Iindlela kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha i-Cyanide Tailings

intshayelelo

Iintsalela zeCyanide yinkunkuma eqinileyo eveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphucula imigodi yegolide kunye neminye imigodi. Ngenxa yokubakho kweentsalela zeCyanide kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima, ukuba aziphathwanga kakuhle, ziya kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Ubuthi obuphezulu beCyanides bunokusasazeka ngomoya, emanzini, nasemhlabeni, bungcolise inkqubo yendalo ejikelezileyo kwaye bubeke emngciphekweni ukusinda kwezilwanyana nezityalo. Ke ngoko, kungxamisekile ukucoca iintsalela zeCyanide . Eli nqaku liza kwazisa ngokweenkcukacha iindlela kunye neenkqubo zeDetoxification zeentsalela zeCyanide.

Iimpawu kunye neengozi zeCyanide Tailings

Ukuqulunqwa kwee-cyanide tailings kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukongeza kwi-cyanides engaphendulwanga, ikwaqulethe iintsimbi ezinzima ezifana nobhedu, ilothe, i-zinc, kunye ne-mercury. Ezi zinyithi ezinzima kunzima ukuthotywa kwimeko yendalo kwaye ziya kuqokelelana ixesha elide. I-Cyanides inokuthintela umsebenzi we-enzymes yokuphefumula kwiiseli zebhayoloji, ekhokelela kwi-asphyxiation kunye nokufa kwezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, xa amanzi amdaka aqulathe iintsalela zecyanide ekhutshelwa emilanjeni, oko kuya kubangela inani elikhulu lokufa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezinjengeentlanzi, okutshabalalisa ibhalansi yendalo yamanzi. Xa iintsimbi ezinzima zingena emzimbeni womntu, ziya kuqokelelana kumalungu omntu kwaye zibangele izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ityhefu yelothe ichaphazela ukukhula kwemithambo-luvo, yaye ityhefu yemekyuri yonakalisa izintso nengqondo.

Iindlela zokukhupha ubutyhefu

Indlela ye-Chemical Oxidation

1. Indlela ye-Alkaline Chlorination : Le yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yokususa i-oxidation yekhemikhali. Phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline (ngesiqhelo ixabiso le-pH lilawulwa kwi-10 - 11), ii-oxidants ezifana negesi ye-chlorine okanye ii-hypochlorites zongezwa kwi-cyanide tailings. Umgaqo wayo wokusabela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Okokuqala, ii-ion ze-cyanide (CN⁻) zi-oxidized kwi-ion ze-cyanate (CNO⁻), kwaye i-equation yempendulo yi-CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺. Emva koko, i-cyanate iyabola ibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ezifana ne-nitrogen kunye ne -Carbon dioxide phantsi kwe-oxidation eyongezelelweyo, 2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → N₂↑ + 3Cl⁻ + 2HCO₃⁻. Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba izinga lempendulo likhawuleza kwaye isiphumo se-detoxification sicacile, kodwa ingxaki kukuba ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-chlorine - equkethe igesi yokukhupha umoya zinokuveliswa.

2. Indlela yokuOxidation yeHydrogen Peroxide : I-hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) inokwenza i-oxide kwaye ibolise i-cyanides xa kukho i-catalyst efanelekileyo. Ii-Catalysts ezifana nee-ion ze-ferrous (Fe²⁺) zihlala zikhethwa. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokusabela, i-hydrogen peroxide iyabola ukuze ivelise ii-hydroxyl radicals (·OH), ezineempawu ezinamandla kakhulu zokuoxidation kwaye zinokuoxidation ngokukhawuleza i-cyanides. I-equation yokusabela yi-CN⁻ + H₂O₂ → CNO⁻ + H₂O. Inzuzo yendlela yokuoxidation ye-hydrogen peroxide kukuba iimveliso emva kokubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide ngamanzi kunye ne-oxygen, kwaye akukho zingcolisi zintsha eziveliswayo, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye iimfuno zeemeko zokusabela zingqongqo kakhulu.

Indlela ye-Biological Oxidation

1. Indlela Yokukhupha Iintsholongwane Ezincinci : Kusetyenziswa ezinye iintsholongwane ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neThiobacillus ferroxidans. Ezi ntsholongwane zinokusebenzisa ii-cyanides njengemithombo ye-nitrogen kunye ne-carbon ngexesha lenkqubo yazo yokukhula kwaye zizenze zibe yi-oxidize kwaye zibolise. Ngemisebenzi yazo ye-metabolic, iintsholongwane ziguqula ii-cyanides zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye ne-ammonia. Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwaye isetyenziswa kancinci ngamandla, kodwa ingxaki kukuba ukukhula kweentsholongwane kuchaphazeleka kakhulu zizinto ezingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu kunye nexabiso le-pH, kwaye umjikelo wonyango mde kakhulu.

2. Indlela yeBiofilm : Iintsholongwane zimi phezu komphezulu wesithwali ukuze zenze i-biofilm. Xa i-cyanide tailings idibana ne-biofilm, i-cyanides yonakaliswa ziintsholongwane. I-biofilm inamandla okufunxa kunye nokubola, nto leyo enokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle konyango lweentsholongwane kwii-cyanides. Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yokukhuhla iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane ezikwindlela ye-biofilm akulula ukuzilahla kwaye zinozinzo oluphezulu, kodwa zikwajongene nengxaki yokuba novelwano kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Ezinye iindlela

1. Indlela yePyrolysis yoBushushu obuPhezulu : Iintsalela zeCyanide ziyanyibilika kubushushu obuphezulu (ngesiqhelo ngaphezulu kwe-800℃), kwaye ii-cyanides ziyabola zibe ziigesi ezifana ne-nitrogen kunye ne-carbon monoxide. Indlela ye-pyrolysis yobushushu obuphezulu ingazisusa ngempumelelo ii-cyanides, kodwa ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amaninzi, kwaye iintsimbi ezinzima zinokuguquguquka phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu, nto leyo eyandisa ubunzima bonyango lwegesi yomsila olulandelayo.

2. Indlela Yokufunxa : Ii-Adsorbents ezifana ne -Activated Carbon kunye ne-zeolite zisetyenziselwa ukufunxa ii-cyanides. Ii-Adsorbents zinendawo enkulu ethile kwaye zinokufunxa ii-cyanides kumphezulu wazo, ngaloo ndlela zifezekisa injongo yokukhupha ubuthi. Indlela yokufunxa kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa amandla okufunxa e-adsorbent anqongophele, kwaye i-adsorbent kufuneka itshintshwe rhoqo. Ukongeza, unyango lwe-adsorbent efunxayo nalo luyinkimbinkimbi.

Inkqubo ye-Detoxification

Utyando

1. Ukutyumza nokuHlola : Iintsila ezinkulu ze-cyanide ziyatyumzwa ukuze kuncitshiswe ubukhulu bazo, ukuze impendulo elandelayo yokukhupha ubuthi iqhubeke ngokupheleleyo. Iintsila eziqhelekileyo ziquka iintsila zomhlathi, iintsila zekhowuni, njl. Iintsila ezityumziweyo emva koko zihluzwa ngezixhobo zokuhlola ezifana nezikrini ezingcangcazelayo ukuze kuhluzwe iintsila ezahlukeneyo, zibonelele ngezinto ezinobukhulu obufanelekileyo beentsila ukuze kulungiswe emva koko.

2. Ukukhuhla : Ukuze i-cyanides idibane ngcono kwaye iphendule nge-reagent yokukhupha ubuthi, amanzi okanye ezinye izinyibilikisi ezifanelekileyo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukukhuhla i-cyanide tailings. Inkqubo yokukhuhla yenziwa kwitanki exutyiweyo, kwaye i-tailings kunye ne-solvent zidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ngokuxuhla. Izinto ezifana nexesha lokukhuhla, ubushushu, kunye nomlinganiselo wolwelo ukuya kwi-solid ziya kuchaphazela isiphumo sokukhuhla, kwaye ngokubanzi kufuneka zilungiswe ngokweemeko zokwenyani.

Umsebenzi wokukhupha ubutyhefu

1. Inkqubo Yokusebenza Yendlela Yokunyibilikisa Iikhemikhali : Xa kuthathwa indlela ye-alkaline chlorination njengomzekelo, kwisisombululo seentsalela emva kokukhuhla, i-sodium hydroxide yongezwa kuqala ukuze kulungiswe ixabiso le-pH yesisombululo libe yi-10 - 11. Emva koko, igesi ye-chlorine ingeniswa kancinci okanye isisombululo se-sodium hypochlorite songezwa, kwaye kuxutywa ngaxeshanye ukuze kwenzeke ukuba impendulo iqhubeke ngokupheleleyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokusabela, uxinzelelo lwe-cyanide kwisisombululo kufuneka lujongwe ngexesha langempela. Xa uxinzelelo lwe-cyanide luncitshisiwe lube ngaphantsi komgangatho ochaziweyo, ukongezwa kwe-oxidant kuyamiswa.

2. Inkqubo Yokusebenza Yendlela Yokunyibilikisa I-Biological : Ukuba indlela yokukhupha iintsholongwane iyasetyenziswa, iiThiobacillus ferroxidans ezikhuliswe kakuhle kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ziyafakwa kwisisombululo sokukhupha esineentsalela ze-cyanide. Ubushushu benkqubo yokusabela bulawulwa ngaphakathi koluhlu lokukhula olufanelekileyo lweentsholongwane (ngokubanzi 25 - 35℃), kwaye ixabiso le-pH lilungiswa kuluhlu olufanelekileyo (ngokubanzi 2 - 4). Ngexesha lenkqubo yokusabela, izondlo kufuneka zizaliswe rhoqo ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokukhula kweentsholongwane. Inkqubela yempendulo yokukhupha iintsholongwane igwetywa ngokujonga uxinano lwe-cyanide kunye nokukhula kweentsholongwane.

Unyango olulandelayo

1. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo : Emva kokuba impendulo yokukhupha ubuthi igqityiwe, iintsalela ezinyangiweyo kufuneka zibekwe kwindawo yokwahlulwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo ziquka ukuhluzwa kunye nokufakwa kwe-centrifugation. Ngezixhobo zokucoca ezifana neepleyiti kunye nee-frame filter presses, iintsalela eziqinileyo zahlulwe kulwelo. Ulwelo olwahlulweyo kufuneka luvavanywe ngakumbi ukuba luqulathe i-cyanide kunye nomxholo wesinyithi esinzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba lunokukhutshwa emva kokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhutshwa.

2. Ukulahlwa kweMicu : Emva kokucoca inkunkuma kunye nokwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo, ukuba umxholo wesinyithi esinzima kwimicu usaphezulu, kufuneka unyango olongezelelweyo. Umzekelo, kusetyenziswa iteknoloji yokuqinisa nokuzinzisa, kwaye imicu ixutywa neearhente zokuqinisa ezifana nesamente kunye nelayimu ukuze kulungiswe isinyithi esinzima emzimbeni oqinileyo kwaye kuncitshiswe ukuhamba kwazo kwindawo engqongileyo. Imicu ecociweyo ingazaliswa okanye isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo ngokweemeko zokwenyani, njengokusetyenziswa ekuveliseni izixhobo zokwakha.

isiphelo

Unyango lokukhupha ubutyhefu kwiintsila zecyanide lubaluleke kakhulu kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwemithombo yobutyebi. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha iityhefu zineengenelo zazo kunye nezingeloncedo zazo. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhupha ityhefu kunye neenkqubo kufuneka zikhethwe ngokubanzi ngokwemiba efana neempawu zemisila yecyanide, iindleko zonyango, kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yesayensi kunye neteknoloji, iteknoloji entsha yokukhupha i-toxification kunye neenkqubo zihlala zivela. Kwixesha elizayo, kulindeleke ukuba kuphuhliswe iindlela ezisebenzayo, ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, kunye nezoqoqosho zokukhupha i-cyanide tailings, ukunika izisombululo ezingcono kwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo eziziswa yi-cyanide tailings.