Iindlela kunye neeNkqubo zokuSusa iCyanide kumphezulu weSulfida Ores

1. intshayelelo

Kwicandelo le-metallurgy, ingakumbi ekutsalweni kwegolide nasekucutshungulweni kwe-sulfide ore, ubukho be -Cyanide kumphezulu we -Sulfide Ores bubangela imingeni emikhulu. I-Cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-cyanidation yokukhupha igolide ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukwenza ii-complexes ngegolide, okwenza kube lula ukunyibilika kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwenkqubo yokukhupha, i -cyanide eseleyo kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kwiintsalela ayikhokeli nje kuphela kungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kodwa ikwathintela ukuxhamla okulandelayo kweeminerali ze-sulfide, inciphisa izinga lokubuyiselwa kweesinyithi ezixabisekileyo. Ke ngoko, ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kubalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa okuzinzileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo.

2. Iingxaki esele zikhona ngeCyanide kwiSulfide Ore Surfaces

2.1 Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

I-Cyanide yinto enetyhefu kakhulu. Xa i-sulfide ores ene-surface-adsorbed cyanide ikhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo, i-cyanide inokuphuma ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ingcolise umhlaba, imithombo yamanzi kunye nomoya. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, icyanide inokuba yingozi kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini, kwizityalo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iindawo zemigodi apho ukulahlwa okungafanelekanga kwe-cyanide-equlethe iintsalela zenzeke, imizimba yamanzi ekufutshane ibonise ukwehla okukhulu kwi-oksijini enyibilikayo, okukhokelela ekufeni kweentlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

2.2 Ukuthintelwa kweSulfide Mineral Beneficiation

I-cyanide adsorbed phezu kwe-sulfide ores, njenge-pyrite, i-chalcopyrite, kunye ne-sphalerite, inokwenza ifilimu ye-passivation kwi-mineral surface. Le filimu inciphisa ukusebenza kwakhona kweeminerali ze-sulfide ngexesha le-flotation elandelayo okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokuzuza. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-flotation yobhedu-ethwele i-sulfide ores, ubukho be-cyanide kumphezulu we-chalcopyrite bunokunciphisa ukusebenzisana kwayo nabaqokeleli, okwenza kube nzima ukwahlula iiminerali zobhedu kwiiminerali ze-ganggue ngokufanelekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ibakala kunye nokubuyisela izinga lokugxila kobhedu.

3. Iindlela zokuSusa iCyanide kumphezulu weSulfida Ores

3.1 Indlela yokuVuselela iAcid

3.1.1 Umgaqo

Indlela yokuvula iasidi ikakhulu isebenzisa iiasidi ezifana ne-asidi yesulfuric okanye i-oxalic acid ukusabela necyanide - equlathe iikhompawundi kumphezulu wentsimbi yesulfide. Xa i-asidi yongezwa, ibangela ukubola kwe-cyanide - i-metal complexes. Ngenxa yoko, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide yenziwa. Kodwa kwinkqubo eyilwe kakuhle, le hydrogen cyanide iguquguqukayo inokufunyanwa kwaye isetyenziswe kwakhona ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunxa.

3.1.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Ore Pulp : Okokuqala, xuba i-sulfide ore tailings kunye ne-surface-adsorbed cyanide namanzi ukwenza i-ore pulp efanayo. Umlinganiselo wolwelo oluqinileyo lwe-ore pulp udla ngokulungiswa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-ore kunye neemfuno ezithile zenkqubo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-1:2 - 1:5.

2. Ukongeza i-Acid : Yongeza kancinci i-sulfuric acid okanye i-oxalic acid kwi-ore pulp ngelixa uvuselela rhoqo. Ubungakanani be-asidi eyongeziweyo kufuneka bulawulwe ngononophelo ngokwesiqulatho se-cyanide kwi-ore pulp. Ngokwesiqhelo, ixabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp lilungiswa libe yi-2 - 4. kwaye i-pH kufuneka ijongwe ngexesha langempela kusetyenziswa imitha ye-pH ngexesha lenkqubo yokongeza.

3. Unyango lweReaction and Gas : Emva kokongeza i-asidi, vumela i-reaction iqhubeke malunga neyure eyi-1 ukuya kweye-3. Ngeli xesha, kuveliswa igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ukuthintela le gesi ekungcoliseni okusingqongileyo, kuqaliswa inkqubo yokuqokelela nokulungisa igesi. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide evelisiweyo ijoliswa kwinqaba yokufunxa egcwele isisombululo se-alkaline, njengesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Apha, i-hydrogen cyanide isabela kunye ne-sodium hydroxide, kwaye isisombululo se -Sodium Cyanide esifunyenweyo sinokuphinda sisetyenziswe kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation ukuba umgangatho waso uyahlangabezana neemfuno.

3.1.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• Iingenelo : Le ndlela ilula kakhulu ngokwemigaqo nangokusebenza. Ingaphula ngempumelelo iikhompawundi ezine-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kwaye inamandla okuphinda isebenzise i-cyanide, inciphise iindleko zokusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwinkqubo yokwemba.

• Iingxaki : Kukho iingozi ezinkulu zokhuseleko ezibandakanyekayo. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iyingozi kakhulu, kwaye naluphi na ukuvuza ngexesha lokusabela kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kubasebenzi nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ii-asidi ezisetyenziswa kule ndlela ziyabola, nto leyo enokonakalisa izixhobo kunye nemibhobho, yonyusa iindleko zokulungisa kwaye inciphise ubomi bezixhobo.

3.2 Indlela yokuSebenzisa i-Oxidant

3.2.1 Umgaqo

Izinto ezingcolisa i-hydrogen peroxide, i-potassium permanganate, kunye ne-ozone zisetyenziselwa ukungcolisa i-cyanide phezu kwe-sulfide ores. Ezi oxidants ziphula ii-chemical bonds ze-cyanide compounds, ziguqula i-cyanide ibe zizinto ezingeyongozi kangako ezifana ne-nitrogen gas kunye ne-Carbon ates.

3.2.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Ore Pulp : Njengendlela yokusebenzisa i-asidi, lungisa i-sulfide ore tailings ibe yi-ore pulp enomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-solid-liquid.

2. Ukongeza i-Oxidant : Yongeza i-oxidant ekhethiweyo kwi-ore pulp. Ubungakanani be-oxidant eyongeziweyo buxhomekeke kumxholo we-cyanide kwi-ore pulp kunye nokukwazi kwe-oxidation kwe-oxidant. Umzekelo, xa usebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide, idosi ngokubanzi yi-1 - 5 kg ngetoni ye-ore pulp, ngelixa i-potassium permanganate idla ngokufakwa kwi-0.5 - 2 kg ngetoni ye-ore pulp. Ukongeza kufuneka kwenziwe kancinci ngokuxuba rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuxubana ngokulinganayo.

3. Ukusabela Nokubeka Esweni : Vumela i-oxidant ukuba isabelane ne-cyanide kwi-ore pulp iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4. Ngexesha lokusabela, jonga amandla okunciphisa i-oxidation kunye nomxholo we-cyanide kwi-ore pulp. Ixabiso le-oxidation-reduction potential linokubonisa inkqubela phambili ye-oxidation reaction. Xa ixabiso lizinzile kwaye umxholo we-cyanide kwi-ore pulp uhlangabezana nomgangatho ofunekayo (ngesiqhelo ungaphantsi kwe-0.5 mg/L), impendulo ithathwa njengepheleleyo.

3.2.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• Iingenelo : Le ndlela ayivelisi iigesi ezinobuthi neziguquguqukayo njengendlela yokusebenzisa i-asidi, nto leyo eyenza ikhuseleke kwindawo yokusebenza. Inganyibilikisa kwaye ibolise i-cyanide ngempumelelo, ifezekise injongo yokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores. Ngaphezu koko, iimveliso zempendulo zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.

• Iingxaki : Ixabiso lee-oxidants liphezulu kakhulu, ingakumbi kwii-oxidants ezinamandla ezifana ne-ozone, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zokucubungula ii-sulfide ores. Ukongeza, impendulo ye-oxidation ichaphazeleka lula zizinto ezifana nexabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp, ubushushu, kunye nokuba khona kwezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, ezifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusabela.

3.3 Indlela yeTyuwa yeKopolo

3.3.1 Umgaqo

Iityuwa zobhedu, ezifana ne-sulfate yobhedu, zongezwa kwi-pulp ye-sulfide ore kunye nomphezulu - i-adsorbed cyanide. Iiyoni zobhedu zidibana necyanide zenze ubhedu olunganyibilikiyo - icyanide complexes. Ezi complexes zinokwahlulwa kwipulp ye-ore ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziqinileyo - zokwahlula ulwelo, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukususwa kwecyanide.

3.3.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Ore Pulp : Lungisa i-sulfide ore tailings ibe yi-ore pulp enomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-solid-liquid.

2. Ukongezwa kweTyuwa yeCopper : Yongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-copper sulfate kwi-ore pulp. Ubungakanani be-copper sulfate eyongeziweyo bumiselwa ngumxholo we-cyanide kwi-ore pulp, ngokubanzi ngomlinganiselo we-molar wee-copper ions kwi-cyanide ions ze-1 - 2:1. I-Copper sulfate idla ngokufakwa njengesisombululo samanzi, kwaye inkqubo yokongeza kufuneka ihambisane nokuxuba okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwee-copper ions kwi-ore pulp.

3. Ukwahlulwa kolwelo kunye nokuQina : Emva kokongeza ityuwa yobhedu, vumela ukuba kuqhubeke iyure eyi-1 ukuya kwezi-2. Emva koko, yenza ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo kwi-ore pulp usebenzisa iindlela ezifana nokuhluza okanye ukutyibilika. I-solid ehlukanisiweyo iqulethe i-copper-cyanide precipitates kunye neeminerali ze-sulfide, ngelixa ulwelo oluhlukanisiweyo lunokulungiswa ngakumbi ukuze luhlangabezane nomgangatho wokukhupha okanye luphinde lusetyenziswe kwezinye iinjongo.

3.3.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• Iingenelo : Le ndlela ingayisusa ngempumelelo i-cyanide kumphezulu wee-sulfide ores ngokwenza iiprecipitates ezinganyibilikiyo. Inkqubo yokusebenza ilula kakhulu, kwaye i-copper sulfate yi-reagent yekhemikhali eqhelekileyo nengabizi kakhulu, enika iingenelo ezithile zoqoqosho.

• Iingxaki : Ukongeza iityuwa zekopolo kunokungenisa ukungcola kwekopolo kwi-pulp ye-ore, nto leyo enokuchaphazela ukuhluzwa okulandelayo kweeminerali ze-sulfide. Umzekelo, ekujikelezeni kwee-ores ze-lead-zinc sulfide, ii-ion zekopolo ezininzi zingenza i-sphalerite isebenze, ziphazamise ukwahlukana kweeminerali ze-lead kunye ne-zinc. Ukongeza, iiprecipitates zekopolo-cyanide ezahluliweyo kufuneka zilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuthintela ungcoliseko lwesibini.

3.4 Indlela entsha ye-Reagent eDityanisiweyo

3.4.1 Umgaqo

Ezinye ii-reagents ezidibeneyo ezisanda kuphuhliswa, njengendibaniselwano ye-polysulfides kunye ne-sodium metabisulfite, ziyasetyenziswa. I-polysulfides isabela nge-sulfure - equkethe amacandelo kwi-cyanide - equlethe i-compounds ebusweni be-sulfide ores, ngelixa i-sodium metabisulfite ilungisa amandla e-redox yenkqubo kwaye ikhuthaza ukubola kwe-cyanide, ngaloo ndlela iququzelele ukususwa kwayo.

3.4.2 Amanyathelo eNkqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Ore Pulp : Lungisa i-sulfide ore tailings ibe yi-ore pulp.

2. Ukongezwa kweComposite Reagent : Yongeza i-composite reagent equka i-polysulfides kunye ne-sodium metabisulfite kwi-ore pulp. Umlinganiselo wobunzima be-polysulfides kwi-sodium metabisulfite udla ngokuba yi-1:1. kwaye ubungakanani be-composite reagent eyongeziweyo bumiselwa ngokusekelwe kumxholo we-cyanide kwi-ore pulp kunye nohlobo lwe-sulfide ore, ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-0.5 - 2 kg ngetoni ye-ore pulp.

3. Ukusabela Nokubeka Esweni : Emva kokongeza i-reagent edibeneyo, vumela ukusabela kuqhubeke iiyure ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3. Ngexesha lokusabela, jonga umxholo we-cyanide kunye neeparameters zeekhemikhali ezifanelekileyo, ezifana ne-redox potential kunye nexabiso le-pH, kwi-ore pulp. Lungisa iimeko zokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngokweziphumo zokujonga ukuqinisekisa ukususwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-cyanide.

3.4.3 Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

• Iingenelo : Le ndlela ibonisa ukuziqhelanisa kakuhle neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-sulfide ores. I-composite reagent isebenza ngokubambisana ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu wee-sulfide ores ngempumelelo. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela ze-single-reagent, inokubonelela ngokusebenza ngcono kokususa kwaye ibe nefuthe elincinci ekuzuzeni okulandelayo kweeminerali ze-sulfide.

• Iingxaki : Uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwee-reagents ezidityanisiweyo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye iindleko zinokuba phezulu kunezinye iindlela zemveli ze-reagent enye. Ngaphezu koko, indlela ethile yokusabela kwee-reagents ezidityanisiweyo ayikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo enokubangela ukungaqiniseki kwizicelo zokwenyani zoshishino.

4. UPhuculo lweNkqubo kunye neNgqwalasela

4.1 Ukuphathwa Kwangaphambili Kweentsimbi

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa nayiphi na indlela yokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores, ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo kwe-ore kudla ngokuyimfuneko. Umzekelo, ukuba i-sulfide ore tailings iqulethe isixa esikhulu se-fine - grained gangue minerals, ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili okanye ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi kunokuqhutywa ukususa amaqhezu anzima-ukunyanga. Oku kunokonyusa ukusebenza kakuhle koqhagamshelwano phakathi kwe-reagent kunye neeminerali zesulfide ngomphezulu-adsorbed cyanide kunye nokunciphisa uphazamiseko lweminerali ye-ganggue kwinkqubo yokusabela.

4.2 Ulawulo lweemeko zokusabela

• Ixabiso le-pH : Ixabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp liyichaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yokusabela. Indlela yokusebenza kwe-asidi ifuna i-pH ephantsi ukukhuthaza ukubola kweekhompawundi eziqulathe i-cyanide, ngelixa indlela yokusebenza kwe-oxidant kunye nendlela yetyuwa yobhedu kufuneka zigcine uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-pH. Umzekelo, xa usebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide njenge-oxidant, ixabiso elifanelekileyo le-pH ye-ore pulp lidla ngokuba yi-8 - 10. kwaye xa usebenzisa i-copper sulfate, ixabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp lilawulwa ngokubanzi kwi-6 - 8.

• Ubushushu : Ubushushu bokusabela buchaphazela nesantya sokusabela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ngokubanzi, ukonyusa ubushushu kunokukhawulezisa izinga lokusabela. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye ii-reaction, ezifana ne-oxidation ye-cyanide yi-hydrogen peroxide, ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu bunokubangela ukuba i-oxidant ibole, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation. Ke ngoko, ubushushu bokusabela kufuneka buphuculwe ngokwenkqubo ethile yokusabela, ngesiqhelo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-20 - 40 °C.

• Ukuqina Kokuxuba : Ukuxuba okwaneleyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwee-reagents kwi-ore pulp kunye nokwandisa amathuba okudibana phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzisa i-reagent kunye ne-cyanide kumphezulu wee-sulfide ores. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxuba okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla okungeyomfuneko kunye nokuguguleka koomatshini kwezixhobo. Ukuqina okufanelekileyo kokuxuba kufuneka kumiselwe ngophando lovavanyo kunye namava okuvelisa asebenzayo.

4.3 Okuqinileyo-Ukwahlulwa kolwelo kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka

Emva kokusabela ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores, okuqinileyo okuqinileyo - ukwahlula ulwelo kuyafuneka ukwahlula iiminerali zesulfide eziphathwayo kwisisombululo sokusabela. Iindlela eziqhele ukusetyenziswa eziqinileyo - iindlela zokwahlula ulwelo ziquka ukuhluzwa, intlenga, kunye necentrifugation. Amanzi amdaka ahlukanisiweyo ahlala equlethe intsalela yecyanide kunye nobunye ukungcola, ekufuneka icocwe ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho wokukhutshelwa. Iinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka zingabandakanya iindlela ezifana ne-oxidation eyongezelelweyo, i-adsorption, kunye nonyango lwebhayoloji.

5. Imizekelo

5.1 Ukusetyenziswa kweNdlela yokuVuselelwa kweAcidi kuMgodi weGolide

Kumgodi othile wegolide, emva kwenkqubo ye-cyanidation leaching, i-sulfide ore tailings yayinomlinganiselo othile womphezulu - i-cyanide ye-adsorbed. Umgodi wasebenzisa indlela yokuvula iasidi kunyango. Okokuqala, ii-tailings zenziwe kwi-pulp ye-ore kunye nomlinganiselo oqinileyo-ulwelo we-1: 3. Emva koko, i-asidi ye-sulfuric yongezwa ukulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH ye-ore pulp kwi-3. Emva kokusabela kwiiyure ze-2, i-hydrogen cyanide gas eyenziwe yaqokelelwa kwaye yaxutywa ngesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Emva kokonyango, umxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ye-ore yehla ukusuka kwi-5 mg / L ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 mg / L, kwaye isantya esilandelayo sokubuyisela i-flotation yamaminerali e-sulfide yanda malunga ne-10%. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokusebenza, ukuvuza kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide kubeka imingcipheko yokhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza, kwaye imibhobho yezixhobo iye yafumana umhlwa ombi kakhulu.

5.2 Indlela yokuSebenzisa i-Oxidant kuMgodi we-Polymetallic sulfide ore

Umgodi we-polymetallic sulfide ore wasebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide njenge-oxidant ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores. Ixabiso le-pH yentsimbi ekrwada yalungelelaniswa kuqala ukuya kwi-9. kwaye emva koko i-hydrogen peroxide yongezwa kumthamo we-3 kg ngetoni nganye yentlama yentsimbi. Emva kokusabela kwiiyure ze-3, umxholo we-cyanide kwi-pulp ore wancitshiswa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu. Inzuzo elandelayo yobhedu, i-lead, kunye ne-zinc sulfide minerals ayizange ichaphazeleke yi-cyanide eseleyo, kwaye isantya sokubuyisela isinyithi siphuculwe. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphezulu lehydrogen peroxide likhokelele ekwenyukeni kweendleko zokusetyenzwa kwentsimbi ekrwada malunga ne-$5 ngetoni nganye.

6. Isiphelo

Ukususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwinkalo yokulungiswa kwezimbiwa. Indlela yokwenza i-asidi isebenze, indlela yokwenza i-oxidant isebenze, indlela yetyuwa yobhedu, kunye nendlela entsha ye-reagent ehlanganisiweyo nganye ineenzuzo zayo kunye nokungalunganga. Kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso, kuyafuneka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi izinto ezifana nobume be-sulfide ores, iimfuno zokukhuselwa kwendalo, kunye neendleko zoqoqosho ukukhetha eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Okwangoku, ngokuphucula iimeko zenkqubo, ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwee-ores, kunye nokuphatha ngokufanelekileyo okuqinileyo - ukwahlulwa kolwelo kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-cyanide kumphezulu we-sulfide ores kunokwandiswa ngakumbi, ukufezekisa iinjongo zokubuyisela ubutyebi kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.