IiNgcaciso zobuChwephesha zeMveliso yoKhuseleko kwiNkqubo yeCyanide Heap Leaching Leaching Gold

1. intshayelelo

Inkqubo yokukhupha igolide ekhupha iCyanide heap isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwemigodi yegolide ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezifana nokulula, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwi-ore ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-cyanide iyinto enetyhefu kakhulu, iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezingqongqo zemveliso yokhuseleko kufuneka zilandelwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, okusingqongileyo, kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo yemveliso. "Iinkcukacha zobuchwepheshe zeMveliso yoKhuseleko lweNkqubo yokukhupha iGold ekhupha iCyanide Heap" (YS/T 3019 - 2013) yaqaliswa ngoMatshi 1, 2014, enika izikhokelo ezicacileyo zemveliso kunye novavanyo lwale nkqubo kwindawo.

2. IiMfuno eziSisiseko zoMveliso woKhuseleko

2.1 UKhetho lweSiza kunye noYilo

• Iimeko zeJografi : Indawo yokukhupha i-cyanide heap kufuneka ikhethwe kumhlaba ozinzileyo oneemeko zejografi ezilungileyo. Ziphephe iindawo ezinokuba nokudilika komhlaba, ukudilika kodaka, kunye nezikhukula. Uphando lwejografi kufuneka lwenziwe kwangaphambili ukuze kuvavanywe uzinzo lwendawo.

• Umgama ukusuka kwiindawo ezinobuthathaka : Indawo yokukhupha amanzi amdaka kufuneka ibekwe kumgama owaneleyo ukusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala, imithombo yamanzi, kunye nezinye iindawo ezinobuthathaka. Iimfuno ezithile zomgama kufuneka zihambelane nemigaqo efanelekileyo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Umzekelo, kufuneka ibe ziimitha ezi-[X] ukusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala ukuthintela impembelelo yegesi enobuthi kunye nokuvuza kolwelo kubemi.

• Uyilo lweNdawo : Uyilo lwendawo yokucocwa kwenkunkuma kufuneka lube nolwazelelelo. Iindawo zokubeka isinyithi, ukujikeleza kwesisombululo, ukufunyanwa kwegolide, kunye nokulahla inkunkuma kufuneka zahlulwe ngokucacileyo. Indawo eyaneleyo kufuneka ibekelwe ukufakelwa kwezixhobo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo. Iindlela zokhuseleko kunye neendlela zokukhupha abasebenzi ngexesha likaxakeka kufuneka zimiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi baphuma ngokulula xa kukho iimeko zikaxakeka.

2.2 Izixhobo kunye noKhuseleko lweZiko

• Izixhobo Ezingaphumiyo : Umzantsi kunye nendawo ejikelezileyo yenqwaba yentsimbi kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezithembekileyo ezingaphumiyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvuza kwezisombululo ezine-cyanide emhlabeni namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Ii-geomembranes ze-polyethylene enoxinano oluphezulu (HDPE) okanye ezinye izinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezingaphumiyo zingasetyenziswa. Umaleko ongaphumiyo kufuneka uhlolwe rhoqo ukuba akukho monakalo okanye ukuvuza.

• Izixhobo Zokugcina Ulwelo Nezokuthutha : Amatanki, imibhobho, kunye neempompo zokugcina nokuthutha izisombululo ezine-cyanide kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala. Kufuneka kwenziwe uhlolo rhoqo ukujonga ukugqwala, ukuvuza, kunye nezinye iingozi ezinokubakho zokhuseleko. Zonke izixhobo zokugcina nokuthutha ulwelo kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuthintela ukugcwala kunye neevalvu zokuvala ngexesha likaxakeka.

• Iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya kunye nokuphuma komoya : Kwiindawo apho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi equlathe i-cyanide, kufuneka kufakwe iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya kunye nokuphuma komoya ezisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuxutywa kunye nokususwa kweegesi ezinobuthi. Umthamo wokungenisa umoya kunye nesantya sokukhupha umoya kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zemigangatho efanelekileyo yokugcina indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.

2.3 Inkqubo yoLawulo loKhuseleko

• Ukusekwa kweMigqaliselo yoKhuseleko : Amashishini emigodi kufuneka amisele iseti epheleleyo yemithetho yokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kwenkqubo yokukhupha i-cyanide heap. Le mithetho mayigubungele zonke iinkalo zemveliso, kubandakanya ukusebenza kwezixhobo, ukugcinwa, ulawulo lwe-cyanide, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza.

• Uqeqesho Lwabasebenzi : Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-cyanide heap kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho lokhuseleko rhoqo. Umxholo woqeqesho kufuneka ubandakanye iimpawu kunye neengozi ze-cyanide, iindlela zokusebenza zokhuseleko, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwaye bafaneleke ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukusebenza.

• Ukubeka iliso nokuhlolwa koKhuseleko : Ukubeka iliso rhoqo nokuhlolwa kokhuseleko kufuneka kwenziwe kwinkqubo yemveliso. Izinto zokubeka iliso ziquka ukuxinana kwe-cyanide emoyeni nakwisisombululo, ukuthembeka kwezixhobo ezingangenisi amanzi, kunye nemeko yokusebenza kwezixhobo. Iirekhodi zokuhlola kufuneka zigcinwe ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo, kwaye naziphi na iingozi zokhuseleko ezifunyenweyo kufuneka zilungiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

3. IiNgcaciso zoBugcisa boMsebenzi

3.1 Unyango lwangaphambili lwentsimbi

• Ukutyumza kunye nokuqhekeka : Uninzi lwee-ore kufuneka zityumzwe zibe bukhulu obufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba zikhutshwe kwi-heap leaching. Ngokubanzi, ubungakanani bee-particle kufuneka butyumzwe bube yi-25.4 mm okanye bucolwe ngakumbi ukuze kuvele igolide kwi-ore kwaye kuphuculwe izinga lokubuyiselwa kwegolide. Kwii-ore ezinengxaki yokungangeni kakuhle kunye nomxholo ophezulu wodongwe, iteknoloji yokuqhekeka ingasetyenziswa. Ngexesha lokuqhekeka, kufuneka kongezwe isixa esifanelekileyo selayimu ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH ye-ore libe phakathi kwe-9.5 - 10.5. Kwangaxeshanye, uxinzelelo lweSodium cyanide kwinkqubo yokuqhekeka kufuneka lulawulwe ngokweempawu ze-ore, ngokubanzi malunga ne-60 - 150 grams ngetoni ye-ore yegolide. Umxholo womswakama opheleleyo wee-pellets ngokubanzi akufuneki udlule kwi-30% ukuthintela ukuba ii-pellets zingakhululeki kwaye zithambile. Ixesha lokunyanga kufuneka libe ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-72. Kwimeko yemvula ngexesha lokuqhekeka, ii-pellets kufuneka zigqunywe ukuthintela ukulahleka kwegolide.

• Ulawulo Lomgangatho We-Ore Elungisiweyo Ngaphambi Kwexesha : Umgangatho we-ore elungisiweyo ngaphambi kwexesha kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo. Kufuneka kwenziwe iisampulu kunye nohlalutyo rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani besuntswana, ixabiso le-pH, kunye nezinye izalathisi ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo yokukhupha i-heap. I-ore elungisiweyo kwangaphambili kuphela enokusetyenziselwa ukwakha i-heap.

3.2 Isakhiwo semfumba

• Ukulungiswa Kwendawo : Ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe inqwaba, indawo kufuneka icocwe kwaye ilinganiswe. Ithambeka eliyi-3% - 5% kufuneka libekwe kwindawo ethe tyaba ukuze kube lula ukuhambisa amanzi kwizisombululo zokuvuza. Emva kokulinganisa, unyango oluchasene nokuvuza kufuneka lwenziwe kwindawo leyo. Umaleko womqamelo omalunga ne-0.5 m ubukhulu ungabekwa kwisiseko esixineneyo, uze emva koko utshizwe ngesisombululo se-sodium Carbon ukuze uphucule ukusebenza kwawo kokuchasene nokuvuza.

• Ukuphakama kunye nokuma kwenqwaba : Ukuphakama kokuqala kwenqwaba yentsimbi akufuneki kube phezulu kakhulu, kungcono ukuba ibe ziimitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4. Njengoko izinga lokuphuma kwentsimbi lizinzile, ukuphakama kwenqwaba yentsimbi kunokwandiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Imilo yenqwaba yentsimbi kufuneka yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwesisombululo esifanelekileyo kunye nokuvuleka kwegesi. Ngokubanzi, inqwaba yentsimbi ekhonkrithi okanye enemilo eqingqiweyo isetyenziswa rhoqo.

• Ukhuseleko Olujikelezileyo : Imisele yamanzi amdaka kufuneka ibekwe ijikeleze indawo yokukhupha amanzi amdaka ukuze kuthintelwe amanzi emvula ukuba angangeni kwingqumba yesinyithi aze anyibilikise isisombululo sokukhupha amanzi amdaka. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kubekwe ucingo olukhuselayo olujikeleze ingqumba yesinyithi ukuthintela abasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga ukuba bangangeni kwindawo eyingozi.

3.3 Sitshiza ngokuLeaching

• Ulawulo Lokuxinaniswa Kwesitshizi : Uxinaniso lweSodium Cyanide kwisisombululo sesitshizi kufuneka luhlengahlengiswe ngokwesigaba sokuxinaniswa. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuxinaniswa, ngenxa yokwakheka okuntsonkothileyo kwegolide ore, uxinaniso lwesodium cyanide lunokwandiswa ngokufanelekileyo. Emva kwexesha eliphezulu (xa uxinaniso lwegolide lokuxinanisa luphezulu), lunokwehliswa luye kwi-0.08% - 0.06%. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, lunokwehliswa ngakumbi luye kwi-0.04% - 0.02%. Uxinaniso lwesodium cyanide lunokulungiswa nangaliphi na ixesha ngokwenqanaba legolide lolwelo olukhulelweyo.

• Umjikelo Wokutshiza Nokuqina : Ixesha lokutshiza lidla ngokuba ziiyure ezisi-7 ukuya kwezisi-8 ngosuku, kwaye ubuncinane akufanele lidlule iiyure ezili-10 (kodwa ubungakanani kufuneka buncitshiswe). Ngokubanzi, kusetyenziswa indlela yokutshiza ethi "spray 1 stop 1" okanye "spray 1 stop 2". Ixesha lokutshiza akufuneki libe lide kakhulu ukuvumela inqwaba ye-ore ukuba iphefumle ioksijini xa ingatshizi. Ubunzulu bokutshiza kufuneka bulawulwe kwi-6 - 20 L/m²•h, kwaye ubuninzi akufanele budlule kwi-25 - 30 L/m²•h. Ukuba ubunzulu bokutshiza bukhulu kakhulu, umthamo wolwelo olukhulelweyo uya kwanda, uxinaniso lwegolide luya kuncitshiswa, kwaye amandla okufunxa i- Activated Carbon aya kuchaphazeleka.

3.4 UkuBuyiswa kweGolide kulwelo oluKhulelwayo

• Iindlela Zokufumana Igolide Eqhelekileyo : Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokufumana igolide kwi-cyanide - equlethe ulwelo olukhulelweyo ziquka ukufunxwa kwekhabhoni (njengendlela yekhabhoni kwikholamu), ukuqiniswa kwe-zinc (indlela yeMerrill-Crowe), kunye nokukhutshelwa kwe-solvent. Indlela nganye ineempawu zayo kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwayo. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo yekhabhoni kwikholamu, isisombululo se-cyanide leach sipompelwa phezulu ngeekholamu ngesantya sokuhamba se-15 ukuya kwi-25 gpm/ft², sinyibilikisa umbhede opakishweyo wekhabhoni esebenzayo (16 × 30 mesh) ukuze sifunxwe igolide.

• Ukusebenza Nokulawulwa Kwezixhobo Zokubuyisa Igolide : Ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokubuyisa igolide kufuneka kuhambelane ngqo neenkqubo zokusebenza. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo kufuneka kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo okuqhelekileyo. Iiparameter ezinje ngomthamo wokufunxa ikhabhoni esebenzayo, ukusebenza kakuhle komgubo we-zinc, kunye nesantya sokukhupha isinyibilikisi kufuneka zijongwe kwaye zilungiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuphucula izinga lokubuyisa igolide.

3.5 Unyango lwemfumba yenkunkuma

• Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiingqumba zeNkunkuma : Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo yokukhuhla, iingqumba zenkunkuma kufuneka zihlanjululwe ukuze kuncitshiswe ubuthi be-cyanide eseleyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubulala iintsholongwane ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwee-oxidants ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-calcium hypochlorite. Ixesha kunye nomthamo wokubulala iintsholongwane kufuneka kumiselwe ngokwemeko yokwenyani yeengqumba zenkunkuma ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuninzi be-cyanide eseleyo buhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhupha okusingqongileyo.

• Ukukhulula Nokulahla Iingqumba Zenkunkuma : Emva kokubulala iintsholongwane, iingqumba zenkunkuma zinokuthululwa kwaye zilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Indlela yokulahla kufuneka ihambelane nemigaqo efanelekileyo yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, ingqumba yenkunkuma ingasetyenziselwa ukuzalisa imigodi okanye ithuthwe iye kwindawo ekhethiweyo yokulahla inkunkuma ukuze ilahlwe.

4. Amanyathelo okuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo

4.1 Ukusekwa kweSicwangciso esiNgxamisekileyo

Amashishini ezimayini kufuneka enze isicwangciso esipheleleyo sokusabela kwimeko kaxakeka kwiingozi ezinokubakho kwinkqubo yokuvuza kwemfumba yecyanide, efana nokuvuza kwecyanide, umlilo, nokudubula. Isicwangciso esingxamisekileyo kufuneka sibandakanye imibutho yokusabela ngokukhawuleza, uxanduva lwelungu ngalinye, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye namanyathelo okuhlangula ngokukhawuleza.

4.2 Izixhobo kunye neZixhobo zokuNhlangula kwiNgxaki

Izixhobo zokuhlangula ezingxamisekileyo ezaneleyo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zilungiswe, njengeemaski zegesi, iimpahla zokukhusela iikhemikhali, izixhobo zoncedo lokuqala, ii-agent neutralizing for cyanide, kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nomlilo. Ezi zixhobo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo kwaye zigcinwe ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo okuqhelekileyo kwimeko engxamisekileyo.

4.3 Uqheliselo oluNgxamisekileyo

Uqeqesho oluthe gqolo olungxamisekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe izakhono zokusabela ngokungxamisekileyo kubasebenzi. Isiqulatho se-drill kufuneka sigqume iimeko ezahlukeneyo zengozi ezinokubakho, ezinje nge-cyanide leakage drills kunye noqeqesho lokulwa nomlilo. Ngokusebenzisa ii-drills ezingxamisekileyo, abasebenzi banokuqhelana neenkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwaye baphucule amandla abo okujongana neemeko ezingxamisekileyo.

5. Isiphelo

Imveliso yokhuseleko lwenkqubo yokutsalwa kwegolide yimfumba yecyanide ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokulandela ngokungqongqo imveliso yokhuseleko ingcaciso yobugcisa, ukomeleza ulawulo lokhuseleko, nokuphumeza iindlela zokusebenza zenzululwazi, iingozi zokhuseleko kwinkqubo yemveliso zinokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Oku akuqinisekisi kuphela ukhuseleko nempilo yabasebenzi kunye nemekobume yendalo kodwa ikwakhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lweshishini lemigodi yegolide. Amashishini emigodi kufuneka ahlale ekhumbula ukhuseleko kwaye aqhubeke ephucula amanqanaba emveliso yokhuseleko ukuze afezekise injongo yemveliso ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo.