekileyo. Iqhutywa ziinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo, imingcipheko yempilo, kunye noxinzelelo lwezentlalo, ezi zithintelo ziye zaba neempembelelo ezifikelela kude kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu.

Ishishini lemigodi, ekudala lisebenzisa kakhulu icyanide, lijongene nemicelimngeni yokuqhelana nokuvalwa komsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, le mingeni ikwakhuthaze ukuvela kwezinto ezintsha, okukhokelele kuphuhliso lwezinye iindlela zokutsala kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ezi ndlela zikhethayo azinciphisi nje kuphela ubungozi bokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo ehambelana ne-cyanide kodwa zikwabonelela ngesakhono semisebenzi yemigodi esebenzayo nezinzileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Iimpembelelo zoqoqosho zokuvalwa komsebenzi zintsonkothile, kukho ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elifutshane kunye namathuba exesha elide. Ngexesha elifutshane, imimandla ethembele kakhulu kumashishini asekelwe kwi-cyanide inokufumana ilahleko yemisebenzi kunye nokudodobala koqoqosho. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukukhula kwamashishini amatsha kugxile ekuphuhliseni nasekuboneleleni ngezisombululo ezizezinye kunokudala imisebenzi emitsha kwaye kukhuthaze ukukhula koqoqosho.

Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuvalwa komsebenzi kube nefuthe elihle kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo yoluntu. Ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide, umngcipheko wokungcoliswa kwendalo, njengamanzi kunye nokungcoliswa komhlaba, unciphe kakhulu. Oku ke, kunceda ukukhusela impilo yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokugcina ulungelelwaniso lwe-ecosystem.

Njengoko sisiya phambili, kubalulekile ukuba imizi-mveliso iqhubeke nokutyala imali kuphando nakuphuhliso ukuze kufumaneke ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo nezisebenzayo kwicyanide. Oorhulumente nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe nabo banendima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeliseni ukuvalwa komsebenzi, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kobunye ubugcisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imekobume nempilo yoluntu ziyakhuselwa.

Ibali lokuvinjelwa kwe-cyanide kwihlabathi jikelele libubungqina bamandla ezenzo ezihlangeneyo ekujonganeni nemingeni yendalo kunye nempilo. Ibonisa ukuba ngokuqaphela imingcipheko enxulumene nezinto ezithile kunye nokuthatha inyathelo eliqinisekileyo, sinokudala ikamva elizinzileyo nelinempumelelo ngakumbi kuthi nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.