Izicelo eziBanzi kunye noPhuhliso oluThelekelelwayo lweSodium Cyanide kuShishino

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), njengesixhobo esikrwada sekhemikhali esinobungozi kakhulu kodwa esisebenzayo, idlala indima engenakutshintshwa kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zekhemikhali. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kugubungela amashishini aphambili amaninzi, ukusuka kwi- Extraction of Precious Metals ukuya kwi-fine chemical synthesis. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqiniswa kwemithetho yokukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nokwanda kwetekhnoloji eluhlaza, uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwe- Sodium Cyanide lujongene nemingeni emitsha kunye namathuba.

I. IiNdawo zokusetyenziswa ezingundoqo zeSodium Cyanide

1. Ukutsalwa kweZinyithi ezixabisekileyo kunye neMineral Processing

Isodium cyanide yeyona ndawo iphambili kwimigodi yegolide nesilivere. Ngendlela ye-cyanidation, inokwenza iikhompleksi ezinyibilikayo ngegolide nesilivere, ivumela ukutsalwa okusebenzayo kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwi-ores yomgangatho ophantsi. I-reaction equation imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

Ngaphandle komngcipheko wetyhefu, indlela ye-cyanidation isabala ngaphezu kwe-80% yomthamo wegolide wehlabathi jikelele ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokubuyisela.

2. I-Electroplating kunye ne-Surface Treatment

Kwishishini le-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide , njenge-complexing agent, ingazinzisa ii-ion zesinyithi (ezifana ne-copper, i-zinc, kunye ne-cadmium) ukuqinisekisa ukuba umaleko we-plating ofanayo noxineneyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-cyanide zinc plating inokuphucula kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokukhusela okusingqongileyo, ubuchwepheshe be-electroplating obungena-cyanide (obufana ne-zinc zinc plating) buthatha indawo yeenkqubo zemveli kancinci kancinci.

3. I-Organic Synthesis kunye ne-Pharmaceutical Intermediates

I-sodium cyanide yimathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kweekhompawundi ze-nitrile. Ngokusebenzisa i-nucleophilic substitution reactions, iqela le-CN⁻ lingangeniswa kwiimolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa i-intermediates eziphambili ezifana ne-acrylonitrile (ye-synthetic fibers) kunye ne-adiponitrile (kwi-nylon 66). Umzekelo:

CH₂=CHCH₂Cl + NaCN → CH₂=CHCH₂CN + NaCl

Kwicandelo lezamayeza, iSodium cyanide ibandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwevithamini B12, amayeza okulwa nomhlaza, njl.

4. Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane kunye nezitshabalalisi

I-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa iintlobo zezinambuzane, ezifana ne-fenvalerate (i-pyrethroid insecticide). I-derivative yayo, i-thiocyanate (SCN⁻), iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-herbicides kunye ne-fungicides.

5. Ezinye izicelo zoShishino

• Ukucoca isinyithi : Ukususa umaleko we-oxide kumphezulu wesinyithi;

• Isithinteli sokuLungiswa kweziMbiwa : Ukulungisa indlela eziqhuba ngayo izimbiwa;

• Isixhobo sangaphambi kwezixhobo zekhemikhali : Isicelo esinobuthathaka esifuna ulawulo olungqongqo.

II. Amathuba oPhuhliso: Imingeni kunye namaThuba ahlala kunye

1. Ukhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo kunye noxinzelelo loKhuseleko

Ityhefu ephezulu yesodium cyanide inyanzelise ihlabathi ukuba liqinise ulongamelo. Umzekelo, i-EU's Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation iyidwelisa njengento exhalabisa kakhulu (SVHC), efuna ukuba amashishini aveze ulwazi losetyenziso. Iingozi zokuvuza zingakhokelela kwiintlekele zendalo (ezifana nesiganeko sogqabhuko-dubulo lwase-Tianjin Port e-China ngo-2015), siqhube ishishini ukuba litshintshe lisingise kwiinjongo "zokungabikho kwezinto ezikhutshwayo".

2. I-Innovation yeTekhnoloji kunye neziSombululo ezizezinye

• Ukusasazwa kweenkqubo ezingenayo i-Cyanide :

• Ukutsalwa kweGolide : Iitekhnoloji ezifana ne-thiourea leaching kunye nendlela ye-bromination ziyakhula kancinci kancinci;

• Ukufakelwa nge-Electroplating : Ukusebenzisa ii-complexing agents ezifana ne-citrate kunye ne-ethylenediamine endaweni ye -cyanides ;

• Iindlela Zokwenziwa Kwezinto Eziluhlaza : Ukudibanisa iikhompawundi ze-nitrile ngeendlela ze-biocatalysis (ezifana nokusebenzisa i-nitrile hydratase ukuvelisa i-acrylamide);

• Imodeli yoQoqosho oluSijikelezileyo : Ukuphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela i-cyanide (njengokwahlulwa kwe-membrane kunye nokutshintshiselana kwee-ion) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa.

3. Ukukhula okunokwenzeka kwimiba eyongeziweyo kwixabiso eliphezulu

• Izixhobo Ezintsha Zamandla : I-Sodium cyanide isetyenziswa ekuhlanganiseni izinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-cathode kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion (ezifana ne-lithium nickel cobalt manganate);

• Iikhemikhali ze-elektroniki : Zisetyenziswa njengesithambisi ekwenzeni ii-wafers ze-semiconductor;

• IiPhakathi zeMithi : Ngokukhawuleziswa kophando olutsha lwamayeza kunye nophuhliso, imfuno ye-sodium cyanide kwiikhemikhali ezincinci inokuqhubeka ikhula.

4. Umahluko kwiMarike yeNgingqi

• Amazwe Aphuhlileyo : Imfuno idla ngokuzinza, kugxilwe ekuphuculeni ubuchwepheshe kunye nokuthobela imiqathango yokusingqongileyo;

• IiMarike Ezisakhulayo : Ukwandiswa kweziseko zophuhliso kunye namashishini okuvelisa kuqhuba imfuno, njengophuhliso lwemigodi yegolide kuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia naseAfrika.

III. IiNdlela zekamva kunye neeMpendulo zoShishino

1. Ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe : Ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezinezinga eliphantsi le-sodium cyanide kunye nokuphucula iimeko zokusabela ukuze kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa;

2. Ulawulo lweDijithali : Ukubeka esweni ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ngexesha langempela nge-Intanethi yezinto (IoT) ukuphucula ukhuseleko;

3. Isikhokelo soMgaqo-nkqubo : Urhulumente kufuneka alinganisele iimfuno zoshishino kunye neenjongo zokukhusela okusingqongileyo aze akhuthaze "uLawulo lweCyanide oluNgqongileyo" (njengeKhowudi yoLawulo lweCyanide yaMazwe ngaMazwe, i-ICMI);

4. Unxibelelwano loluntu : Ukuqinisa ukungafihlisi kweshishini kunye nokunciphisa ukucalucalulwa kwengqondo yoluntu malunga ne-cyanide.

isiphelo

Ixabiso leshishini le-sodium cyanide lihlala kunye nemingcipheko yetyhefu. Kwixesha elizayo, uphuhliso lwayo luya kuxhomekeka kwimpembelelo ye-synergistic ye-teknoloji entsha kunye nokuhlolwa okungqongqo. Nangona ijongene noxinzelelo lokuthatha indawo kwezinye iindawo, ukungafumaneki endaweni yayo kwimizi-mveliso enexabiso eliphezulu, kunye nenkqubela phambili yeenkqubo zohlaza, kusenokuvula izithuba ezintsha zokukhula kwayo. Njengezinye izinto ezinobungozi kwishishini lemichiza, indlela eya kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-sodium cyanide ilele "ekulawuleni ubungozi kunye nokukhulula ixabiso".