Unyango olululo lweNkunkuma yeSodium Cyanide

intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini afana nemigodi, i-electroplating, kunye ne-chemical synthesis ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe Isodium cyanide ivelisa ngokuqinisekileyo icyanide - equlathe inkunkuma, kunye Ulwelo lweSodium Cyanide inkunkuma, ngokukodwa, ibeka izoyikiso ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo ukuba ayiphathwa kakuhle. I-Cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye inokubangela ingozi enkulu kwizinto eziphilayo nakwimilinganiselo emincinci. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokujongana nale nkunkuma.

Iingozi zeNkunkuma yeSodium Cyanide

Ubutyhefu ebantwini

I-Cyanide inokungena emzimbeni womntu ngokuphefumla, ukungeniswa, okanye ukunxibelelana kwesikhumba. Xa sele ingaphakathi emzimbeni, inokubopha ngokukhawuleza kwi-cytochrome oxidase kwiiseli, inqanda ukuphefumla kweselula kwaye ikhokelela kwi-hypoxia yezicubu. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokubangela ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba ukuvezwa kwinqanaba eliphantsi ixesha elide kunokubangela iimpawu ezinjengentloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthathaka, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iingxaki zempilo ezingapheliyo. Xa ujongene nolwelo sodium cyanide inkunkuma, umngcipheko wokudibana ngengozi uphezulu kakhulu, ngakumbi ukuba akukho manyathelo okukhusela afanelekileyo.

Impembelelo kwizinto eziphila emanzini

Utywala Isodium cyanide inkunkuma, ukuba ikhutshelwe emanzini, iyityhefu egqithisileyo kubomi basemanzini. Nokuba kugxininiso oluphantsi kakhulu, kunokuphazamisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yendalo yeentlanzi, ii-invertebrates, kunye nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini. Inokuchaphazela ukuphefumla, ukukhula, ukuzala kunye nenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-concentration ye-cyanide ion i-0.02 - 1.0 mg / l (kwiiyure ezingama-24), intlanzi ingafa. I-Cyanide isenokubangela umonakalo wexesha elide kwi-ikhosistim yasemanzini ngokunciphisa i-biodiversity kunye nokuphazamisa ikhonkco lokutya.

Iziphumo kwiZityalo

Xa izityalo zisesichengeni solwelo lwenkunkuma ye-sodium cyanide, inokuba nefuthe elibi ekukhuleni nasekuphuhliseni kwazo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwecyanide lunokuthintela ukukhula kweengcambu, lunciphise ukufunyanwa kwezakhamzimba, kwaye luchaphazele iphotosynthesis. Kwiindawo zokulima, oku kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni izivuno zezityalo kunye nomgangatho. Ukongeza, ukuba inkunkuma engamanzi yesodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela, inokungcolisa umhlaba, ichaphazele umgangatho womhlaba kunye nokukhula kwezityalo ezilandelayo.

Iindlela zoNyango lweNkunkuma yeSodium Cyanide

Indlela ye-Alkaline yeChlorination

Siseko: Le ndlela ilungelelanisa i-pH yolwelo lwe-sodium cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka ukuya kwi-8.5 - 9 kwaye yongeza ii-oxidants ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine. I-chlorine-based oxidants, njenge-bleach (ikakhulukazi i-NaClO) okanye igesi ye-chlorine (i-Cl₂, enyibilika emanzini ukuze yenze i-HClO), isabela ngee-ion ze-cyanide (CN⁻). Kwisinyathelo sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized to cyanate (CNO⁻), engaphantsi kakhulu kunetyhefu. I-oxidation eyongezelelweyo inokuguqula i-cyanate ibe yi-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kunye ne-nitrogen (N₂). Iimpendulo zeekhemikhali zinokubonakaliswa ngokulula ngolu hlobo:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezinto eziluncedo: Indlela ye-alkaline chlorination ilula ukusebenza kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi. Inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo umxholo wecyanide kumanzi amdaka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ifaneleke ngakumbi ukunyanga amanzi amdaka anoxinzelelo oluphantsi lwecyanide. Ukuba i-cyanide concentration iphezulu kakhulu, kuya kufuneka isixa esikhulu se-chlorine-based oxidants, enokunyusa iindleko zonyango kwaye ivelise ukungcola okwesibini.

Uxinzelelo lwe-Hydrolysis Method

Siseko: Kule ndlela, i-sodium cyanide engamanzi - equkethe amanzi amdaka afakwe kwisitya esivaliweyo. I-alkali yongezwa, kwaye emva koko amanzi amdaka afudunyezwa kwaye acinezelwe. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, i-cyanide ifumana impendulo ye-hydrolysis. Ii-ion ze-cyanide zidibana neemolekyuli zamanzi ukuvelisa ifomathi yesodium engeyiyo inetyhefu (HCOONA) kunye ne-ammonia (NH₃). I-chemical reaction equation yile:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezinto eziluncedo: Indlela yoxinzelelo lwe-hydrolysis inoluhlu olubanzi lokuguquguquka kwi-concentration ye-cyanide kumanzi amdaka. Iyakwazi ukusingatha iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo zecyanide. Umsebenzi uthe ngqo ngokwemigaqo yenkqubo yokusabela. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela idinga izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zoxinzelelo kunye nokufudumeza, okwenza inkqubo yonke ibe nzima. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye notyalo-mali lwezixhobo luphezulu, okukhokelela kwiindleko zonyango eziphezulu.

Indlela eneAcidized

Siseko: Kwindlela ye-acidized, i-asidi ye-sulfuric yongezwa kwi-sodium cyanide yamanzi - equkethe amanzi angcolileyo ukulungisa i-pH kwi-2 - 3. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, i-cyanide emanzini amdaka isabela ukwenza i-hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). Kuba ingxinano yegesi yehydrogen cyanide incinci, kwaye kusetyenziswa umgaqo wokulinganisa uxinzelelo lomoya, umoya udlula emanzini amdaka ukuze ukhuphe igesi yehydrogen cyanide. Irhasi yehydrogen cyanide esele iqhutyiwe ingangeniswa kwisisombululo sealkali ukuze iphinde isetyenziswe. Eyona ndlela yokusabela kwikhemikhali yile:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezinto eziluncedo: Enye yeenzuzo zale ndlela kukuba iyakwazi ukubuyisela i-sodium cyanide, enexabiso elithile lezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela idinga ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusebenza. Irhasi yeHydrogen cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nakuphi na ukuvuza ngexesha lenkqubo kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kwindalo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ke ngoko, amanyathelo okhuseleko akwinqanaba eliphezulu kunye nokutywinwa kwezixhobo ziyafuneka.

Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji

Siseko: Ezinye iintsholongwane ziyakwazi ukubola icyanide. Kwi Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji, iibhaktheriya ezithile okanye umngundo zisetyenziselwa ukuthotywa kwe-cyanide kwinkunkuma engamanzi. Ezi microorganisms zinokusebenzisa icyanide njengekhabhoni okanye umthombo wenitrogen ngothotho lweentshukumo ze-enzymatic, ziyiguqule ibe zizinto ezingeyotyhefu ezifana nekharbon diokside, amanzi, kunye neammonia. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iibhaktheriya ezihlaza i-cyanide zinokuqhekeza i-cyanide ibe yizikhompawundi ezingenabungozi ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-metabolic.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezinto eziluncedo: Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji zihambelana nokusingqongileyo njengoko zingazisi inani elikhulu lee-reagents zamachiza. Zinokuba neendleko-zokusebenza ukunyanga i-concentration cyanide ephantsi-equlethe inkunkuma engamanzi ngexesha lokusebenza kwexesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, banomdla kwizinto ezisingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nobukho bezinye izinto eziyityhefu kwinkunkuma. Inkqubo yonyango inokufuna ixesha elide ukufezekisa umphumo wonyango ofunekayo, kwaye ukusekwa kokuqala kwenkqubo yonyango yebhayoloji kunokuba nzima.

Izilumkiso zoKhuseleko ngexesha loNyango

Xa ukunyanga inkunkuma yesodium cyanide, engqongqo Amanyathelo okhuseleko kufuneka ithathwe. Abanini-zithuthi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kubandakanywa iisuti ezikwaziyo ukumelana neekhemikhali, iiglavu, iiglasi, kunye nezixhobo zokhuselo lokuphefumla. Indawo yonyango kufuneka ifakwe umoya kakuhle, kunye nezixhobo zokusabela ngexesha likaxakeka ezifana nezikhululo zokuhlamba amehlo kunye neeshawara zokhuseleko kufuneka zifumaneke lula. Ukongezelela, yonke imisebenzi yonyango kufuneka ihambelane nemimiselo efanelekileyo yokhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yokukhusela iingozi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo.

isiphelo

Unyango olululo lwenkunkuma yesodium cyanide lubalulekile ekukhuseleni impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngokuqonda iingozi zale nkunkuma kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango ezifana ne-alkaline chlorination, i-pressurizing hydrolysis, unyango lwe-acidized, okanye unyango lwe-biological, kunye nemiqathango engqongqo yokhuseleko, sinokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ingozi ehambelana nenkunkuma ye-sodium cyanide. Kubalulekile kumashishini avelisa inkunkuma enjalo ukuba atyale kwizibonelelo zonyango ezifanelekileyo kwaye aqinisekise ukuba zonke iinkqubo zokuphatha kunye nonyango zenziwa ngendlela enoxanduva kunye nokuthobela.