Uvavanyo lwe-Toxicity ye-Sodium Cyanide kunye neMilinganiselo yoThintelo lweeNgcipheko ezifanelekileyo

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), njengeyona khemikhali inetyhefu kakhulu, idlala indima engenakuphinda ithathelwe indawo kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso, elifana nokumbiwa kwegolide, i-electroplating, kunye ne-pharmaceutical synthesis. Nangona kunjalo, imingcipheko yetyhefu enokubakho ibeka isoyikiso esikhulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nendalo esingqongileyo. Eli nqaku liza kuhlalutya ngokucwangcisiweyo indlela yetyhefu, ukubonakaliswa kwengozi, kunye namanyathelo okuthintela Isodium cyanide, ukubonelela ngesiseko senzululwazi solawulo lokhuseleko.

I. Inkqubo yetyhefu kunye neengozi zempilo

1. Ubuthi obubukhali

Ityhefu ye sodium cyanide ubukhulu becala ivela kwi-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ehlulwe kuyo. I-CN⁻ inokubangela ityhefu ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• Ukuthintela ukuphefumla kweSelula: Ibophelela kwi-cytochrome oxidase kwi-mitochondria, ivimbela ikhonkco lokuthutha i-electron kunye nokuthintela izicubu ekusebenziseni i-oksijeni ("intracellular asphyxia").

• Isenzo esiKhawulezayo: I-dose yomlomo ebulalayo imalunga ne-1-2 mg / kg (ibalwa njenge-CN⁻), kunye ne-inhalation okanye ukudibanisa kwesikhumba kunye nesisombululo esiphezulu sinokubulala.

• Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo:

• Ubuthi obuncinci: Intloko, isicaphucaphu, i-dyspnea, ukudideka;

• Ityhefu Enzima: Ukuxhuzula, isiqaqa, ukubanjwa kwentliziyo, kunye nokufa ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwimizuzu embalwa.

2. Ubutyhefu obungapheliyo

Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwiidosi eziphantsi kunokukhokelela koku:

• Umonakalo weNeurological: Ukulahleka kwememori, i-peripheral neuritis;

• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwedlala lengqula: I-CN⁻ iphazamisa i-iodine metabolism, ekhokelela kwi-goiter okanye i-hypothyroidism;

• Ubutyhefu bokuzala: Uvavanyo lwezilwanyana lubonisa ukuba lunokuchaphazela uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokuzala.

II. Iingozi zeNdalo kunye nemingcipheko yezendalo

1. Ubutyhefu kwizinto eziphila emanzini

Isodium cyanide inochuku kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini. Umzekelo:

Intlanzi: I-concentration ebulalayo ephakathi (LC₅₀) iphantsi njenge-0.05-0.5 mg / L (ibalwa njenge-CN⁻);

IPlankton: 0.01 mg/L inokuthintela iphotosynthesis.

Ngokwembali, ingozi yokuvuza kumgodi wegolide iBaia Mare eRomania ngowe-1995 yabulala inani elikhulu leentlanzi kuMlambo iDanube, yaye kwathatha iminyaka eliqela ukubuyisela indalo.

2. Ungcoliseko loMhlaba naManzi oMhlaba

• Ukuhamba: Uzinzile kumhlaba we-alkaline, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuvelisa igesi ye-HCN enetyhefu kakhulu phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic;

• I-biodegradation: Ezinye ii-microorganisms ziyakwazi ukuguqula i-CN⁻ ibe yi-formamide (NH₂CHO) nge-cyanide hydrolase, kodwa izinga lokuthotywa lilinganiselwe yimeko yendalo.

III. Amanyathelo oThintelo lweeNgozi

1. Ulawulo lobuNjineli

• Inkqubo evaliweyo: Yamkela izixhobo zokuvelisa ezivaliweyo ngokupheleleyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwecyanide;

• Uyilo lokungenisa umoya: Xhobisa ngenkqubo yokungenisa umoya esebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ugxininiso lwecyanide kwindawo yokusebenza lungaphantsi kunomlinganiselo wokuvezwa emsebenzini (ofana ne-5 mg/m³ echazwe yi-OSHA);

• Ezenzekelayo Technology: Sebenzisa iirobhothi okanye ulawulo olukude ukunciphisa ukusebenza ngesandla.

2. Izixhobo zoKhuseleko zoMntu (PPE)

• Ukukhuselwa ngokuphefumla: Sebenzisa isixhobo sokuphefumla esinenkonkxa yesihluzo segesi (njengohlobo lwe-A yegesi yesihluzo segesi), kwaye unxibe izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo (SCBA) kwimeko kaxakeka;

• Ukukhuselwa kwesikhumba: Gqoka iimpahla zokukhusela iikhemikhali kunye neeglavu (izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zixhathise ukungena kwe-cyanide, njengerubha ye-nitrile);

• Ukukhuselwa Kwamehlo: Nxiba izibuko zokhuseleko lwekhemikhali okanye isikhuselo sobuso.

3. Amanyathelo oLawulo

• Uqeqesho kunye noQinisekiso: Ukuqhuba rhoqo uqeqesho malunga nokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwe-cyanide kubasebenzi, kwaye banokuba semsebenzini kuphela emva kokuphumelela uvavanyo;

• Inkqubo yelayisensi: Lawula ngokungqongqo ukuthengwa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-cyanide, kwaye usebenzise "umntu ophindwe kabini kunye nokutshixa kabini" ulawulo;

• Ukubeka iliso kunye nokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo: Faka i-sensor ye-cyanide ye-intanethi, ubone rhoqo ukugxininiswa emoyeni kunye nemizimba yamanzi, kwaye wenze isicwangciso sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza ukuvuza.

4. Unyango olungxamisekileyo

• Ukulahlwa kokuvuza:

1.Kwangoko uhlukanise indawo engcolileyo kwaye unqumle umthombo wokutshisa (i-HCN iyatsha);

2.Ukunciphisa ubuninzi be-sodium hypochlorite okanye isisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ (oxidized ngakumbi kwi-CO₂ kunye ne-N₂);

3. Gcoba ulwelo oluseleyo (njengokuba lusebenza ICarbon) ukuthintela ukusasazeka kongcoliseko.

• Uncedo Lokuqala Lwetyhefu:

1.Khawuleza usuke kwindawo kwaye ugcine umgudu wokuphefumula ungaphazamiseki;

2.Kwangoko sebenzisa i-antidote (efana nokukhupha i-amyl nitrite + i-intravenous injection ye-sodium thiosulfate);

3.Yenza i-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) de kufike ukuhlangulwa kweengcali.

IV. Utshintsho lweTekhnoloji kunye neeNdlela zexesha elizayo

1. Ukutshintshwa kweeNkqubo zeCyanide-free

• Ukutsalwa kwegolide: Indlela ye-Thiourea leaching, indlela ye-biological leaching (ukusebenzisa i-microorganisms ukubola i-ores);

• Ishishini le-Electroplating: Yamkela i-electrolyte engena-cyanide efana ne-zincate kunye ne-citrate.

2. Inkqubo yokuJonga iDijithali

Beka iliso kugxininiso lwecyanide ngexesha lokwenyani nge-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT) kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI), kwaye uphucule ukuvuza kwesakhono sokulumkisa kwangaphambili ngokudibanisa nokuhlolwa kwedrone.

3. Ukuphuculwa kweMimiselo neMigangatho

• Imimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe: Ukuthobela iKhowudi yoLawulo lweCyanide yamazwe ngamazwe (ICMI) ukomeleza ukuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo;

• Imigangatho yamaTshayina: I-GB 31574-2015 "iMigangatho yokuThuthwa kweeNgcoko kwi-Inorganic Chemical Industry" ikhawulela ngokungqongqo ukukhutshwa kwe-cyanide.

V. Isiphelo

Imingcipheko yetyhefu ye Isodium cyanide ayinakungahoywa, kodwa ngolawulo lwezenzululwazi, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, kunye nokubekwa kweliso olungqongqo, iingozi zayo zinokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokuthandwa kweenkqubo eziluhlaza kunye nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe bokubeka iliso obukrelekrele, ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kwe-cyanide kuya kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Amashishini kufuneka abambelele kumgaqo "wokuthintela kuqala, ukulawulwa komngcipheko", kwaye afezekise ngokufanelekileyo uxanduva lwawo lwentlalo ngelixa efuna inzuzo yezoqoqosho ukuqinisekisa impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo.