IiCompounds zeCyanide kunye neNitrile

I-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles ziindidi ezimbini zeekhompawundi zemichiza ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini. I-Cyanides, ebonakaliswa bubukho be i-cyanide ion (CN⁻), zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ngokomzekelo, kwishishini lemigodi, i-cyanide isetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide nesilivere. Inkqubo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ze-cyanide zokunyibilikisa isinyithi kwi-ores yazo, zithatha inzuzo ye-complex eyomeleleyo - ukwenza isakhono se-cyanide ion ngezi zinyithi. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation, iyasebenza kakhulu ekwahluleni igolide nesilivere kwezinye izimbiwa, iyenza ibe bubuchule obungafunekiyo kwicandelo lezemigodi.

I-Nitriles, kwelinye icala, equlethe i-CN yeqela elisebenzayo, ibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwishishini lemichiza. Zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo. Xa kusenziwa iintsinga zokwenziwa, ezifana nezaziwayo-kakuhle ze-acrylic fibers, ii-nitriles zizixhobo eziphambili ekrwada. I-Polyacrylonitrile, uhlobo lwepolymer eyenziwe kwi-acrylonitrile (i-nitrile), iyona nto iphambili ye-acrylic fibers. Ezi fayibha zisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwamalaphu ngenxa yeepropathi zazo ezinqwenelekayo njengamandla amahle, ukumelana nokukhanya kwelanga, kunye nokugcinwa lula. Ii-nitriles zikwasetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iiplastiki, irabha kunye namayeza. Kwishishini lamachiza, basebenza njengabaphakathi ababalulekileyo ekuveliseni amachiza amaninzi, afaka isandla ekuphuhliseni amayeza aphatha izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwezicelo zabo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso, iicyanides kwaye ii-nitriles zikwadume kakubi ngokuba netyhefu ephezulu. Iicyanides ziphakathi kwezona tyhefu zisebenza ngokukhawuleza ezaziwa ngabantu. Kwanomlinganiselo omncinci we-cyanide unokubulala. Xa i-cyanide ingena emzimbeni, ibophelela kwi-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme eyimfuneko ekuphefumleni kweselula. Oku kubopha kuphazamisa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo we-enzyme, ukukhusela iiseli ekusebenziseni i-oksijini ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azikwazi ukuvelisa amandla, okukhokelela ekufeni ngokukhawuleza kweeseli kwaye, kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufa kwezinto eziphilayo. I-Nitriles, ngelixa ingenabungozi kangako kune-cyanides, isenokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu. Ziyakwazi ukuxutywa ngesikhumba, inkqubo yokuphefumula, okanye i-digestive tract, kunye nokuvezwa kwamanqanaba aphezulu e-nitriles kunokukhokelela kwiimpawu ezinjenge-nausea, ukuhlanza, intloko ebuhlungu, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, umonakalo kwi-nervous system kunye nezinye izitho ezibalulekileyo.

Ngenxa yosetyenziso olubanzi kumashishini kunye namandla awo okudala ingozi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokubanzi iicyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Oku kubandakanya ulwazi malunga neempawu zabo zekhemikhali, usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso, iindlela zetyhefu, kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko yokuphatha kunye nokulahlwa. Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kuphonononga nzulu kwinkalo nganye kwezi ukuze sibonelele ngokunzulu ngakumbi kwezi khompawundi zemichiza zibalulekileyo kodwa ezinokuba yingozi.

I-Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) yirhasi engenambala enevumba elibi, elinophawu olukrakra - ivumba le-almond. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi, malunga ne-20 - 40% yabantu, ayikwazi ukubona eli vumba ngenxa yemfuzo. Inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, etywaleni, nakwi-ether. IHydrogen cyanide iguquguquka ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ineqondo lokubila elingu-25.7 °C kuphela. Oku kuguquguquka kwenza kube lula ukusasazeka emoyeni. Emoyeni, xa ingxinano yayo ifikelela kwi-5.6% - 12.8%, yenza umxube oqhumayo, obeka isoyikiso esibi kakhulu kwiindawo zoshishino apho unokuba khona. Isisombululo sayo samanzi saziwa ngokuba i-hydrocyanic acid, eyiasidi ebuthathaka kodwa iseyityhefu kakhulu.

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) kunye ne-potassium cyanide (KCN) zombini zizinto eziqinileyo zekristale ezimhlophe. Isodium cyanide ineqondo lokunyibilika lama-563.7 °C kunye neqondo lokubila lika-1496 °C, ngelixa i-potassium cyanide ineqondo lokunyibilika lama-634.5 °C. Zinyibilika kakhulu emanzini. Kumoya ofumileyo, zombini Isodium cyanide kunye ne-potassium cyanide inokusebenzisa i-hydrolyze ukuvelisa i-hydrogen cyanide, yiyo loo nto nabo banevumba elikrakra - ivumba le-almond. Ezi khompawundi zimbini ziphakathi kwezona cyanides zaziwa kakhulu kwaye zinetyhefu kakhulu. Nokuba isixa esincinci, esincinci njengeemiligremu ezimbalwa, sinokubulala xa sithe saginywa okanye sirholiwe.

I-Acetonitrile (CH₃CN), eyona nitrile ilula, lulwelo olungenambala olunophawu, ivumba elimnandi noko. Iyaxubana namanzi kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-methanol, i-ethanol, kunye ne-acetone. Oku kunyibilika okuphezulu kuzo zombini i-polar kunye ne-non-polar solvents kwenza ukuba i-solvent eluncedo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeekhemikhali, ngakumbi kwiinkalo ze-chromatography kunye ne-organic synthesis. Inomlinganiselo ophantsi wokubila ongama-81.6 °C, ovumela ukuba kube lula ukujika ube ngumphunga kunye nokwahlulwa kwizicelo ezithile zemizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, iyakwazi ukutsha, kwaye umphunga wayo unokwenza imixube eqhumayo kunye nomoya ophakathi kwe-3.0% - 16.0% ngokomthamo.

Ipropionitrile (C₂H₅CN) yenye i-nitrile compound. Lulwelo olungenambala kunye ne-ether - njengevumba. Ineqondo lokunyibilika elingu - 92.78 °C kunye neqondo lokubila elingu-97.1 °C. Ipropionitrile iyanyibilika emanzini ukuya kumlinganiselo othile (malunga ne-10.3% kwi-25 °C) kwaye iphinda ixutywe kunye nezinyibilikisi eziqhelekileyo ze-organic ezifana ne-alcohols kunye ne-ethers. Isetyenziswa kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ze-organic synthesis, umzekelo, njenge-solvent okanye i-intermediate kwimveliso yamayeza kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezintle.

I-Acrylonitrile (CH₂=CHCN) lulwelo olungenambala olunevumba elibukhali, elinuka kamnandi. Iyanyibilika emanzini, nakwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethanol, i-ether, kunye nebenzene. I-Acrylonitrile yikhemikhali yemveliso ebaluleke kakhulu. Inendawo yokubila eyi-77.3 °C kwaye iyasebenza kakhulu ngenxa yobukho bazo zombini ibhondi kunye neqela le-nitrile. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimveliso ye-acrylic fibers, iirubha zokwenziwa, kunye neeplastiki. Ngokomzekelo, i-polyacrylonitrile, eyenziwe kwi-acrylonitrile, iyona nto iphambili ye-acrylic fibers. Nangona kunjalo, i-acrylonitrile nayo inetyhefu kakhulu. Umphunga wayo uyingozi xa uthe waphefumlelwa, kwaye unokufunxeka eluswini, nto leyo ebangela iingxaki ezinzulu zempilo.

Unxibelelwano oluphambili phakathi kweecyanides kunye ne-nitriles bubukho beqela le-CN. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu zabo zemichiza kunye nezomzimba ziyahluka kwezinye iinkalo. I-cyanides, ngakumbi i-cyanides elula ye-inorganic efana ne-hydrogen cyanide, Isodium cyanide, kunye ne-potassium cyanide, zidla ngokuba yityhefu ngakumbi kune-nitriles. Ii-nitriles zizinzile kwiimpendulo ezininzi zeekhemikhali xa kuthelekiswa nee-ion ze-cyanide ezisebenza kakhulu kwiikhompawundi ze-cyanide. Kwakhona, iimeko zomzimba kunye neepateni zokunyibilika zinokwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwecyanide eyahlukileyo kunye iikhompawundi nitrile, okubalulekileyo ukuba kuqwalaselwe kwizicelo zamashishini kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha ukhuseleko.

Kwishishini lemigodi, iicyanides zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, ngakumbi igolide nesilivere. Inkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation, isekelwe kwisakhono se-cyanide ion ukwenza ii-complexes ezizinzileyo ezinegolide nesilivere. Umzekelo, kwigolide eqhelekileyo - ukusebenza kwemigodi, igolide echotshoziweyo-i-ores enentsimbi ixutywe nesisombululo se-dilute. sodium cyanide. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunokubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:

Le mpendulo inyibilikisa igolide ngohlobo lwento enyibilikayo, sodium dicyanoaurate(I). Isinyibiliko esinegolide sinokwahlulwa kwintsalela yentsimbi ekrwada, kwaye igolide emva koko ifunyanwa kwisisombululo, rhoqo ngeenkqubo ezinje ngemvula ye-zinc okanye i-carbon adsorption. Le ndlela iyasebenza kakhulu ekukhupheni igolide kwizikrweqe ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi, nto leyo eyenza ibe lishishini - ubuchule obusemgangathweni kwiindawo ezininzi zemigodi yegolide kwihlabathi jikelele.

Kwimizi-mveliso ye-metallurgy kunye ne-electroplating, iicyanides zikwasetyenziselwa iipropathi zazo ezikhethekileyo kwi-metal deposition. Ngokomzekelo, kwiinkqubo zokufakelwa kwe-electroplating ezinje ngobhedu, ukufakwa kwegolide, kunye nokufakwa kwesilivere, ngamanye amaxesha kukhethwa i-electrolyte esekwe kwi-cyanide. Kwi-electroplating yesilivere, i-potassium cyanide ihlala isetyenziswa kwindawo yokuhlambela. Iiyoni zecyanide zenza ii-complexes ezineeoni zesilivere ( ), ezifana . Olu qulunqo olunzima lunceda ukulawula izinga lokubeka isilivere kwi-substrate. Xa umbane wombane ugqithiswa kwibhafu ye-electroplating, i-ion zesilivere kwi-complex ziyancitshiswa kwi-cathode (into efakwe kwi-plate) kwaye idiphozithi njengoluhlu oluncinci lwesinyithi sesilivere. Oku kubangela ukugudiswa, okufanayo, kunye nokunamathelayo kwesilivere. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwi-electroplating kunokuphucula umgangatho we-plating, ukubonelela ngokunamathela okungcono, ukuqaqamba, kunye nokumelana nomhlwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokucwenga ezingeyiyo i-cyanide.

I-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles zibhloko ezibalulekileyo zokwakha kwi-chemical synthesis. Kwimveliso yee-resin monomers ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-acrylic resins kunye ne-methacrylic resins, i-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles zibandakanyeka kwiimpendulo eziphambili zeekhemikhali. Umzekelo, i-acrylonitrile, ikhompawundi ye-nitrile, yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-monomer ekudibaneni kwe-acrylic fibers kunye ne-polyacrylonitrile-based based plastics. I-Acrylonitrile inokwenziwa i-polymerized ukwenza i-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ngokusebenzisa i-free - radical polymerization reaction. I-reaction iqaliswe ngumqalisi ofanelekileyo, kwaye i-double bond kwi-acrylonitrile iphukile, ivumela i-monomers ukuba idibanise kunye yenze i-polymer chain ende. I-polyacrylonitrile enesiphumo ineempawu ezibalaseleyo ezinjengokuqina okuphezulu, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kweekhemikhali, kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokunyibilika, okwenza ukuba lilungele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini e-textile kunye neeplastiki.

Kumashishini amayeza, ii-nitriles zisetyenziswa njengeziphakathi ekudityanisweni kwamachiza amaninzi. Ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa zibe ngamanye amaqela asebenzayo afana ne-amides, i-carboxylic acids, okanye i-amines ngokusebenzisa ii-chemical reactions ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iqela le-nitrile linokuthi lifakwe nge-hydrolyzed ukwenza iqela le-carboxylic acid. Olu tshintsho luhlala lusetyenziswa kwi-synthesis yamachiza apho iqela elisebenzayo le-carboxylic acid lifuneka kumsebenzi wechiza okanye ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ezingaphezulu. Ukongezelela, i-cyanides ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezithile ze-heterocyclic, eziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kumachiza amaninzi amayeza.

Ii-nitriles zikwasetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezongezo zokutya. Enye i-nitrile-equlathe iikhompawundi inokuguqulwa ibe yincasa-i-enhancing okanye i-preservative agents. Ngokomzekelo, ii-nitriles ezithile zinokuxutywa kwaye ziphinde ziphendule ukwenza iikhompawundi ezinencasa ezimnandi, ezithi ke zisetyenziswe kwishishini lokutya ukuphucula incasa yokutya okucutshungulweyo.

Iicyanides zizinto eziyityhefu kakhulu. Xa isixa esikhulu se-cyanide sifakwe okanye ukuxinwa okuphezulu kwegesi ye-cyanide kutsalwa, iziphumo zihlala ziyintlekele. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba iphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza. Ezona mpawu zixhaphakileyo nezikhawulezayo ziquka ukulahlekelwa zingqondo ngesiquphe. Ixhoba linokuthi liwele phantsi kwimizuzwana embalwa, njengoko inkqubo ye-nervous system ichaphazeleka kakhulu. Abafundi babo bakhula ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ebonisa ukungakwazi komzimba ukulawula imisebenzi yawo yangaphakathi. Oku kulandelwa kukuxhuzula, apho umzimba ufumana ukunyanzeliswa kwemisipha okuzenzekelayo kunye nobundlobongela. Ezi ngqungquthela zingumphumo wokuphazamiseka kwe-nerve eqhelekileyo - ukunxibelelana kwezihlunu, okuyimfuneko kwintshukumo elungelelanisiweyo yomzimba.

Inkqubo yokuphefumla nayo isengozini kakhulu. Ixhoba lifumana ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza nangokunzulu, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ukubanjwa ngokupheleleyo kokuphefumla. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-cyanide ibophelela kwi-cytochrome c oxidase kwiiseli, ithintela ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kweoksijini kwinkqubo yokuphefumla kweselula. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli zilambile yioksijini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwamalungu abalulekileyo anjengengqondo nentliziyo. Ngaphandle kokungenelela ngokukhawuleza kwezonyango, ukufa kunokwenzeka kwimizuzu.

I-Nitriles, ngakumbi xa itsaliwe okanye ifakwe kwindawo ephezulu, inokubangela ubutyhefu obukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-acrylonitrile, i-compound ye-nitrile eqhelekileyo, inokubangela ukucaphuka ngokukhawuleza kwindlela yokuphefumula. Iimpawu ziquka ukukhohlela, ukuphefumla, kunye nokutshisa emqaleni nasesifubeni. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokukhokelela kwi-edema ye-pulmonary, apho imiphunga igcwalisa ngamanzi, okwenza kube nzima ukuba umzimba utshintshe ngokufanelekileyo i-oksijini kunye ne-carbon dioxide. Oku kunokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ekungaphumeleli kokuphefumla kunye nokufa ukuba akunyangwa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwi-cyanides yoxinzelelo oluphantsi kunokukhokelela kwityhefu engapheliyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umzimba uqokelela i-cyanide njengoko ingapheliswanga ngokupheleleyo. Enye yeempawu zokuqala yimvakalelo yokuba ndindisholo ngolwimi kunye nemilebe. Oku kudla ngokukhatshwa ziintloko ezizingisileyo kunye nesiyezi, ezinokuthomalalisa ekuqaleni kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe zibe qatha ngakumbi. Amaxhoba asenokuba nesicaphucaphu, ukugabha, kunye nemvakalelo yokungakhululeki ngokubanzi kumantla esisu.

Ukuphazamiseka kokulala, njengokungalali, kuxhaphakile. Amanqanaba omandla omzimba ayancipha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudinweni nasekuphelelweni amandla emilenzeni. Oku kwenza kube nzima kumntu ochaphazelekayo ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba. Inkqubo ye-cardiovascular system nayo ichaphazelekayo, kunye nokuhla okubonakalayo kwixinzelelo lwegazi. Kwezinye iimeko, ukubonakaliswa kwe-cyanide engapheliyo kunokukhokelela kumonakalo kwi-thyroid gland, ukuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-hormonal yomzimba kunye ne-metabolism.

Ukungakhuseleki okungapheliyo kwi-nitriles nako kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwi-acrylonitrile kunokubangela umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous. Oku kunokubangela i-peripheral neuropathy, apho imithambo-luvo kwiindawo eziphelayo ichaphazeleka. Iimpawu ziquka ukuba ndindisholo, ukuntlitheka, kunye nokulahlekelwa yimvakalelo ezandleni nasezinyaweni. Kusenokubakho ubuthathaka bemisipha kunye nobunzima bokulungelelanisa iintshukumo. Ukongezelela, ukubonakaliswa okungapheliyo kwii-nitriles ezithile kuye kwadibaniswa nomngcipheko okhulayo wokuphuhlisa iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza, nangona iindlela ezichanekileyo zisafundwa.

I-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles ziyingozi kakhulu kwindalo. Xa zikhutshelwa emanzini, zinokuba nefuthe elibi kubomi basemanzini. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, iicyanides zinetyhefu kakhulu kwiintlanzi nakwezinye izinto eziphila emanzini. Umzekelo, xa icyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso ekhutshelwa emilanjeni okanye emachibini ngaphandle konyango olululo, inokubangela ukufa kweentlanzi. I-cyanide ibophelela kwiigill zentlanzi, ithintele ukutshintshiselana ngokuqhelekileyo kwe-oksijini kunye ne-carbon dioxide, ekhokelela ekubeni i-asphyxiation.

Ii-nitriles, ezifana ne-acrylonitrile, ziyakwazi ukungcolisa imithombo yamanzi. Ziyakwazi ukuzingisa emanzini ixesha elide, zichaphazela umgangatho wamanzi kwaye ziwenze angakufanelekeli ukusetyenziswa ngabantu kunye nezinye izinto. Ukongeza, ezi khompawundi zinokufunxwa zizityalo zasemanzini, ezinokuthi emva koko zigqithise i-toxins kwikhonkco lokutya, ezichaphazela i-organisms eziphezulu.

Emhlabeni, iicyanides kunye ne nitriles zinokuqokelelana ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kunokukhokelela kungcoliseko lomhlaba, olunokuthi luthintele ukukhula kwezityalo. I-toxins inokuphazamisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-physiological zezityalo, ezifana ne-photosynthesis kunye nokuthatha izondlo. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso yezolimo ingancitshiswa kakhulu. Ukongeza, ubukho bezi zixhobo zinetyhefu emhlabeni bunokuchaphazela ii-microorganisms zomhlaba, eziyimfuneko ekugcineni ukuchuma kunye nesakhiwo somhlaba. Oku kuphazamiseka kwendlela yokuphilisana kwendalo yomhlaba kunokuba neziphumo ezifikelela kude kwimpilo yonke yokusingqongileyo.

Elinye lamanyathelo olawulo lobunjineli kukuhlaziya inkqubo yemveliso. Umzekelo, kwishishini le-electroplating, ukwamkelwa kwe-cyanide - itekhnoloji ye-electroplating yasimahla inokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kweekhompawundi ezinetyhefu yecyanide. Iinkqubo zemveli ze-electroplating zihlala zixhomekeke kwi-cyanide-based electrolytes, kodwa ngokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe, i-cyanide entsha - izisombululo ze-electroplating zamahhala ziye zaphuhliswa. Ezi zisombululo zisebenzisa ezinye ii-agent eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nezongezelelo ukuphumeza umgangatho ofanayo okanye ongcono wokucwenga ngaphandle kweengozi ezinxulumene ne-cyanide.

Ukongeza kuhlaziyo lwenkqubo, ukuphumeza inkqubo yokusebenza evaliweyo kubalulekile. Kwiindawo apho kusetyenziswa i-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles, njengezityalo zemichiza okanye iifektri zesinyithi, zonke izixhobo zokuvelisa kufuneka zenziwe ukuba zingangeni moya. Oku kuthintela ukuvuza kweegesi ezinetyhefu okanye ulwelo kwindawo engqongileyo. Umzekelo, kwi-cyanide - kusetyenziswa igolide - ukusebenza kwemigodi, i-cyanide - equlethe iitanki zokugcina isisombululo kunye nezixhobo zokukhutshwa kufuneka zitywinwe ngokuqinileyo, kwaye imibhobho kufuneka ihlolwe rhoqo ukuba kukho naziphi na iimpawu zokuvuza.

Iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya kunye ne-exhaust nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukuxinana kwezinto eziyityhefu emoyeni. Kwiindawo zokusebenzela apho irhasi yehydrogen cyanide inokubakho, njengakwizityalo ezithile zokwenza imichiza, iinkqubo ezinamandla zomatshini zokungenisa umoya kufuneka zifakwe. Ezi nkqubo zinokuwususa ngokuqhubekayo umoya ongcolileyo kwaye ziwufake endaweni yawo ngomoya omtsha. Izinga lokungenisa umoya kufuneka libalwe ngononophelo ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bendawo yokusebenza, ubungakanani bezinto ezinobuthi ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokukhululwa kwazo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-workshop encinci ye-electroplating apho i-hydrogen cyanide inokuveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca, inkqubo yokuphefumula umoya kufuneka iyilwe ukugcina ugxininiso lwe-hydrogen cyanide emoyeni ngaphantsi kweqondo eliphezulu elivumelekileyo (MAC), elihlala libekwe kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu, njenge-0.3mg / m³, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi.

Izixhobo zokukhusela umntu (i-PPE) zibalulekile kubasebenzi abanokuthi babe sesichengeni se-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Iziphefumli yinxalenye ephambili yePPE. Kubasebenzi abakwiindawo ezinomngcipheko omkhulu wokuphefumla iigesi eziyityhefu, ezinje ngokuveliswa kwe-acrylonitrile apho umphunga uyingozi kakhulu, izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo (SCBA) zinokufuneka kwiimeko zokuvezwa okuphezulu okanye ngexesha longxamiseko. Kwiindawo ezincinci-ezinzima kodwa zisenobungozi, iziphefumlo zokucoca umoya ezinezihluzo ezifanelekileyo zingasetyenziswa. Ezi zihluzi ziyilelwe ukususa ungcoliseko oluthile, olufana nomphunga wecyanide okanye umphunga wenitrile, osuka emoyeni umsebenzi awuphefumlayo.

Iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali nazo zibalulekile. Abasebenzi abaphatha i-cyanide - equlethe izinyibiliko okanye iikhemikhali ezisekelwe kwi-nitrile kufuneka banxibe iiglavu ezenziwe ngemathiriyeli ezinokuxhathisa imiphumo enokubola kunye ne-permeative yezi zinto. Ngokomzekelo, iiglavu ezenziwe ngerabha ye-butyl okanye irabha ye-nitrile zihlala zisetyenziswa njengoko zinokuchasana kakuhle noluhlu olubanzi lweekhemikhali, kubandakanywa iicyanides ezininzi kunye ne-nitriles. Ezi glavu zinokuthintela ukufunxwa kwezinto ezinobuthi ngolusu, eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuvezwa, ngakumbi kwii-nitriles ezinokufunxwa nakwizixa ezincinci zokunxibelelana kwesikhumba.

Kufuneka kunikwe nempahla yokuzikhusela. Isinxibo kufuneka sigqume umzimba wonke kangangoko ukuze kuncitshiswe ukubonakala kwesikhumba. Kwamanye amashishini asemngciphekweni omkhulu, njengokwenza imichiza ethile ekhethekileyo apho iicyanides neenitriles zisetyenziswa ngobuninzi, abasebenzi banokunxiba iisuti ezikhuselayo zekhemikhali. Ezi zambatho zenziwe ngezinto ezingenakukwazi ukugqwesa kwiikhemikhali ezisetyenziswayo kwaye zihlala ziyilwe kunye neempawu ezongezelelweyo ezifana ne-seams etywiniweyo kunye nokwakhiwa - kwii-hoods ukunika ukhuseleko oluphezulu.

Uqeqesho olubanzi lokhuseleko luyimfuneko kubo bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekuphatheni, ekugcinweni, okanye ekuthuthweni kwee-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Olu qeqesho kufuneka lubandakanye uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwezi khemikhali. Okokuqala, kufuneka ibandakanye ulwazi olunzulu malunga neempawu ze-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqonde iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zezi zinto, ezifana nokuguquguquka kwazo, ukunyibilika, kunye nokusebenza kwakhona. Ngokomzekelo, kufuneka bazi ukuba i-hydrogen cyanide iguquguquka kakhulu kwaye inokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, kwaye i-acrylonitrile iyasebenza kakhulu kwaye inokupholisa phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Okwesibini, uqeqesho kufuneka lugxininise kwiinkqubo zokusabela ngokukhawuleza. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukuba benze ntoni xa kunokuchitheka, ukuvuza, okanye ukuvezwa ngempazamo. Oku kubandakanya indlela yokukhupha ngokukhawuleza indawo xa kuyimfuneko, indlela yokusebenzisa izikhululo ze-eyewash eziphuthumayo kunye neeshawa xa kukho ukudibana kwesikhumba okanye kwamehlo, kunye nendlela yokulawula kuqala - uncedo kwizigaba zokuqala zetyhefu. Umzekelo, xa kuthe kwachitheka icyanide, abasebenzi kufuneka bazi ukuba bayibeke yodwa loo ndawo ngoko nangoko, banxibe iPPE efanelekileyo, kwaye basebenzise imathiriyeli efunxayo ukucoca ukuchitheka kwayo ngokwemigaqo yokhuseleko esekiweyo.

Uqheliselo lokhuseleko rhoqo kufuneka lwenziwe. Olu qheliso lunokulinganisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zikaxakeka, ezifana nokuvuza kwerhasi okanye ukuchitheka kwemichiza, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi banokusabela ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo kwiimeko zokwenene zobomi. Ngokuziqhelanisa nolu qeqesho rhoqo, abasebenzi banokuqhelana ngakumbi neenkqubo zokusabela kwingxakeko kwaye banciphise ukubakho koloyiko okanye ukubhideka ngexesha lesehlo sangempela. Oku kunokugcina ubomi kwaye kunciphise umonakalo owenziwe ziingozi ezibandakanya iicyanides kunye ne-nitriles.

Xa umntu ekrokrelwa ngetyhefu ye-cyanide okanye i-nitrile, amanyathelo oncedo lokuqala akhawulezileyo naqinisekileyo abalulekile. Isinyathelo sokuqala kukususa ngokukhawuleza ixhoba kumthombo wokuvezwa kwindawo enomoya omhle. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa ukuphefumla ngakumbi kwizinto eziyityhefu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-poisoning iyenzeka kumzi-mveliso apho kusetyenziswa i-hydrogen cyanide, ixhoba kufuneka liqhutywe kwindawo yokuvelisa kwindawo evulekileyo kunye nomoya omtsha ngokukhawuleza.

Kanye kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, ukuba ukuphefumla kwexhoba kuyekile okanye kubuthathaka ngokugqithisileyo, ukuphefumla okwenziweyo kufuneka kuqaliswe ngoko nangoko. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umlomo ukuya emlonyeni ukuphefumla okwenziweyo kufuneka kuphetshwe kwiimeko zetyhefu ye-cyanide, njengoko kukho umngcipheko wokuphefumla umsi oyityhefu. Endaweni yoko, kucetyiswa ukusetyenziswa kwebhegi - ivalve - isixhobo semaski okanye ezinye izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuxhasa ukuphefumla.

Ubonelelo ngeoksijini lukwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoncedo lokuqala. I-oksijini ehambayo ephezulu inokulawulwa kwixhoba kusetyenziswa imaski ye-oxygen okanye i-nasal cannula. Oku kunceda ukunyusa izinga le-oksijini egazini kunye nokuchasana nemiphumo ye-cyanide okanye i-nitrile, ephazamisa amandla omzimba wokusebenzisa ioksijini.

Ukuba ulusu lwexhoba luye lwadibana nezinto ezinobuthi, iimpahla ezingcolileyo kufuneka zisuswe ngokukhawuleza. Ulusu oluchaphazelekayo kufuneka luhlanjwe ngokucokisekileyo ngamanzi amaninzi ahambayo ubuncinane ubuncinane be-15 - 20 imizuzu. Oku kunceda ukususa nayiphi na imichiza eseleyo eluswini kunye nokunciphisa ukufunxa ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ukuba umsebenzi uchithe i-acrylonitrile eluswini lwabo, kufuneka bakhulule ngokukhawuleza iimpahla zabo ezingcolileyo kwaye bahlambulule indawo echaphazelekayo phantsi kwamanzi abalekayo.

Kwiimeko zokudibana kwamehlo, amehlo kufuneka athotywe ngamanzi amaninzi acocekileyo okanye umxube we-saline oyinyumba. Iinkophe kufuneka zibanjwe zivuliwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke indawo yamehlo ihlanjululwe kakuhle. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuqhubekayo ubuncinane imizuzu eyi-15 ukunciphisa umonakalo wamehlo.

Emva kokuba ixhoba lihanjiswe esibhedlele, unyango olubanzi lwezonyango lunokubonelelwa. Enye yeenkalo eziphambili zonyango kukusetyenziswa kwamachiza athile. Kwityhefu yecyanide, i-sodium thiosulfate sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Isebenza ngokudibanisa ne-cyanide ion emzimbeni ukwenza i-thiocyanate engeyiyo inetyhefu, enokuthi emva koko ikhutshwe emzimbeni ngomchamo. Iprothokholi yonyango eqhelekileyo idla ngokubandakanya inaliti ecothayo emithanjeni yedosi ethile ye-sodium thiosulfate, ubungakanani bayo bumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwimeko yesigulana kunye nobunzima bomzimba.

Enye i-antidote ebalulekileyo yetyhefu ye-cyanide yi-nitrite-based compounds. Ezi khompawundi zisebenza ngokuguqula i-hemoglobin esegazini ibe yi-methemoglobin. I-Methemoglobin inobudlelwane obuphezulu bee-ion ze-cyanide kwaye inokubophelela kuzo, yenze i-complex ezinzile. Oku kunciphisa inani leeyoni ze-cyanide zasimahla emzimbeni kwaye kunciphisa iimpawu zetyhefu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-nitrite-based antidotes kufuna ukujongwa ngononophelo, njengoko kunokuba nemiphumo emibi, njengokubangela ukwehla koxinzelelo lwegazi.

Kwityhefu eyenziwe yi-nitrile, unyango lujolise ikakhulu ekudambiseni iimpawu kunye nokuxhasa imisebenzi yomzimba. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isigulane sibonisa iimpawu zokuphefumla ngenxa yetyhefu ye-acrylonitrile, umoya wokuphefumula ngomatshini unokufuneka uncede ukuphefumla. Kwiimeko apho kukho umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous, amayeza angamiselwa ukulawula iimpawu ezifana nobuthakathaka bemisipha, ukuphazamiseka, okanye intlungu.

Ukuba isigulana sithathe i-cyanide okanye i-nitriles, i-gastric lavage inokwenziwa ukuze kususwe naziphi na izinto ezinetyhefu eziseleyo esiswini. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa isisombululo esifanelekileyo, njengesisombululo se-potassium permanganate okanye isisombululo se-saline. Nangona kunjalo, isigqibo sokwenza i-gastric lavage kunye nokukhethwa kwesisombululo se-lavage kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngononophelo ngokusekelwe kwimeko yesigulane kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezinobuthi ezifakwe kuyo.

Ukongezelela kolu nyango lukhethekileyo, iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomguli, ezinjengokubetha kwentliziyo, uxinezeleko lwegazi nokuphefumla, zibekwe esweni. Olunye unyango oluxhasayo, olufana nokutshintshwa kwamanzi ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi ye-electrolyte, kunokubonelelwa. Kwiimeko apho isigulane siye savelisa iingxaki, ezifana ne-pneumonia ngenxa ye-aspiration ngexesha lesiganeko setyhefu, i-antibiotics efanelekileyo inokumiselwa ukunyanga isifo.

I-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles ziyimfuneko kumashishini anamhlanje. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kususela ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo emigodini ukuya ekudityanisweni koluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kumzi mveliso wemichiza, woxubo-mayeza kunye nowempahla yamalaphu. Nangona kunjalo, ityhefu ephezulu yezi khompawundi ibeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ityhefu ebukhali kwaye engapheliyo ye-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles inokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzima zempilo, ukusuka kubomi bangoko - iimeko ezisongelayo ukuya kumonakalo wexesha elide kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo, inkqubo yentliziyo kunye namanye amalungu abalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhululwa kwazo kwimo engqongileyo kunokubangela ukungcoliseka kwemithombo yamanzi nomhlaba, ukubeka emngciphekweni ubomi basemanzini kunye nokunciphisa imveliso yezolimo.

Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka phambili ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokuphathwa kwe-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles. Amashishini kufuneka atyale imali kumanyathelo olawulo lobunjineli ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezi zinto ziyityhefu. Abasebenzi kufuneka banikwe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela kwaye bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi ngokhuseleko. Kwimeko yeengozi, impendulo esebenzayo yongxamiseko kunye neeprothokholi zonyango kufuneka zibe khona.

Ngokuthatha la manyathelo, sinokuqhubeka nokuxhamla kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso yee-cyanides kunye ne-nitriles ngelixa siqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Luxanduva oluhlangeneyo lwamashishini, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye nabo bonke abachaphazelekayo ukusebenzisana ukuthintela iziphumo ezinobungozi zezi khompawundi zemichiza ezinokuba yingozi.