Yiziphi izinqubo zokususa i-sodium cyanide emisileni yegolide?

Isingeniso

Embonini yezimayini zegolide, i-cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi enqubweni yokukhipha ngenxa yokuphumelela kwayo ekuncibilikiseni igolide elisuka kuma-ores. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwe-cyanide emisileni kubangela ubungozi obukhulu bemvelo nokuphepha. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa ukusebenza kahle Ukususwa kwe-Cyanide izinqubo zibaluleke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokususa i-cyanide ezisetshenziswa ekwelapheni Igolide Tailings, okuhloswe ngayo ukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwamasu atholakalayo.

Indlela ye-Alkaline Chlorination

isimiso

Indlela ye-alkaline chlorination ingenye yezinqubo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekususweni kwe-cyanide. Kule ndlela, ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine ayengezwa ku-slurry ye-tailings ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline. I-chlorine isabela nama-ion e-cyanide (CN-) ukuze yakhe imikhiqizo engenabo ubuthi. Ukusabela kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko. Esigabeni sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate (CNO-), kanti esigabeni sesibili, i-cyanate iyaqhubeka nokubola ibe yigesi ye-nitrogen, I-Carbon i-dioxide, nezinye izinto ezingenabungozi.

Izinzuzo

• Ukusebenza Okuphezulu: Inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-cyanide emisileni yegolide ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemikhawulo elawulayo yokukhishwa.

• Kuyasebenziseka Kakhulu: Ifanele ububanzi bemisila enokugxilisa okuhlukile kwe-cyanide nokwakheka.

• Ubuchwepheshe Obusungulwe Kahle: Inqubo iqondwa kahle, futhi kunokuhlangenwe nakho okubanzi kwezimboni ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.

Okumbi

• Ama-reagents aCorrosive: Ama-oxidants asuselwa ku-chlorine angagqwala emishinini, okuholela ezindlekweni zokulungisa eziphakeme kanye nempilo yemishini emifushane.

• Toxic By - imikhiqizo: Ngesikhathi sokusabela, kunengozi yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo enobuthi njengegesi ye-chlorine uma inqubo ingalawulwa kahle.

• Ukusetshenziswa Kwamakhemikhali Okuphezulu: Idinga inani elikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa lama-oxidants asuselwa ku-chlorine, angakhuphula izindleko zokusebenza.

Ucwaningo lwesigameko

Imayini yegolide isebenzise indlela ye-alkaline chlorination ukwelapha i-cyanide yayo - equkethe izinsalela. Ngokulawula ngokucophelela i-pH yodaka lwemisila cishe ku-10 - 11 futhi wengeze inani elifanele lempushana emhlophe (i-oxidant evamile esekelwe ku-chlorine), inani eliphelele le-cyanide emisileni liyehliswa lisuka ekuhlanganiseni kokuqala lika-200 mg/L laya ngaphansi kuka-0.1 mg/L ngemva kokwelashwa. Izinsalela ezilashiwe zahlangabezana nezindinganiso zasendaweni zokukhishwa kwemvelo.

Inqubo ye-INCO (Sulfur Dioxide - Air Process)

isimiso

Inqubo ye-INCO, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-sulphur dioxide - inqubo yomoya, ingobunye ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bokukhipha i-cyanide. Kule nqubo, i-sulphur dioxide nomoya kungeniswa ku-tailings slurry phambi kwe-catalyst yethusi. I-sulphur dioxide i-oxidized ibe i-sulfate, futhi umoya-mpilo osemoyeni usiza ekufakweni kwe-cyanide. I-catalyst yethusi isheshisa izinga lokusabela, iguqule i-cyanide ibe isikhutha, i-nitrogen, nezinye izinto.

Izinzuzo

• Ukusetshenziswa Kwekhemikhali Ephansi: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, idinga okokufaka kwamakhemikhali okuncane njengoba isebenzisa umoya njengomthombo we-oxidant.

• Eyehlisiwe Toxic By - imikhiqizo: Ikhiqiza imikhiqizo embalwa enobuthi ngokuqhathaniswa ne-alkaline chlorination, okuyenza ibe inketho evumelana nemvelo.

• Kuqiza kahle: Ingabizi kakhulu - iphumelele ekusebenzeni ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi ze-sulphur dioxide nomoya.

Okumbi

• Imfuneko ye-Catalyst: Isidingo se-copper catalyst sengeza ubunkimbinkimbi kule nqubo. I-catalyst idinga ukunakekelwa futhi iqashwe ngokucophelela, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwayo noma ukuvala kungathinta ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo.

• Ukuzwela kwe-pH: Inqubo izwela ku-pH ye-tailings slurry. Izimo ezifanele ze-pH zidinga ukugcinwa ukuze kukhishwe i-cyanide ephumelelayo, ngokuvamile ebangeni lika-8 - 9.

• Izinga Lokuphendula Elinensayo: Izinga lokusabela lihamba kancane uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinqubo ze-oxidation, ezingase zidinge imikhumbi emikhulu yokusabela kanye nezikhathi zokuhlala ezinde.

Ucwaningo lwesigameko

Umsebenzi wokumba igolide ngezinga elikhulu uqalise inqubo ye-INCO. Ngokufaka uhlelo lokusabela oluzinikele lokwethula i-sulphur dioxide nomoya, nokulawula ngokucophelela umthamo we-copper catalyst, bakwazile ukwehlisa ukugxila kwe-cyanide emisileni yabo ukusuka ku-150 mg/L kuya ngaphansi kuka-50 mg/L. Lokhu kuhlangabezene nemboni - eyamukelwe ebuthakathaka - izimfuneko zeleveli ye-cyanide ye-asidi dissociable (WAD) yokulahlwa kwemisila.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Zebhayoloji

isimiso

Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji ye-cyanide - equkethe imsila yegolide ibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezilwanyana ezincane ezifana namagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Lawa ma-microorganisms angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo we-nitrogen noma wekhabhoni. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya athile angaguqula i-cyanide ibe i-ammonia ngokusabela kwe-enzymatic. Inqubo iyonke iwuchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lokusabela kwamakhemikhali e-biochemical lapho ama-microorganisms ephula i-molecule ye-cyanide ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa elifanele, i-pH, nokutholakala kwezakhi.

Izinzuzo

• Imvelo Unobungani: Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kuyindlela esimeme kakhulu njengoba kungethuli amakhemikhali ayingozi engeziwe endaweni ezungezile.

• Izindleko eziphansi: Uma isiko le-microbial selisunguliwe, izindleko zokusebenza zingaba phansi njengoba ama-microorganisms ekwazi ukuziphindaphinda futhi asebenzise imisoco yemvelo.

• Ukwelashwa Okukhethiwe: Amanye ama-microorganisms angakwazi ukukhomba i-cyanide, ashiye amanye amaminerali abalulekile emisileni engaphazanyiswa.

Okumbi

• Inqubo Enensayo: Izinqubo zebhayoloji ngokuvamile zinezilinganiso zokusabela ezihamba kancane uma ziqhathaniswa nezindlela ze-chemical oxidation. Lokhu kungase kudinge ama-bioreactors amakhulu kanye nezikhathi zokwelashwa ezinde.

• Ukuzwela Izimo Zemvelo: Ama-microorganisms azwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, i-pH, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izinto ezinobuthi kuma-tailings. Ngisho nokuhluka okuncane kungaphazamisa umsebenzi we-microbial futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kwe-cyanide.

• Inkimbinkimbi Yokuqalisa: Ukusungula isiko le-microbial elizinzile nelisebenzayo lokucekelwa phansi kwe-cyanide kungaba inselele. Kudinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kanye nokujwayelanisa ama-microorganisms afanelekile.

Ucwaningo lwesigameko

Imayini yegolide ekulingeni ngesistimu yokwelapha yebhayoloji. Basebenzise i-bioreactor eklanywe ngokukhethekile egcwele inhlanganisela ye-cyanide - amagciwane alulazayo. Ngemuva kokusebenza isikhathi eside kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kwezimo zemvelo ku-bioreactor, bakwazile ukwehlisa ukugxila kwe-cyanide emisileni ukusuka ku-80 mg/L kuya cishe ku-10 mg/L. Nokho, le nqubo idinga izinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqalisa nokulungiswa ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuzinzile.

Inqubo Yokugeza Imisila Nokuhlubula Ichibi (WPS).

isimiso

Inqubo ye-WPS inezinyathelo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuwashwa okunodaka kwensila kanye nokuchithwa kwe-cyanide echibini noma ethangini. Esinyathelweni sokugeza, i-counter - high-rate thickeners yamanje isetshenziselwa ukugeza i-tailings slurry. Lokhu kusiza ekukhipheni inani elibalulekile le-cyanide - equkethe isixazululo emisileni. I-thickener echichimayo, equkethe i-cyanide, ibe isifakwa echibini noma ekukhumulweni kwethangi. Enqubweni yokuhlubula, isisombululo esicebile se-cyanide sivezwa emoyeni noma kwamanye ama-ejenti akhumula. I-cyanide, esesimweni segesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ikhishwa esixazululo futhi ingatholwa noma ilashwe ngokuqhubekayo. Amanzi ahlutshiwe angaphinde asetshenziswe kabusha abuyele esigabeni sokuwasha, esiza ekulawuleni ibhalansi yamanzi.

Izinzuzo

• Ukutholwa Kwensiza: Le nqubo ivumela ukutholwa kwe-cyanide, engaphinde isetshenziswe kabusha kunqubo yokucwilisa, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide yonke emayini.

• Ukuphathwa kwamanzi: Ngokwenza kabusha amanzi akhishiwe, kuyasiza ekulawuleni ibhalansi yamanzi emsebenzini wokumba, ukunciphisa isidingo sokungena kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokunciphisa ukuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile.

• Ukusetshenziswa Kwengqalasizinda Ekhona: Inqubo ye-WPS ngokuvamile ingasebenzisa ingqalasizinda yezitshalo ekhona njengezingqimba futhi icubungule amachibi amanzi, inciphise isidingo sokutshala izimali ezinkulu.

Okumbi

• Inkimbinkimbi Ekusebenzeni: Inqubo ibandakanya izinyathelo eziningi futhi idinga ukulawula ngokucophelela imingcele efana nokusebenza kahle kokuwasha, izinga lokukhumula, nezilinganiso zokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi.

• I-Cyanide Recovery Ngempumelelo: Ukusebenza kahle kwe Ukubuyiselwa kweCyanide ingathinteka yizici ezifana nokugxila kokuqala kwe-cyanide kuma-tailings, ikhwalithi yemisebenzi yokuwasha nokukhumula, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izinto eziphazamisayo.

• Iphunga Nokuphepha Okukhathazayo: Inqubo yokuhlubula ingase ikhiphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enephunga elinamandla futhi enobuthi obukhulu. Kufanele kube nezinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza kwegesi nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi.

Ucwaningo lwesigameko

Inkampani yezimayini zegolide iqalise inqubo ye-WPS. Ngokulungisa kabusha izingqimba zabo eziwugqinsi ezikhona ukuze ziwashwe ngcono kanye nokwakha ichibi elimboziwe lokukhumula i-cyanide, bakwazile ukuthola izinga lokutholwa kwe-cyanide elingafika ku-70%. I-cyanide etholiwe yaphinde yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo yabuyiselwa endaweni yokucwiliswa, yehlisa izindleko zokuthenga i-cyanide ngenani elikhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukususwa kwe-cyanide emisileni yegolide kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kanye nezindlela eziqhubekayo zokumba izimayini. Inqubo ngayinye yokususa i-cyanide okuxoxwe ngayo, okuhlanganisa i-alkaline chlorination, inqubo ye-INCO, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, kanye nenqubo ye-WPS, inezinzuzo zayo ezihlukile kanye nokubi. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo efaneleke kakhulu kuncike ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kokuqala emisileni, ukwakheka kwezinsalela, ingqalasizinda etholakalayo, kanye nezindleko - ukuhlaziywa kwenzuzo. Ezimweni eziningi, inhlanganisela yalezi zinqubo ingase idingeke ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhishwa okuphumelelayo nokubizayo kwe-cyanide. Njengoba imboni yezimayini iqhubeka nokubhekana nokuhlolwa okwandayo kwezemvelo, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-cyanide kuzobaluleka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikusasa elihlanzekile nelizinzile.