Inkqubo yeCyanide Leaching kwiMigodi yeGolide: Inkqubo eGqibeleleyo ukusuka kwiDissolution to Recovery

intshayelelo

Ukutsalwa kwegolide kwintsimbi ekrwada yayo ibingumbandela obangela umdla omkhulu kangangeenkulungwane. Phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo, Ukukhutshwa kwe-cyanide kuye kwavela njengenye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kurhwebo Ukwembiwa kwegolide ishishini. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuchithwa ngokufanelekileyo kwegolide kwizinto zokusingatha kwayo, okwenza kube lula ukubuyisela isinyithi esixabisekileyo kwifom egxininiswe ngakumbi. Eli nqaku liza kuphonononga inkqubo epheleleyo ye-cyanide leaching kwimigodi yegolide, ukusuka ekuchithweni kokuqala kwegolide kwizisombululo ze-cyanide ukuya ekubuyiselweni kokugqibela kwesinyithi.

Ukuchithwa kweGolide kwiZisombululo zeCyanide

Iintshukumo zeMichiza ezibandakanyekayo

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwegolide kwizisombululo ze-cyanide kusekelwe kuluhlu olunzima lweekhemikhali. I-reaction iyonke inokubonakaliswa yile nxaki ilandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Kule mpendulo, igolide (Au) iphendula nge Isodium cyanide (NaCN) phambi kwe-oksijeni (O₂) kunye namanzi (H₂O) ukwenza i-sodium dicyanoaurate (Na [Au (CN)) ₂]) kunye ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Indima yeoksijini kule mpendulo ibalulekile njengoko isebenza njenge-oxidizing agent, iququzelela ukuchithwa kwegolide.

Imiqathango yokuNcitshiswa okuLungileyo

Ukutshatyalaliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwegolide, iimeko ezininzi kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo. Ukuxinwa kwe-cyanide kwisisombululo yinto ebalulekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-concentration ye-0.05 - 0.1% ye-NaCN isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokucoca. Ugxininiso oluphezulu lunokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okwandisiweyo kwe-cyanide ngaphandle kokunyuka ngokulinganayo ekunyibilikeni kwegolide, ngelixa ugxininiso olusezantsi lunokubangela ukucwiliswa okucothayo nokungaphelelanga.

I-pH yesisombululo nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Inkqubo ye-leaching isebenzayo kakhulu kwi-alkaline medium kancinane, kunye noluhlu lwe-pH lwe-9.5 - 11. Kule pH, ii-ion ze-cyanide zikhona kwi-un-dissociated form (HCN), esebenza ngakumbi kwigolide. Ukulungelelanisa i-pH ngokuqhelekileyo kufezekiswa ngokugalela i-lime (CaO) kwisisombululo se-leaching.

Ubushushu yenye iparameter ebalulekileyo. Nangona ukusabela kunokuthi kwenzeke kumaqondo obushushu akwi-ambient, iqondo lobushushu eliphakame kancinci elimalunga ne-25 - 35°C linokunyusa izinga lokunyibilika kwegolide. Nangona kunjalo, ukwandisa ubushushu kakhulu kunokukhokelela ekuboleni kwe-cyanide, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Unyango lwangaphambili lweOres

Ukutyumza kunye nokuSila

Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe inkqubo yokukhupha icyanide, iintsimbi ezinegolide kufuneka zinyangwe kwangaphambili. Inyathelo lokuqala kolu nyango lwangaphambili luqhelekile Ukuchithwa kwaye besila. Iintsimbi ezikrwada ziyatyunyuzwa ukunciphisa ubungakanani bazo kwaye emva koko zicolwe zibe ngamasuntswana amahle. Oku kwandisa ummandla we-ore, okuvumela ukudibanisa okusebenzayo ngakumbi phakathi kwamasuntswana egolide kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca.

Umgangatho wokugaya ulawulwa ngokucophelela. Ukugaya ngokugqithiseleyo kunokukhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-slimes emihle, enokubangela iingxaki ngexesha lokuhlukana kwamanyathelo alandelayo aqinile-amanzi. Kwelinye icala, ukugaya ngaphantsi kunokubangela ukungavezi ngokwaneleyo kwamasuntswana egolide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuthweni okungaphelelanga.

Ukuqhotsa kunye ne-Bio-oxidation

Kwezinye iimeko, i-ores yegolide inokuba neeminerali eziphikisayo ezithintela ukuchithwa ngokuthe ngqo kwegolide nge-cyanide. Kwizinto ezikrwada ezinjalo, iindlela ezongezelelweyo zonyango lwangaphambili ezifana nokuqhotsa okanye i-bio-oxidation ingafuneka.

Ukugcada kubandakanya ukufudumeza intsimbi ekrwada kubukho bomoya ukuze kufakwe i-oxidize iiminerali eziphikisayo, ezifana neesulfides. Le nkqubo ye-oxidation idiliza iiminerali, ikhulule iincinci zegolide kwaye ibenze bafikeleleke kwisisombululo se-cyanide.

I-Bio-oxidation, kwelinye icala, isebenzisa ii-microorganisms ukuze i-oxidize iminerali ephikisayo. Le yenye indlela evumelana nokusingqongileyo endaweni yokosa njengoko isebenza kumaqondo asezantsi obushushu kwaye ivelisa izinto ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi ezimbalwa. Iimicroorganisms, ngokuqhelekileyo ibhaktheriya okanye umngundo, zikhethwa ngokusekelwe kumandla azo oksijinize iiminerali ezithile eziphikisayo ezikhoyo kwi-ore.

Inkqubo yokuLeaching

UkuLeaching kweTanki evuselelweyo

Itanki evuzayo yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvuza kwecyanide. Kule nkqubo, i-ore ephathwa ngaphambili ixutywe kunye nesisombululo se-cyanide kwiitanki ezinkulu ezixutywe. Amatanki axhotyiswe ngee-agitators eziqinisekisa ukuxuba ngokucokisekileyo kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo, ukukhuthaza ukudibanisa phakathi kweengqungquthela zegolide kunye ne-cyanide ions.

Ixesha le-leaching lingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubume be-ore kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yokucoca inokuthatha naphi na ukusuka kwiiyure ezininzi ukuya kwiintsuku ezininzi. Ngeli xesha, iisampulu ze-leachate zithathwa ngamaxesha athile kwaye zihlalutywe ukujonga inkqubela phambili yokuchithwa kwegolide.

Haap Leaching

I-Heap leaching yenye indlela esetyenziswa kakhulu, ingakumbi kwi-low-grade ores yegolide. Kule nkqubo, intsimbi ekrwada etyunyuziweyo ipakishwa kwiimfumba ezinkulu kwilinen engagxumekiyo. Umxube wecyanide utshizwa phezu kwemfumba kwaye uvumeleke ukuba ugqobhoze kwintsimbi ekrwada. Njengoko isisombululo sidlula kwimfumba, sichitha iincinci zegolide, kwaye isisombululo esikhulelweyo esibangelwayo siqokelelwa phantsi kwemfumba.

Imfumba yemfumba yindlela eyongayo xa kuthelekiswa ne Itanki evuzayo njengoko ifuna utyalo-mali oluncinane kwizixhobo zokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, yinkqubo ecothayo kwaye ifaneleke ngakumbi kwii-ores ezinomxholo wegolide ophantsi.

Ukwahlula okuSolid-olwelo

U kucoca

Emva kokuba inkqubo ye-leaching igqityiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuhlukanisa i-residu eqinile (i-tailings) kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo, esiqulethe igolide echithwe. Ukuhluza yenye yeendlela ezixhaphakileyo zokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo. Kule nkqubo, i-slurry (umxube oqinileyo kunye nolwelo) idlula kwindawo yokucoca, njengelaphu lokucoca okanye umshicileli wokucoca. Iingqungquthela eziqinileyo zigcinwa kwi-filter medium, ngelixa i-liquid (isisombululo esikhulelweyo) idlula kwaye iqokelelwe.

Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokucoca kuxhomekeke kubume beengqungquthela eziqinileyo kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Umzekelo, kwiimeko apho amasuntswana aqinileyo acoleke kakhulu, kungafuneka ilaphu lokucoca elinemingxuma ecolekileyo ngakumbi.

Ukuqhawuka

I-Decantation yenye indlela enokusetyenziswa ukwahlula okuqinileyo-ulwelo, ngakumbi xa amasuntswana aqinileyo emaninzi kwaye ahlala ngokulula. Kule nkqubo, i-slurry ivunyelwe ukuma kwitanki yokumisa ixesha elithile. Amasuntswana aqinileyo ahlala ezantsi kwetanki ngenxa yomxhuzulane, kwaye ulwelo olucacileyo lwe-supernatant (isisombululo esikhulelweyo) sichithwa ngononophelo.

I-Decantation yindlela elula kwaye encinci yamandla-enzima xa kuthelekiswa nokuhluza. Nangona kunjalo, isenokungasebenzi ngokwahlukileyo ekwahluleni amasuntswana aqinileyo kakhulu aqinileyo.

Ukubuyiswa kweGolide kwiSisombululo esikhulelweyo

Ufakelo lweCarbon olusebenzayo

Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokubuyisela igolide kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo Ikhabhoni adsorption esebenzayo. Kule nkqubo, i-carbon activated yongezwa kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo. Igolide - i-cyanide complex inobudlelwane obuqinileyo kumphezulu wekhabhoni esebenzayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, igolide ibhengezwa kwiisuntswana zekhabhoni.

I-carbon particles ke ihlukaniswe kwisisombululo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuhlolwa okanye ukuhluzwa. Igolide-elayishiweyo ikhabhoni iye iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze imoshe igolide. Oku kwenziwa ngokwesiqhelo ngokubeka ikhabhoni kunyango lomphunga wobushushu obuphezulu okanye ngokusebenzisa i-agent yokususa imichiza.

Imvula yeZinc

Imvula yeZinc, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiMerrill - Crowe process, yenye indlela yokubuyisela igolide. Kule nkqubo, uthuli lwe-zinc longezwa kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo. I-Zinc i-electropositive ngaphezu kwegolide, kwaye ngenxa yoko, isusa igolide kwigolide - i-cyanide complex. Impendulo inokubonakaliswa yile nxaki ilandelayo:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Igolide enqabileyo, kunye nayo nayiphi na i-zinc engaphendulwanga, yenza i-sludge eqinile. Olu daka luze luhlulwe kwisisombululo, kwaye igolide ihlanjululwa ngakumbi ukuze ifumane imveliso ecocekileyo.

Ukusulungekiswa kweGolide

Ukunyibilika

Emva kokuba igolide ifunyenwe kwisisombululo esikhulelweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka icocwe ukuze isuse nakuphi na ukungcola okuseleyo. Ukunyibilikisa yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokusulungekiswa kwegolide. Kule nkqubo, igolide-equlethe izinto ezivuthayo zifudumala kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu phambi kokuhamba, njenge-borax. I-flux inceda ukuthoba indawo enyibilikayo yegolide kwaye iphinde iphendule kunye nokungcola, yenza i-slag enokwahlulwa kwigolide etyhidiweyo.

Igolide etyhidiweyo igalelwa kwimibumbo ukuze yenze iingots. Ezi ingots zinokuphinda ziqhubekeke okanye zithengiswe njengemveliso esele igqityiwe.

Electrolytic Refining

Ukusulungekiswa kwe-Electrolytic yeyona ndlela iphambili yokusulungekisa igolide. Kule nkqubo, igolide-equlethe i-anode ifakwe kwiseli ye-electrolytic kunye ne-cathode yegolide ecocekileyo. I-electrolyte idla ngokuba sisisombululo se-chloride yegolide okanye ezinye iityuwa zegolide. Xa umsinga wombane udlula kwiseli, igolide esuka kwi-anode inyibilika kwi-electrolyte ize ifake kwi-cathode.

Ukungcola okungaphezulu kwe-electropositive kunegolide kunyibilika kwi-electrolyte kodwa ayifaki kwi-cathode, ngelixa ukungcola okungaphantsi kwe-electropositive kunegolide kuhlala kunjengodaka ezantsi kweseli. Oku kubangela imveliso yegolide ecocekileyo kakhulu.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwendalo

Ulawulo lweCyanide

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo olululo lwe-cyanide kwinkqubo yokomba igolide lubaluleke kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwimigodi yegolide kulawulwa ngokungqongqo kumazwe amaninzi ukunciphisa impembelelo yayo kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu.

Omnye wemiba ephambili yolawulo lwecyanide kukuthintela ukuchitheka kwecyanide. Imisebenzi yokwembiwa kwemigodi kufuneka ibe neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuthintela ukuthintela icyanide - equlathe izisombululo ekuvuzeni kokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ukunyangwa kwe-cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka nako kubalulekile. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezikhoyo zokunyanga icyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka, afana nekhemikhali oxidation, unyango lwebhayoloji, kunye notshintshiselwano lwe-ion.

Ukulahlwa kweentsila

Intsalela eqinileyo (iisala) eveliswe emva kwenkqubo yokubuyisela igolide nayo ifuna ukulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo. Iintsalela zezimbiwa zinokuqulatha izixa ze-cyanide nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima, ezinokubeka umngcipheko kwindalo esingqongileyo ukuba azilawulwa ngendlela eyiyo.

Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yokulahla iintsalela zezimbiwa kukugcina kumadama eentsalela zezimbiwa. La madama enzelwe ukuqulatha iintsalela zezimbiwa kunye nokuthintela ukukhutshwa kongcoliseko kwindawo engqongileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iintsalela zezimbiwa zinokuphinda zisetyenzwe kwakhona ukuze kufunyanwe naziphi na izimbiwa ezishiyekileyo ezixabisekileyo okanye kucuthwe impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

isiphelo

Inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwe-cyanide kwimigodi yegolide yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye namanyathelo amaninzi abandakanya ukunyibilika kwegolide kwizinyibiliko zecyanide, ukucocwa kwangaphambili kweentsimbi ezikrwada, ukucwiliswa kwentsimbi, ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo, ukubuyiswa kwegolide, ukusulungekiswa, kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Inyathelo ngalinye kule nkqubo lilawulwa ngononophelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutsalwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwegolide ngelixa kuncitshiswa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Nangona kukho imingeni eyayanyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwecyanide, inkqubo ihleli ibalulekile kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwindlela yorhwebo lwemigodi yegolide ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso lwenziwa ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezizezinye ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nezizinzileyo.