Ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide kuShishino loShishino

I-Sodium cyanide , enefomyula yekhemikhali i-NaCN, yikhompawundi emhlophe, enyibilikayo emanzini, kwaye inetyhefu kakhulu. Nangona idume kakubi ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiShishini leMithi njenge-reagent ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa.

1. Ukuhlanganiswa kwabaPhakathi

1.1 I-Cyanohydrin Synthesis

Enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide kwimveliso yamayeza kukwenziwa kwe-cyanohydrins. Xa i-aldehyde okanye i-ketone isabela ne- sodium cyanide xa kukho i-acid catalyst (ehlala i-acid ebuthathaka), kuveliswa i-cyanohydrin. Indlela yokusabela ibandakanya ukongezwa kwe-cyanide ion (CN-) kwi- Carbon yl carbon ye-aldehyde okanye i-ketone. Umzekelo, ekuhlanganisweni kwe-mandelonitrile, i-benzaldehyde isabela ne -Sodium cyanide . Le mpendulo imelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

I-Mandelonitrile kunye nezinye i-cyanohydrin zibalulekile phakathi kokudibanisa amayeza ahlukeneyo. Zinokuguqulwa ngakumbi zibe yimixube kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yebhayoloji, efana ne-alpha-hydroxy acids kunye ne-alpha-amino acids, eziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yamachiza amaninzi.

1.2 I-Nitrile Synthesis

Isodium cyanide ikwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukwenza i-nitriles. Kwi-SN2 (i-substitution nucleophilic bimolecular) reaction, i-alkyl halides isabela nge-sodium cyanide ukwenza i-nitriles. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-bromoethane isabela nge-sodium cyanide, ipropionitrile yenziwa:

I-Nitriles ziibhloko zokwakha eziguquguqukayo kwikhemistri yamayeza. Ziyakwazi ukuhlanjululwa kwi-hydrolyzed kwi-carboxylic acids, zincitshiswe kwi-amines, okanye ziphinde ziphendule ukwenza i-heterocyclic compounds. Amachiza amaninzi aqukethe amaqela asebenzayo e-nitrile, afaka isandla kwiipropati zabo ze-pharmacological, ezifana ne-antifungal kunye ne-antibacterial agents.

2. Ukuveliswa kwaMachiza aKhethekileyo

2.1 I-Cyanocobalamin (i-Vitamin B12) Ukuhlanganiswa

ICyanocobalamin, eyaziwa ngokuba yivithamin B12. yivithamini ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu. Ukwenziwa kwe-cyanocobalamin kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lezinye iindlela zokwenziwa, i-cobalt - equlethe i-intermediate iphendulwa kunye ne-sodium cyanide ukwazisa iqela le-cyanide, elibonakalisa i-cyanocobalamin. Iqela le-cyanide kwi-cyanocobalamin lizinzile phantsi kweemeko ze-physiological kwaye lidlala indima kwimisebenzi ye-biological ye-vitamin. I-Vitamin B12 ibalulekile kwi-DNA synthesis, ukusebenza kwemithambo-luvo, kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi, kunye nemveliso yokwenziwa kwayo kusetyenziswa i-sodium cyanide inceda ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yezongezo zokutya kunye nokwakhiwa kwamayeza.

2.2 Ukwenziwa kwaManye Amachiza okulwa nomhlaza

Ekuphuhlisweni kweziyobisi ezithile ezichasene nomhlaza, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphambili. Umzekelo, ekudibaneni kwezinye i-indole-based anti-cancer compounds, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa kuthotho lweempendulo ukwakha isakhelo semolekyuli. Amaqela e-nitrile aziswa yi-sodium cyanide anokuguqulwa ngakumbi ukuze kuphuculwe ubudlelwane bechiza kwiiseli zomhlaza, ukuthintela ii-enzymes ezithile ezibandakanyekayo ekukhuleni kweeseli zomhlaza, okanye ukuphazamisa iindlela zokugalela kwiseli yomhlaza.

3. Imingeni kunye neZilumkiso ekusebenziseni iSodium Cyanide

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwishishini lamayeza kuza nemingeni ebalulekileyo ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo. Amanyathelo okhuseleko angqongqo ayafuneka ekuphatheni, ekugcinweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwayo. Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo babalulekile ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukuvezwa. Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokungenisa umoya zifakwe ukuphepha ukuphefumla nayiphi na i-cyanide - equkethe i-fumes. Ukongeza, ulawulo lwenkunkuma ngumba obalulekileyo. Nayiphi na inkunkuma ene-sodium cyanide okanye iimveliso zayo zokusabela kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, iindlela ze-oxidation zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula iikhompawundi ezinetyhefu yecyanide zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi kangako phambi kokuba zilahlwe.

4. Iimbono zekamva

Njengoko ishishini lamayeza liqhubeka nokuguquka, ukukhangela iindlela ezisebenzayo nezikhuselekileyo zokwenza izinto ziyaqhubeka. Ngelixa i-sodium cyanide ihlala iyi-reagent ebalulekileyo kwi-synthesis yangoku yamachiza, iinzame ziyenziwa ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela ezinokuthi zinciphise okanye ziphelise ukusetyenziswa kwale khompawundi inetyhefu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwixesha elizayo elingekude, ngenxa ye-reactivity ekhethekileyo ye-sodium cyanide kwiindlela ezithile zokwenziwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba iqhubeke idlala indima ekuvelisweni kwamanye amayeza. Uphando lunokujolisa ekuphuhliseni iimeko zokusabela ezilawulwa ngakumbi ukunciphisa imingcipheko enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokufumana ii-analogu ezikhuselekileyo okanye iindlela ezizezinye zokwenziwa ezinokufikelela kwiimveliso zoxubo mayeza ezifanayo kunye neenkxalabo ezincitshisiweyo zetyhefu.

Ukuqukumbela, i-sodium cyanide, nangona i-toxicity yayo, iye yenza igalelo elikhulu kumashishini amayeza ekuhlanganiseni amachiza abalulekileyo kunye nabaphakathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo nokukhuselekileyo, kunye neenzame eziqhubekayo zokufumana ezinye iindlela, kuya kubaluleka kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lokwenziwa kwamayeza.