I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali kanye Nezicelo Ezihlukahlukene

Isingeniso

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), inhlanganisela eyaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo okunamandla kanye nobuthi obuphezulu, ikhona kokubili ezinhlotsheni eziqinile neziwuketshezi. I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide , evame ukuba yisisombululo samanzi, inezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile ezenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezimboni nezesayensi. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kugxila ezimfanelweni zamakhemikhali ze- Liquid sodium cyanide futhi kuhlola amasimu ayo okusetshenziswa ahlukahlukene, kuyilapho kugcizelelwa nokubaluleka kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ngenxa yemvelo yayo eyingozi.

Impahla yezolimo

1. Ukwenza kabusha

I-cyanide ye-sodium ewuketshezi isabela kakhulu ngenxa ye-ion ye-cyanide equkethe. Uma isemanzini, ihlukana ibe ama-ion e-sodium nama-ion e-cyanide. I-ion ye-cyanide iyi-nucleophile enamandla, okusho ukuthi ifuna kalula futhi isabelane nezingxenye zamanye amakhemikhali e-organic kanye ne-inorganic antula ama-electron. Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-Organic , isibonelo, ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kokushintsha kwe-nucleophilic. Phakathi nalezi zimpendulo, i-ion ye-cyanide ithatha indawo yeqembu elithile ngaphakathi kwe-molecule ye-organic halide, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwesibopho esisha phakathi kwe-carbon ne-nitrogen. Lokhu kusebenza kuyisisekelo ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuningi ekudaleni ama-molecule e-organic ayinkimbinkimbi.

2. Ukuncibilika

I-Sodium cyanide incibilika kahle kakhulu emanzini, yakha izixazululo ezicacile, ezingenambala. Ukuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu kuwumphumela wesakhiwo sayo se-ionic esinamandla. Ama-ion e-sodium ashajwe kahle akhangwa ama-athomu e-oxygen ashajwe kabi kuma-molecule amanzi, kuyilapho ama-ion e-cyanide ashajwe kabi esebenzisana nama-athomu e-hydrogen ashajwe kahle emanzini. Lokhu kuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwama- ion e -Sodium cyanide nama-molecule amanzi kwenza kube nokuncibilika okukhulu, okuvumela ukudalwa kwezixazululo ze-sodium cyanide ezigxilile.

3. pH kanye nesisekelo

Izixazululo ezinamanzi ze-sodium cyanide zinezakhiwo eziyisisekelo. I-cyanide ion iyisisekelo se-conjugate se-hydrocyanic acid, i-asidi ebuthakathaka. Uma i-cyanide ions isemanzini, ibhekana nokusabela okubizwa ngokuthi i-hydrolysis. Ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis, ama-ion e-cyanide asabela nama-molecule amanzi, akhiqize i-hydrocyanic acid nama-ion e-hydroxide. Ukukhululwa kwala ma-ion e-hydroxide kwandisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ngokuvamile, izixazululo eziwuketshezi ze-sodium cyanide zine-pH ebangeni lika-11 - 13. okubonisa ukuthi zine-alkaline kakhulu.

4. Ubuthi

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi ubuthi bayo obudlulele. I-cyanide ion ibophezela ngendlela engenakuhlehliswa ku-iron (III) ion ekhona ku-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme ebaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lokuthutha lwe-electron mitochondrial. Lokhu kubophezela kumisa i-enzyme ekwamukeleni ama-electron, kumise ngempumelelo ukuphefumula kwamaselula. Ngaphandle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana awakwazi ukukhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo wamandla wamangqamuzana. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana afa ngokushesha. Ukuhogela, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba nge-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi kungaba yingozi kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Amasimu Wokufaka Isicelo

1. Ukumba Igolide Nesiliva

Ukusetshenziswa okwaziwayo kakhulu kwe-liquid sodium cyanide kusembonini yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ukumba igolide nesiliva. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation, ihilela ukusebenzisa ingxube ye-sodium cyanide exutshiwe ukuze kuncibilike igolide nesiliva ezitsheni zazo. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo namanzi, i-sodium cyanide isabela ngegolide nesiliva, yakha ama-compounds angancibilika esixazululweni. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo zingabe sezihlukaniswa nakho konke okusansimbi. Ngemva kokuhlukana, izinqubo ezengeziwe ezifana nemvula ene-zinc noma i-electrolysis isetshenziswa ukuze kubuyiselwe izinsimbi eziyigugu. I-Cyanidation iyindlela ebizayo - ephumelelayo nephumelelayo yokukhipha igolide nesiliva kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi, okwenza kube inqubo eyinhloko ezimayini zesimanje.

2. I-Organic Synthesis

Kumakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo, i-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-reagent ekuphenduleni okuhlukahlukene kokuhlangana. Ngenxa yemvelo yayo eqinile ye-nucleophilic, ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni esikhundleni se-nucleophilic. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni ama-nitriles, i-alkyl halide ingasabela ne-sodium cyanide ku-solvent ephilayo njenge-dimethylformamide. Lokhu kusabela kubangela ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela ye-nitrile. Ama-Nitrile ayizinhlanganisela ezibalulekile eziphakathi nendawo ezisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi, amakhemikhali ezolimo, namanye amakhemikhali amahle. Ukwengeza, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ku-Strecker amino acid synthesis. Kule nqubo, isabela nge-aldehyde noma i-ketone ebukhoneni be-ammonia ukuze yakhe inhlanganisela ebizwa ngokuthi i-α-amino nitrile, engaqhutshekwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kwakhe i-amino acid.

3. Ukuqothula amandla

I-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi isetshenziswa ezinqubweni ze -Electroplating , ikakhulukazi ekufakeni izinsimbi ze-electroplating ezifana negolide, isiliva, ithusi, kanye ne-zinc. Amabhati e-electroplating asekelwe ku-Cyanide anikeza izinzuzo eziningana. Anikeza amandla amahle okuphonsa, okusho ukuthi angabeka ungqimba olufanayo ezintweni ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Aphinde aphumele ekufakweni kwensimbi okukhanyayo nokubushelelezi futhi aqinisekisa ukunamathela okuhle kwengqimba efakwe entweni engaphansi. Esixazululweni se-electroplating, ama-ion e-cyanide akha ama-compound azinzile nama-ion ensimbi afakwa ephepheni. Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-electroplating, la ma-compound ancishiswa ku-cathode, abeke ungqimba oluncane, olulinganayo lwensimbi entweni efakwa ephepheni.

4. Ukwelashwa Kwensimbi Nokuhlanza

Embonini yensimbi, i-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha nokuhlanza izinsimbi. Ingakwazi ukususa ngempumelelo ama-oxide angaphezulu nokunye ukungcola ezinsimbi. I-reactivity ye-cyanide ion iyivumela ukuthi isabele ngama-oxide ensimbi, iwaguqule abe yizinhlanganisela ezingancibilika esixazululweni. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo zingabe sezikhukhulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokushisa - ukwelashwa kwezinsimbi ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zazo ezingaphezulu, njengokwandisa ubulukhuni bazo kanye nokumelana nokugqoka.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezokuphepha

Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obudlulele be-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi, kufanele kulandelwe izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha lapho uyiphatha, uyigcina futhi uyisebenzisa. Abasebenzi ezimbonini ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezinqubo ezifanele zokuphepha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa impahla yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) njengamagilavu, izibuko, nezinsimbi zokuphefumula ngendlela efanele. Izindawo zokugcina i-sodium cyanide kufanele zakhelwe ukuvimbela ukuvuza nokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya ngendlela ukugwema ukunqwabelana kwe-cyanide - equkethe umhwamuko. Esimeni sokuchitheka, izinqubo ezifanele zokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, njengokunciphisa i-sodium cyanide nge-oxidizing ejenti efanelekile njenge-sodium hypochlorite, kufanele zenziwe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokuvikela impilo yomuntu.

Isiphetho

I-Liquid sodium cyanide, enezici zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile, idlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini eziningi. Kusukela ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu ezimayini kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo yensimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlukahlukene futhi kufinyelele kude. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obuphezulu bufuna ukuqapha okukhulu nokubambelela ngokuqinile ezimisweni zokuphepha. Njengoba izimboni ziqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwe-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi kuzohlala kubalulekile kukho kokubili ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo nokuphepha kwabantu.