Uphando malunga nokuPhendula phakathi kweSilver sulfide kunye neSodium Cyanide

1. intshayelelo

Ukusabela phakathi I-sulfide yesilivere (\(Ag_2S \)) kunye Isodium cyanide (\(NaCN \)) ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ekutsalweni kwesilivere kwi-ores yayo. Ukuqonda oku kusabela kubalulekile ekwandiseni iinkqubo zemizi-mveliso kunye nokuqonda nzulu ukulingana kweekhemikhali kunye ne-kinetics kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo.

2. Imigaqo yokusabela

2.1 Ukulingana kwemichiza

Ukusabela phakathi kwesulfide yesilivere kunye Isodium cyanide inokumelwa

b leequation yeekhemikhali ilandelayo kubukho bomoya:\(2Ag_2S + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Ag(CN)_2] + 4NaOH + 2S\)

Kule mpendulo, i-sulfide yesilivere isabela nge sodium cyanide. Isilivere kwi-sulfide yesilivere yenza i-ion eyinkimbinkimbi, isilivere i-cyanide complex ion \ ([Ag(CN)_2] ^{-} \), ngelixa isulfure kwisulfide yesilivere i-oxidized kwi-elemental sulfur. I-oksijeni emoyeni ithatha inxaxheba ekuphenduleni, isebenza njenge-oxidizing agent.

2.2 Ukwenziwa kweIyoni entsonkothileyo

Isilivere inotyekelo olunamandla lokwenza iiyoni ezintsonkothileyo ezine-cyanide ion. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-\([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) iqhutywa yi-high stability yale complexion ion. I-equilibrium constant yokwenziwa kwe \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) inkulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukusabela kweeyoni zesilivere kunye ne-cyanide ion ukwenza le complex ithandeka kakhulu. I-ion eyinkimbinkimbi \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-}\) inyibilika ngakumbi emanzini xa ithelekiswa nesilivere yesulfide, enganyibilikiyo. Lo mahluko wokunyibilika ngumba ophambili kwinkqubo yokusabela iyonke.

2.3 Ukufakwa kwi-Oxidation yeSulfur

Isulfure kwi-sulfide yesilivere ikwimeko ye--2 oxidation. Ngethuba lokuphendula nge-sodium cyanide phambi komoya, i-sulfure i-oxidized. Ioksijini evela emoyeni inika amandla e-oxidizing. I-oxidation yesulfure ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-0 (i-elemental sulfure) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela yokusabela. Indlela yokusabela kwi-oxidation yesulfure ibandakanya uchungechunge lwe-electron - ukudluliselwa kwamanyathelo, ahambelana ngokusondeleyo nesantya sokusabela ngokubanzi kunye nokwakhiwa kweemveliso.

3. Iimeko zokusabela

3.1 Iingqwalasela zeThermodynamic

I-Thermodynamically, ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo kwe-sulfide yesilivere kunye ne-sodium cyanide ngaphandle kobukho be-oxidizing agent efana nomoya une-Gibbs efanelekileyo yokutshintsha kwamandla asimahla (\(\Delta G>0\)). Oku kubonisa ukuba impendulo ayizenzekeli phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. I-equilibrium constant (\(K\)) ye-reaction \(Ag_2S + 4NaCN\rightleftharpoons 2Na[Ag(CN)_2]+Na_2S\) incinci kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, xa kungeniswa ioksijini, impendulo iyonke iba yinto ezenzekelayo. I-oxidation yesulfure nge-oksijini inika amandla okuqhuba ukoyisa ukungazinzi kokusabela kokuqala phakathi kwesilivere yesulfide kunye nesodium cyanide.

3.2 IiMfuno zokuQwalasela

Ukuze impendulo iqhubeke ngokufanelekileyo, i-concentration eyaneleyo ye-sodium cyanide iyadingeka. Kuba isilivere yesulfide inganyibiliki emanzini, ukuxinana okuphezulu kweeyoni zecyanide kuyafuneka ukuze kudityaniswe neeyoni zesilivere ezikhutshwa kancinci kwisulfide yesilivere. Ubalo lubonise ukuba \(0.1mol\) ye \(Ag_2S\) yokunyibilika kwi \(1L\) ye\(NaCN\) isisombululo, ubuncinci bokuxinana kwe \(NaCN\) obufunekayo bumalunga \(12.97mol/L\). Le mfuneko yogxininiso oluphezulu lubangelwa ukunyibilika okuphantsi kwesulfide yesilivere kunye nemfuneko yokutshintsha ukulingana kwe-complex - reaction reaction ekubunjweni kwe-ion yesilivere - i-cyanide complex.

3.3 Ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo

Nangona impendulo phakathi kwesilivere sulfide kunye nesodium cyanide inokwenzeka kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ukonyuka kweqondo lobushushu kunokulikhawulezisa izinga lokuphendula. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anyusa amandla e-kinetic eemolekyuli ezisabelayo, ezikhokelela kungquzulwano oluthe kratya kunye namandla. Nangona kunjalo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu anokubangela ukusabela okusecaleni, njengokubola kweekhompawundi zecyanide. Uxinzelelo alunayo impembelelo ecacileyo ngqo kule mpendulo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, njengoko kukusabela kwisisombululo se-aqueous kwaye kungekhona i-gas - reaction reaction apho utshintsho loxinzelelo luya kuba nesiphumo esicacileyo.

4. I-Rection Kinetics

4.1 Ukumiselwa kweRection Rection

Ireyithi yokusabela kwesilivere yesulfide enesodium cyanide inokumiselwa ngeendlela zovavanyo. Ngokulinganisa utshintsho kugxininiso lwe-reactants (ezifana nesilivere yesulfide okanye i-sodium cyanide) okanye iimveliso (ezifana nesilivere - i-ion cyanide complex ion okanye isulfure) ekuhambeni kwexesha, izinga lokuphendula lingabalwa. Ngokomzekelo, kuvavanyo lwe-batch reactor, iisampulu zinokuthathwa ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, kwaye ukuxinwa kwe-silver-cyanide complex ion kwisisombululo kunokulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuhlalutya ezifana ne-spectrophotometry okanye i-ion - i-electrode ekhethiweyo. Umlinganiselo wokwenziwa kwesilivere - i-cyanide complex ion isetyenziselwa ukubala ireyithi yokusabela ngokubanzi.

4.2 Ireyithi - Ukumisela aManyathelo

Indlela yokusabela yesilivere sulfide cyanidation inzima kwaye ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi. Ireyithi - inyathelo lokumisela lelona nyathelo licothayo kulandelelwano lokusabela. Elinye lamanyathelo aphambili kukuchithwa kwe-sulfide yesilivere, ebandakanya ukukhululwa kweeyoni zesilivere kunye ne-sulfure ion. Ukuxutywa kweeyoni zesilivere kunye ne-cyanide ion kukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa nokuchithwa kwesulfide yesilivere. I-oxidation yesulfure nge-oksijini nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwireyithi yokusabela ngokubanzi. Ukuba unikezelo lwe-oksijini lulinganiselwe, lunokuba ngumlinganiselo-owumiselayo. Ukongeza, ukusasazwa kweeamolekyu eziphendulayo (ezifana ne-cyanide ion kunye neoksijini) kumphezulu we-silver sulfide particles zinokuchaphazela izinga lokuphendula, ngakumbi kwiimeko apho ubukhulu be-particle ye-sulfide yesilivere bukhulu.

4.3 IModeli yeMathematika

Iimodeli zemathematika ziphuhlisiwe ukuchaza i-reaction kinetics yesilivere sulfide cyanidation. Enye imodeli esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yimodeli enciphayo - engundoqo. Lo mzekelo ucinga ukuba ukusabela kwenzeka kumphezulu we-particle ye-sulfide yesilivere eqinileyo, kwaye njengoko i-reaction iqhubeka, i-core ye-sulfide yesilivere engaphendulwanga iyancipha. Imodeli ithathela ingqalelo izinto ezifana nokusasazwa kwee-reactants ngokusebenzisa umaleko wemveliso (isulfure kunye nezinye iimveliso zokusabela ezinokuthi zenze kumphezulu wesuntswana lesilivere yesulfide), ireyithi yokusabela kweekhemikhali kumphezulu, kunye nokulingana kobunzima kwinqanaba lesisombululo. Ngokusebenzisa le modeli, uqikelelo lunokwenziwa malunga nesantya sokuphendula phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo zesodium cyanide kunye neoksijini, ubungakanani besuntswana lesulfide yesilivere, kunye nobushushu. Iziphumo zovavanyo ngokubanzi zifunyenwe zivumelana kakuhle noqikelelo lwaloo mifuziselo yemathematika.

5. Izicelo

5.1 Ukutsalwa kweSiliva kwi-Ore

Ukusabela phakathi kwesilivere yesulfide kunye nesodium cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lemigodi ukutsalwa kwesilivere kwi-sulfide ores. Kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation eqhelekileyo, isilivere echotshoziweyo-ethwele i-ore iphathwa ngesisombululo se-sodium cyanide. Isilivere yesulfide ekwintsimbi ekrwada idibana nesodium cyanide ukwenza isilivere enyibilikayo - icyanide complex. Emva kokusabela, isisombululo esiqulethe i-silver - cyanide complex ihlukaniswe kwi-residu eqinile. Isilivere inokubuyiselwa kwisisombululo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokunciphisa nge-arhente yokunciphisa efanelekileyo (umzekelo, uthuli lwezinc). Le nkqubo isebenza kakhulu kwaye yenye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa kwizinga elikhulu Ukutsalwa kwesilivere.

5.2 Iingqwalasela zeNdalo

Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwesilivere kuphakamisa inkxalabo yokusingqongileyo. I-cyanide yinto eyityhefu kakhulu, kwaye nakuphi na ukuvuza okanye ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kwe-cyanide - equlethe izisombululo kunokuba neempembelelo ezimbi kakhulu zokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, imimiselo engqongqo yokusingqongileyo ikhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide kwishishini lemigodi. Iinkampani ezininzi zemigodi zikwaphuhlisa ezinye iindlela zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide okanye ukunyanga i-cyanide - equlethe inkunkuma ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona le mingeni, ukusabela phakathi kwesilivere sulfide kunye ne-sodium cyanide ihlala iyinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwishishini lemigodi yesilivere ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kwi-extraction yesilivere.

6. Isiphelo

Ukusabela phakathi kwesilivere sulfide kunye nesodium cyanide yinkqubo yekhemikhali entsonkothileyo enezicelo ezibalulekileyo ekutsalweni kwesilivere. Ukuqonda imigaqo yokusabela, iimeko, i-kinetics, kunye nokusetyenziswa kubalulekile ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zamashishini kunye nokujongana neenkxalabo zokusingqongileyo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide. Uphando olongezelelweyo kule ndawo lunokugxila ekuphuhliseni iimeko zokusabela ezisebenzayo, ukuphucula ukhetho lokuphendula, kunye nokufumana ezinye iindlela zokutshintsha okanye ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwi-extraction yesilivere.