Ubuthi be-Liquid Sodium Cyanide kunye ne-First-Aid Measures

1. intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) yikhemikhali enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye imo yayo engamanzi ibeka imingcipheko ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukuqonda iindlela zayo zokusebenzisa ubutyhefu kunye nokwazi amanyathelo afanelekileyo oncedo lokuqala xa kunokwenzeka ukuba sesichengeni kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko, ngakumbi kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso apho isetyenziswa khona, njengasemigodini yegolide kwiinkqubo zokukhutshwa kwamanzi nakweminye imizi yokuvelisa imichiza.

2. Ubutyhefu beLiquid Sodium Cyanide

2.1. Indlela yobutyhefu

Utywala Isodium cyanide idibanisa emzimbeni ukukhulula i-cyanide ions (CN⁻). Ezi ion ze-cyanide zinobudlelwane obuphezulu kakhulu be-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme eyinkimbinkimbi kwi-mitochondria yeeseli. Ngokuzibophelela kwi-cytochrome oxidase, icyanide inqanda ikhonkco lothutho lwe-electron, eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuphefumla kwe-aerobic. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azikwazi ukusebenzisa i-oksijini ngokufanelekileyo, okukhokelela kwimeko ye-histotoxic hypoxia. Ngamagama alula, iiseli zilambile i-oksijeni nangona kukho ukunikezelwa okwaneleyo kwigazi, ukuphazamisa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo weselula kunye ne-metabolism.

2.2. Iindlela zokuvezwa kunye neziPhumo eziNxulumene nobutyhefu

2.2.1. Ukuphefumla

Ukuba imiphunga okanye inkungu ye Ulwelo sodium cyanide zitsalwa, iimpawu zingenzeka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Inkqubo yokuphefumla yeyokuqala ukuchaphazeleka. Iimpawu zokuqala zinokubandakanya ukucaphuka komqala, ukukhohlela, kunye nokuziva uxinene esifubeni. Njengoko utyhileko luqhubela phambili, iimpawu ezinzima ngakumbi ezifana nokuphefumla okufutshane, ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokubonakaliswa okuphezulu koxinzelelo, ukubanjwa kokuphefumla kunokwenzeka. Ukuphefumla nakwizixa ezincinci zecyanide-equlethe imiphunga inokuba yingozi ebomini ngenxa yokungena ngokukhawuleza kwe-cyanide egazini nge-alveoli emiphungeni.

2.2.2. Uqhagamshelwano lwesikhumba

Ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo kwesikhumba ngolwelo sodium cyanide kusenokuba yingozi. Ubume bealkaline ye Isodium cyanide izisombululo zinokubangela ukucaphuka kolusu, ukutsha, kunye nomhlwa. Ukongezelela, ukuba kukho nakuphi na ukusikeka, ukuqhawuka, okanye amanxeba avulekileyo eluswini, icyanide inokufunxwa egazini. Uqhagamshelwano olude okanye olubanzi lwesikhumba lunokukhokelela kwityhefu yenkqubo, eneempawu ezifana nezo zokungeniswa okanye ukuphefumla, njengentloko, isiyezi, ubuthathaka, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukubanjwa kwentliziyo.

2.2.3. Ukungeniswa

Ukusela ulwelo lwesodium cyanide kuyingozi kakhulu. Nokuba isixa esincinci sinokubulala. Iiyoni ze-cyanide zifunxwa ngokukhawuleza kumzila wesisu ukuya egazini. Iimpawu zihlala ziqala phakathi kwemizuzu kwaye zinokubandakanya isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, iintlungu zesisu, kunye nokutshisa emlonyeni nasemqaleni. Njengoko ityhefu isasazeka emzimbeni, inokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwengqondo, ukuxhuzula, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukufa ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo.

2.3. Idosi yeLethal

Idosi ebulalayo yolwelo lwesodium cyanide inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nendlela yokuvezwa, imeko yempilo yomntu, kunye nobunzima bomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, i-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye isixa esincinci sinokubulala. Ngokomzekelo, idosi enobungozi yomlomo enokwenzeka kubantu iqikelelwa ukuba ingaphantsi kwe-5 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba. Oku kuthetha ukuba kumntu omdala ophakathi (malunga nama-70 kg), ngaphantsi kwe-350 mg yesodium cyanide inokubulala ukuba ityiwe.

3. Okokuqala - Amanyathelo oNcedo

3.1. Ukuphefumla

1. Ukufuduka kwangoko: Ukuba umntu uphefumlele umphunga wesodium cyanide okanye inkungu, kufuneka zisuswe ngokukhawuleza kwindawo engcolisekileyo zisiwe kwindawo enomoya omtsha. Oku kunceda ukunqanda ukuchanabeka ngakumbi kwinto eyityhefu.

2. Gcina i-Airway kunye nokuphefumla: Qinisekisa ukuba indlela yomoya yexhoba icacile. Ukuba ixhoba linengxaki yokuphefumla, linike ukuphefumla okwenziweyo ukuba liqeqeshelwe ukwenjenjalo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ungenzi ukuvuselela umlomo ukuya emlonyeni njengoko kukho umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwe-cyanide kumhlanguli. Endaweni yoko, sebenzisa ibhegi - ivalve - isixhobo semaski esineoksijini eyongezelelweyo ukuba sikhona.

3. Funa Uncedo Lwezonyango Ngokukhawuleza: Fowunela iinkonzo zonyango olungxamisekileyo (EMS) ngokukhawuleza. Ngoxa ulinde i-ambulensi, jonga iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zexhoba, njengokuphefumla nokubetha kwentliziyo. Ukuba ixhoba lilahlekelwa ingqondo okanye liva ukubanjwa kwentliziyo, qalisa ukuvuselela i-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) ukuba uqeqeshwe, ngokulandela izikhokelo ezifanelekileyo.

3.2. Uqhagamshelwano lwesikhumba

1. Susa Impahla Engcolisekileyo: Ngokukhawuleza, susa nayiphi na impahla ethe yadibana nolwelo lwesodium cyanide. Oku kunceda ukuthintela ukuvezwa ngakumbi kwesikhumba kunye nokufunxa. Xa ususa impahla, qaphela ukuba ungasasazi ikhemikhali kwezinye iindawo zomzimba okanye kumhlanguli.

2. Hlamba Ulusu ngokucokisekileyo: Geza indawo echaphazelekayo yesikhumba ngamanzi amaninzi ahambayo ubuncinane imizuzu engama-20. Oku kunceda ukuhlambulula kunye nokususa i-sodium cyanide esikhumbeni. Ukuba kukho, isisombululo se-5% se-sodium thiosulfate singasetyenziselwa ukuhlamba ulusu emva kokuhlamba kwamanzi okuqala. I-sodium thiosulfate inokunceda ukunciphisa i-cyanide eluswini.

3. Funa Ingqalelo Yonyango: Emva kokuhlamba ulusu, ixhoba kufuneka lisiwe esibhedlele ukuze lihlolwe ngakumbi kunye nonyango. Nangona ulusu alubonakali luchaphazeleka kakhulu, kusenokubakho umngcipheko wetyhefu yenkqubo, kwaye abaqeqeshi bezonyango banokubeka iliso kuyo nayiphi na imiqondiso yetyhefu.

3.3. Ukungeniswa

1. Musa ukuGabha: Makungaze naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko kugabhe njengoko oku kunokubangela umonakalo ongakumbi kummizo kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wokulangazelela into eyityhefu emiphungeni.

2. Hlamba uMlomo: Ukuba ixhoba linolwazi, hlambulula umlomo walo kakuhle ngamanzi ukuze ukhuphe nayiphi na into eseleyo yolwelo lwesodium cyanide.

3. Ukulawula ii-Antidotes phantsi kolawulo lwezoNyango: Ii-antidotes eziphambili ze-cyanide poisoning yi-hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) kunye nendibaniselwano ye-sodium nitrite kunye ne-sodium thiosulfate. Nangona kunjalo, ezi antidotes kufuneka zilawulwe kuphela ngabasebenzi bezonyango. I-EMS kufuneka ibizwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ixhoba kufuneka lihanjiswe esibhedlele ngokukhawuleza. Esibhedlele, i-antidote efanelekileyo iya kunikwa ngokusekelwe kubunzima betyhefu kunye nemeko yexhoba.

4. Unonophelo oluxhasayo: Ukongeza kwonyango lwe-antidote, ixhoba linokufuna ukunakekelwa kwenkxaso, njenge-intravenous fluids ukuze kugcinwe i-hydration, amayeza okulawula ukuxhuzula xa kwenzeka, kunye nokubeka iliso ngokusondeleyo kweempawu ezibalulekileyo, kubandakanywa ukubetha kwentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye ne-oxygen saturation.

4. Amanyathelo oThintelo kunye noKhuseleko

Ukuthintela ukuvezwa kwe-sodium cyanide, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko kufuneka aphunyezwe kwiindawo zokusebenza apho isetyenziswa khona. Abasebenzi kufuneka babonelelwe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela (personal protective equipment) (PPE), kubandakanywa iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali, iiglavu, kunye nokhuseleko lokuphefumla. Iindawo ekusetyenzwa kuzo kufuneka zifakwe umoya kakuhle ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphefumla umphunga wecyanide. Kufuneka kwakhona kubekho imiqondiso ecacileyo ebonisa ubukho bento eyityhefu, kwaye abasebenzi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho rhoqo malunga nokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-sodium cyanide engamanzi, kunye nokuba benze ntoni xa benokuvezwa ngempazamo.

Ukuqukumbela, i-sodium cyanide engamanzi yinto enetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nakuphi na ukuvezwa kuyo kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yabantu. Ukwazi iindlela zetyhefu kunye nokuqhelana namanyathelo oncedo lokuqala afanelekileyo kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu ekusindiseni ubomi kwimeko kaxakeka.