IiNgozi kunye neeNkqubo zoNyango lweCyanide - equlathe Amanzi amdaka

intshayelelo

Amanzi amdaka aneCyanide yingxaki enkulu kwindalo ngenxa yokuba inobungozi obukhulu. Ama-cyanide amathathu aziwa kakhulu , iSodium cyanide (NaCN), ipotassium cyanide (KCN), kunye ne-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), ayingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo phakathi kwezi Cyanides kukukwazi kwazo ukwahlula nokukhulula i-ion ye-cyanide (CN-) ngokulula.

Iingozi zeCyanide - eziqulathe Amanzi amdaka

Inkqubo yetyhefu ebantwini

I-toxicology ebulalayo ye-cyanides ilele kwinto yokuba i-cyanide ion (CN-) inobudlelwane obuqinileyo be-iron ion. Kanye kumzimba womntu, i-CN- idibanisa ngokulula kunye ne-iron ion, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni kwe-oksijini - ukuthwala umthamo wentsimbi - equlethe izinto. Oku ekugqibeleni kubangela ukunqongophala kweoksijini kwiiseli zenkqubo ye-nervous central. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abanetyhefu bahlala befa ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuphakathi kokuphefumla. Ityhefu inokwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukunxibelelana kwesikhumba, ukungeniswa ngomlomo, ukuphefumla, inaliti, kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-mucosal. Nokuba intwana yokuvezwa kwecyanide inokubeka ubomi esichengeni.

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka, ukuba ayiphathwanga kakuhle kwaye ikhutshelwe emanzini, ingaba nefuthe elibi kubomi basemanzini. Izinto eziphila emanzini zinochuku kakhulu kwicyanide. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi, i-cyanide inokuphazamisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yendalo yeentlanzi, ii-invertebrates, kunye nezinye iintlobo zasemanzini, ezikhokelela ekukhuleni okuncitshisiweyo, iingxaki zokuzala, kunye nokufa ekugqibeleni. Oku ke, kunokuphazamisa yonke i-ecosystem yasemanzini, kuchaphazela amatyathanga okutya kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Iinkqubo zoNyango lweCyanide - equlathe Amanzi amdaka

I-Cyanide ephezulu yoxinaniso - equlethe Unyango lwamanzi amdaka: Ukubuyiswa kweeCyanides

Kwi-cyanide ephezulu-equlethe amanzi amdaka, indlela yokubuyisela i-cyanides ihlala isetyenziswa. Le ndlela ijolise ekukhupheni nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha iicyanides ezixabisekileyo kumanzi amdaka. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo kukutsalwa kwesinyibilikisi. Kwi-solvent extraction, i-solvent efanelekileyo yezinto eziphilayo isetyenziselwa ukukhetha ngokukhethiweyo i-cyanide compounds kwisigaba samanzi amdaka. Isigaba se-cyanide esigcwele i-organic sinokuphinda siqhubekeke ukuphinda siphinde sifumane iicyanides ezisulungekileyo. Le ndlela inenzuzo yokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kuphela ngokususa i-cyanide kumanzi amdaka kodwa kwakhona nokubuyisela ubutyebi bekhemikhali obunokuba nexabiso. Nangona kunjalo, kufuna ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwee-solvents kunye nokulawulwa ngokungqongqo kweemeko zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko ye-solvent.

I-Cyanide yoXolo oluPhantsi - equlethe Ukucoca ngamanzi amdaka: Ukutshatyalaliswa kweCyanide

Iindlela ze-Oxidation

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• Umgaqo : Iindlela zokunyibilikisa iikhemikhali zisebenzisa ii-oxidizing agents ezinamandla ukuguqula ii-ion ze-cyanide zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi okanye ezingenabungozi. Umzekelo, ii-oxidants ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine ezifana ne-sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) zinokusabela kunye nee-ion ze-cyanide. I-reaction iqala iguqule i-cyanide (CN-) ibe yi-cyanate (CNO-), kwaye i-oxidation engaphezulu inokuqhekeza i-cyanate ibe yi -Carbon dioxide (CO2), i-nitrogen (N2), kunye nezinye iimveliso ezingenabungozi. I-reaction iyonke ingamelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Kwinqanaba lokuqala: (CN^ -+OCl^ -\rightarrow CNO^ -+Cl^)

• Kwinqanaba lesibini: (2CNO^ -+3OCl^ -+H_2O\rightarrow 2CO_2 + N_2+3Cl^ -+2OH^ -)

• Iingenelo : Ukunyibilika kweekhemikhali kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kwaye kunokuba luncedo ekunyangeni amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide encinci. Ingasetyenziswa kwizityalo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka ezikhoyo kunye notshintsho oluthile kwinkqubo yonyango.

• Iingxaki : Ukusetyenziswa kwee-oxidizing agents ezininzi kunokuba nexabiso eliphantsi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba azilawulwa kakuhle, impendulo inokuvelisa iimveliso ezinokuba yingozi nakwindalo esingqongileyo. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-chlorine kunokukhokelela ekudalweni kokubulala iintsholongwane ngeemveliso ezifana ne-trihalomethanes.

2.Electrolytic Oxidation

• Umgaqo : Kwi-electrolytic oxidation, umbane udlula kwi-cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka kwiseli ye-electrolytic. I-anode yeseli isebenza njengendawo apho kwenzeka khona i-oxidation. Ii-ion ze-Cyanide ziyaxiliswa kumphezulu we-anode. Impendulo eqhelekileyo kwi-anode ingabhalwa ngolu hlobo (2CN^ -+4OH^ -\rightarrow 2CNO^ -+2H_2O + 2e^ -), kwaye i-oxidation engaphezulu ye-cyanate inokwenzeka ukuze yenze i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen.

• Iingenelo : Yindlela yonyango ecocekileyo kakhulu kuba ayizisi ezinye izinto zeekhemikhali ngaphandle kwee-electrodes. Ingazilawula ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ilawulwe ngokuchanekileyo.

• Iingxaki : Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe, i-electrolytic oxidation idla amandla amaninzi. Imfuneko yokubonelela ngombane rhoqo yenza iindleko zonyango zibe phezulu. Ukongeza, ii-electrode zinokuba nokugqwala ngokuhamba kwexesha, nto leyo efuna ukulungiswa rhoqo kunye nokutshintshwa.

Unyango lwebhayoloji

1. Umgaqo : Unyango lwebhayoloji lwe-cyanide - amanzi amdaka aqulethe i-cyanide luxhomekeke kwiintsholongwane ezinokunyibilikisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni okanye i-nitrogen. Ezinye iintsholongwane kunye neefungi zinamandla okuqhekeza i-cyanide ngokusebenzisa ii-enzyme reactions. Umzekelo, iintsholongwane ezithile ezitshabalalisa i-cyanide zinokuguqula i-cyanide ibe yi-ammonia kwaye zenze uthotho lwamanyathelo e-enzyme. I-ammonia inokunyuswa ngakumbi zezinye iintsholongwane kwinkqubo yonyango.

2. Iingenelo : Unyango lwebhayoloji luhlala lunobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kuba alubandakanyi ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezininzi. Lungabiza kakhulu ekunyangeni amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide encinci ixesha elide, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho kukho iqela elifanelekileyo leentsholongwane.

3. Iingxaki : Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwebhayoloji lunobuthathaka kakhulu kutshintsho kwindlela amanzi amdaka akhiwe ngayo, ubushushu, kunye ne-pH. Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwezi parameters lunokuthintela ukukhula kunye nomsebenzi we-cyanide - iintsholongwane eziwohlokayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kakuhle konyango. Kwakhona kufuna ixesha elide lonyango xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zeekhemikhali.

Ukuhlaziywa kweCyanide kunye neNdlela yokuBuyisa

1. Umgaqo : Le ndlela ifana nendlela yokubuyisela amanzi amdaka anoxinzelelo oluphezulu kodwa ingasetyenziswa nakwezinye iimeko ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi. Igxile ekuvuseleleni nasekusebenziseni kwakhona i-cyanide emanzini amdaka. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa ii-ion-exchange resins. Ii-ion ze-cyanide emanzini amdaka zinokufunxwa kumphezulu we-resin. Emva koko, ngokusebenzisa i-eluent efanelekileyo, i-cyanide inokususwa kwi-resin ize ibuyiselwe.

2. Iingenelo : Inokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cyanide kwiinkqubo zoshishino ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-cyanide. Oku akupheleli nje ekubeni neengenelo zoqoqosho kodwa kunciphisa nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo enxulumene nokulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka ane-cyanide.

3. Iingxaki : Ii-ion-exchange resins kufuneka zikhethwe ngononophelo kwaye zigcinwe. Inkqubo yokuhlaziya isenokufuna ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezongezelelweyo, kwaye kukho umngcipheko wokungcoliswa kwe-resin, okunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokubuyisela i-cyanide.

isiphelo

I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka yingozi enkulu kwindalo kunye nempilo. Ukuqonda iindlela zetyhefu kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zonyango zibalulekile. Indlela nganye yokonyango, nokuba yeyamanzi amdaka aphezulu okanye aphantsi, ineenzuzo zayo kunye nokungalungi. Ukhetho lwendlela yonyango luxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokugxininiswa kokuqala kwe-cyanide, ukufaneleka konyango olufunekayo, iindleko-ukusebenza, kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, uphando oluninzi kunye nophuhliso luyafuneka ukuze kuphuculwe iinkqubo ezikhoyo zonyango kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha, ezisebenzayo, kunye neendleko-ezisebenzayo zokunyanga i-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka ukuqinisekisa indawo ecocekileyo nekhuselekileyo.