Inqubo Ephelele Ye-Hydrometallurgy: Ukusuka ku-Cyanide Leaching kuya ku-Electrolysis

Emkhakheni wesimanje we-metallurgy, I-Hydrometallurgy ithatha isikhundla esibalulekile ekukhishweni kwensimbi nasekucwengisiseni ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziyingqayizivele. Yiziphi izimfihlo ezilele ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwe-ore kuya kwensimbi ehlanzekile? Namuhla, ake singene sijule ohlelweni oluphelele lwe-hydrometallurgy, kusukela ekuletheni kuya ku-electrolysis, ngemibuzo eyishumi nambili ebalulekile.

1. Iyini i-hydrometallurgy?

I-Hydrometallurgy, ngamagama alula, iyinqubo esebenzisa ama-leaching agents ukuze incibilikise izakhi zensimbi ezibalulekile ezivela ku-ores, ukugxila, ama-calcine, nezinye izinto zibe yizixazululo. Kamuva, izinsimbi ziyakhishwa, zihlukaniswe, futhi zinothiswe ezixazululweni ngochungechunge lwezindlela zamakhemikhali nezomzimba. Ngokungafani ne-pyrometallurgy yendabuko, i-hydrometallurgy isebenza ikakhulukazi endaweni yesisombululo, equkethe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kanye nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

2. Yiziphi izinhloso zokuleaching kanye nezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuleaching?

Inhloso ye-leaching iwukuhlukanisa izinsimbi ezibalulekile ku-ganggue ku-ores nokuncibilikisa izinsimbi ngendlela yama-ion zibe izixazululo. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokukhipha amanzi zifaka i-asidi leaching. Isibonelo, ama-copper ore afakwa nge-sulfuric acid ukuze ancibilikise ithusi ngendlela yama-ion ethusi. I-alkaline leaching isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-bauxite ngesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuze kukhishwe i-aluminium. Ukucwiliswa kwamanzi kulungele usawoti othile - uhlobo lwamaminerali anokuncibilika okuhle kwamanzi, njengokukhishwa kukasawoti we-glauber.

3. Yiziphi izici ezithinta izinga lokudotshwa kwamanzi ngesikhathi senqubo yokugezela?

Izici eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi ukugxila kwe-ejenti leaching. Ngokuvamile, lapho ukugxila kuphezulu, izinga lokucwilisa liyakhuphuka. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila okuphezulu ngokweqile kungaholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko nobunzima ekucubunguleni okulandelayo. Izinga lokushisa: Ukwandisa izinga lokushisa ngokufanelekile kungasheshisa izinga lokusabela futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokushisa, kodwa izinga lokushisa elidlulele lizokhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokugqwala kwemishini. Usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-ore: Uma usayizi wezinhlayiyana uncane, uyanda indawo ethile engaphezulu, kanye nendlela ukusabela kwayo ngokucophelela. Amandla ashukumisayo: Ukunyakazisa okuhle kungaqinisekisa ukuthintana okugcwele phakathi kwe-ejenti ye-leaching ne-ore, kuthuthukise ukudluliswa kwenqwaba.

4. Kwenziwa kanjani okuqinile - ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi ku-pulp ngemuva kokucwiliswa?

Okuqinile okujwayelekile - izindlela zokuhlukanisa uketshezi zifaka ukuhlunga. Izihlungi ze-vacuum kanye nokucindezela kokuhlunga kwepuleti - kanye - nozimele kusetshenziselwa ukuvimba izinhlayiya eziqinile endaweni yokuhlunga futhi kuvumele uketshezi ukuthi ludlule. I-Sedimentation: Izinhlayiya eziqinile zivunyelwe ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamandla adonsela phansi noma amandla e-centrifugal. Isibonelo, kuma-thickeners, i-pulp ihlala kancane kancane kudivayisi enkulu yevolumu. I-supernatant iyachichima, futhi udaka oluwugqinsi olungaphansi luphinde lucutshungulwe. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Centrifugal: Amandla e-Centrifugal akhiqizwa ukujikeleza kwejubane eliphezulu asetshenziselwa ukuzuza ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile - okuwuketshezi, okulungele ukuhlukanisa izinhlayiya ezinhle.

5. Iyini inhloso yokuhlanza isisombululo futhi yiziphi izindlela zokuhlanza ezivamile?

Ukuhlanzwa kwesixazululo kuhlose ukususa ukungcola ku-leachate ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kokukhipha insimbi okulandelayo. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa imvula yamakhemikhali. Ama-precipitants ayengezwa ukuze akhe ama-ion angcolile. Isibonelo, i-sodium sulfide yengezwa emvuleni esindayo - ion zensimbi. I-Ion - indlela yokushintshanisa: Ion - ama-resin okushintshanisa asetshenziselwa ukushintshanisa nama-ion esixazululweni sokususa ama-ion angcolile. Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent: Ngokusekelwe kumehluko wokuncibilika kwezinyibilikizo ezigabeni ezimbili ezingahlangani, insimbi eqondiwe ikhishelwa esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa nokungcola.

6. Iyini isimiso sokukhishwa kwe-solvent nendlela yokukhetha i-extractant efanelekile?

Umgomo wokukhipha i-solvent ukusebenzisa umehluko kuma-coefficients wokusabalalisa we-solutes phakathi kwesigaba sezinto eziphilayo kanye nesigaba samanzi, okuvumela ukudluliswa kwezincibiliki kusukela esigabeni samanzi kuya esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo. Lapho ukhetha i-extractant, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukukhetha kwayo okuphezulu kwensimbi eqondiwe, okusho ukuthi inamandla aqinile okukhipha insimbi eqondiwe kanye nekhono elibuthakathaka lokukhipha ukungcola. Kufanele ibe namandla amakhulu okukhipha ukuze kukhishwe inani elikhulu lensimbi. Kufanele futhi ibe nokusimama okuhle kwamakhemikhali, ingaboli kalula, ingahlangani nesigaba samanzi, futhi ibe nomehluko ofanele wokuminyana ukuze kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Ukwengeza, izindleko nokutholakala kufanele kucatshangelwe.

7. Iyini indima yokukhumula futhi ihlobene kanjani nokukhipha?

Ukukhumula kuyinqubo yokudlulisa insimbi ekhishwe esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo ibuyele esigabeni esinamanzi. Iphelelisa ukukhishwa. Isizinda sinothisa futhi sihlukanise izinsimbi, kuyilapho ukuhlubula kukhipha insimbi enothile kusukela esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo ukuze kutholwe isixazululo sensimbi yokugxiliswa okuphezulu ukuze kusetshenziswe i-electrolysis elandelayo noma okunye ukucubungula. Ngokulungisa uhlobo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nevelu ye-pH ye-ejenti yokuhlubula, ukuhlubula okusebenzayo kwezinsimbi kungafinyelelwa.

8. Kuyini i-electrowinning (i-electrolytic deposition) futhi siyini isimiso sayo?

I-Electrowinning iyinqubo lapho i-ion yensimbi esixazululweni iyancipha futhi ifakwe ku-cathode ngaphansi kwesenzo samanje esiqondile. Ukuthatha i-electrowinning yethusi njengesibonelo, kusixazululo se-copper sulfate, lapho kusetshenziswa amandla aqondile, ama-ion ethusi athola ama-electron ku-cathode, ancishiswa abe yithusi lensimbi, futhi afakwe epuleti le-cathode. Ku-anode, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwamanzi kwenzeka, ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo. Lesi isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthola izinsimbi ezihlanzekile ku-hydrometallurgy.

9. Yiziphi izici ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kwamanje kanye nekhwalithi yensimbi phakathi nenqubo ye-electrolysis?

Izinto ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kwamanje zihlanganisa izinga lokushisa le-electrolyte. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu azokwandisa ukusabela okuseceleni futhi anciphise ukusebenza kahle kwamanje. Ukuminyana kwamanje: Kokubili ukuminyana kwamanje okuphezulu kakhulu nokuphansi kakhulu akulungile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamanje, futhi kunobubanzi obufanele. Okuqukethwe ukungcola: Ama-ion angcolile angase abhekane nokusabela kokuncintisana kuma-electrode, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanje. Izinto ezithinta ikhwalithi yensimbi zihlanganisa ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte. Uhlobo nokuqukethwe kwezithasiselo kungathinta i-crystal morphology yensimbi. Impahla ye-electrode nesimo sobuso: Ama-electrode abushelelezi nayisicaba ahambisana nokubekwa okufanayo kwezinsimbi zekhwalithi ephezulu. Isikhathi se-Electrolysis nokuzinza kokusebenza: Izimo zokusebenza ezizinzile zingaqinisekisa ukuzinza kwekhwalithi yensimbi.

10. Yenziwa kanjani i-anode slime futhi iyini ukusetshenziswa kwayo?

Phakathi nenqubo ye-electrolysis, ngaphezu kokuchithwa kwezinsimbi ku-anode, okunye ukungcola okungancibiliki njengezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide, isiliva, neplatinamu, nokunye ukungcola kwakha i-anode slime kanye nemvula. I-Anode slime iyinsiza yesibili ebalulekile. Izinsimbi eziningi eziyigugu zingatholakala kuwo. Isibonelo, igolide, isiliva, njll., ingakhishwa ku-copper electrolysis anode slime ngochungechunge lobuchwepheshe bokucubungula, obunenani eliphezulu kakhulu lezomnotho.

11. Ukuthola kanjani ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza kuyo yonke inqubo ye-hydrometallurgy?

Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, amanzi angcolile, igesi engcolile, nezinsalela zemfucumfucu ziphathwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhipha umoya. Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile, izindlela ezifana ne-neutralization, imvula, nokushintshaniswa kwe-ion zisetshenziselwa ukususa ama-ion ensimbi nezinto eziyingozi. Igesi eliwudoti liyahlanzwa ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okufana ne-sulphur dioxide ngemishini yokuhlanza. Mayelana nokugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza, ukwelashwa kwesibili kuyenziwa ezinsalela ezicwiliswayo kanye ne-anode slime ukuze kubuyiselwe izinsimbi ezibalulekile. I-electrolyte esetshenzisiwe iyahlanzwa futhi ikhiqizwa kabusha ukuze igaywe kabusha.

12. Yiziphi izitayela zesikhathi esizayo ze-hydrometallurgy?

Ngokuzayo, i-hydrometallurgy izothuthukela ekubeni luhlaza, isebenze kahle, futhi ihlakaniphe. Kuzoba nocwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-ejenti ahlanzekile ahlanzekile futhi asebenza ngempumelelo ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokungcola. Okuzenzakalelayo okuthuthukisiwe nobuchwepheshe obukhaliphile buzosetshenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawula okunembayo kanye nokwenza kahle kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Izinkambu zokufaka izicelo zizonwetshwa, njengokukhipha izinsimbi ezinsizeni ezintsha ezifana nemfucuza ye-elekthronikhi kanye namaminerali ajulile olwandle.

Ngale mibuzo eyishumi nambili, sithole ukuqonda okuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo ephelele ye-hydrometallurgy kusukela ekuletheni kuya ku-electrolysis. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, i-hydrometallurgy izodlala indima enkulu nakakhulu emkhakheni wokumba insimbi, ibe neqhaza ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezinsiza.