I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali kanye Nezicelo Ezihlukahlukene

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), inhlanganisela edume ngokusebenza kabusha okunamandla nobuthi obuphezulu, ikhona kuzo zombili izinhlobo eziqinile neziwuketshezi. Uketshezi I-Sodium Cyanide, ngokuvamile esesimweni sesisombululo esinamanzi, inezici zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele eziyenza ibaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezimboni nesayensi. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kucubungula izici zamakhemikhali ze I-cyanide ye-sodium ewuketshezi futhi ihlola izinkambu zayo zohlelo ezibanzi - ezisukela, kuyilapho futhi igcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ngenxa yemvelo yayo eyingozi.

Impahla yezolimo

1. Ukwenza kabusha

Liquid i-sodium cyanide iyasebenza kakhulu ngenxa ye-cyanide ion equkethe. Uma isemanzini, ihlehla ibe yi-sodium ion nama-cyanide ions. I-cyanide ion iyi-nucleophile eqinile, okusho ukuthi ifuna ngokushesha futhi isabelane nezingxenye zezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo nezingaphilayo ezingenawo ama-electron. Ku I-Organic synthesis, ngokwesibonelo, ingahlanganyela ekuphenduleni kwe-nucleophilic substitution. Phakathi nalokhu kusabela, i-ion ye-cyanide ithatha indawo yeqembu elithile ngaphakathi kwe-organic halide molecule, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwesibopho esisha phakathi kwekhabhoni ne-nitrogen. Lokhu kuphinda kusebenze kuyisisekelo ekusetshenzisweni kwakho okuningi ekudaleni ama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo.

2. Ukuncibilika

I-sodium cyanide incibilika kahle kakhulu emanzini, yakha izixazululo ezicacile, ezingenambala. Ukuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu kuwumphumela wesakhiwo sayo se-ionic esinamandla. Ama-ion e-sodium ane-positive akhangwa kuma-athomu oksijini ashajwe ngokungeyikho kuma-molecule wamanzi, kuyilapho ama-ion e-cyanide ane-negative asebenzisana nama-athomu e-hydrogen ashajwe kahle emanzini. Lokhu kusebenzisana okuqinile phakathi kwe I-sodium cyanide Ama-ion nama-molecule wamanzi anika amandla ukuhlakazeka okukhulu, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezixazululo ze-sodium cyanide ezigxilisiwe.

3. pH kanye nesisekelo

Izixazululo ezinamanzi ze-sodium cyanide zinezakhiwo eziyisisekelo. I-cyanide ion iyisisekelo se-conjugate se-hydrocyanic acid, i-asidi ebuthakathaka. Uma i-cyanide ions isemanzini, ibhekana nokusabela okubizwa ngokuthi i-hydrolysis. Ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis, ama-ion e-cyanide asabela nama-molecule amanzi, akhiqize i-hydrocyanic acid nama-ion e-hydroxide. Ukukhululwa kwala ma-ion e-hydroxide kwandisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ngokuvamile, izixazululo eziwuketshezi ze-sodium cyanide zine-pH ebangeni lika-11 - 13. okubonisa ukuthi zine-alkaline kakhulu.

4. Ubuthi

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi ubuthi bayo obudlulele. I-cyanide ion ibophezela ngendlela engenakuhlehliswa ku-iron (III) ion ekhona ku-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme ebaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lokuthutha lwe-electron mitochondrial. Lokhu kubophezela kumisa i-enzyme ekwamukeleni ama-electron, kumise ngempumelelo ukuphefumula kwamaselula. Ngaphandle kokuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, amangqamuzana awakwazi ukukhiqiza i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo wamandla wamangqamuzana. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana afa ngokushesha. Ukuhogela, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba nge-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi kungaba yingozi kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Amasimu Wokufaka Isicelo

1. Ukumba Igolide Nesiliva

Ukusetshenziswa okwaziwayo kakhulu kwe-liquid sodium cyanide kusembonini yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ukumba igolide nesiliva. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation, ihilela ukusebenzisa ingxube ye-sodium cyanide exutshiwe ukuze kuncibilike igolide nesiliva ezitsheni zazo. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo namanzi, i-sodium cyanide isabela ngegolide nesiliva, yakha ama-compounds angancibilika esixazululweni. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo zingabe sezihlukaniswa nakho konke okusansimbi. Ngemva kokuhlukana, izinqubo ezengeziwe ezifana nemvula ene-zinc noma i-electrolysis isetshenziswa ukuze kubuyiselwe izinsimbi eziyigugu. I-Cyanidation iyindlela ebizayo - ephumelelayo nephumelelayo yokukhipha igolide nesiliva kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi, okwenza kube inqubo eyinhloko ezimayini zesimanje.

2. I-Organic Synthesis

Kumakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo, i-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-reagent ekuphenduleni okuhlukahlukene kokuhlangana. Ngenxa yemvelo yayo eqinile ye-nucleophilic, ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni esikhundleni se-nucleophilic. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni ama-nitriles, i-alkyl halide ingasabela ne-sodium cyanide ku-solvent ephilayo njenge-dimethylformamide. Lokhu kusabela kubangela ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela ye-nitrile. Ama-Nitrile ayizinhlanganisela ezibalulekile eziphakathi nendawo ezisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi, amakhemikhali ezolimo, namanye amakhemikhali amahle. Ukwengeza, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ku-Strecker amino acid synthesis. Kule nqubo, isabela nge-aldehyde noma i-ketone ebukhoneni be-ammonia ukuze yakhe inhlanganisela ebizwa ngokuthi i-α-amino nitrile, engaqhutshekwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kwakhe i-amino acid.

3. Ukuqothula amandla

Kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi I-Electroplating izinqubo, ikakhulukazi zezinsimbi ze-electroplating njengegolide, isiliva, ithusi, ne-zinc. Amabhati e-Cyanide asekelwe e-electroplating anikeza izinzuzo eziningana. Banikeza amandla amahle okuphonsa, okusho ukuthi bangafaka i-coating efanayo ezintweni ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi. Ziphinde zibangele amadiphozi ensimbi akhanyayo futhi abushelelezi futhi aqinisekise ukunamathela okuhle kakhulu kwesendlalelo esicwecwe ezintweni ezingaphansi. Esixazululweni se-electroplating, ama-ion e-cyanide enza izinhlanganisela ezizinzile nama-ion ensimbi acwetshwayo. Phakathi nenqubo ye-electroplating, lezi zinhlanganisela ziyancishiswa ku-cathode, zibeke ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi entweni egqitshwayo.

4. Ukwelashwa Kwensimbi Nokuhlanza

Embonini yensimbi, i-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha nokuhlanza izinsimbi. Ingakwazi ukususa ngempumelelo ama-oxide angaphezulu nokunye ukungcola ezinsimbi. I-reactivity ye-cyanide ion iyivumela ukuthi isabele ngama-oxide ensimbi, iwaguqule abe yizinhlanganisela ezingancibilika esixazululweni. Lezi zinhlanganisela ezincibilikayo zingabe sezikhukhulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokushisa - ukwelashwa kwezinsimbi ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zazo ezingaphezulu, njengokwandisa ubulukhuni bazo kanye nokumelana nokugqoka.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezokuphepha

Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obudlulele be-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi, kufanele kulandelwe izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha lapho uyiphatha, uyigcina futhi uyisebenzisa. Abasebenzi ezimbonini ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezinqubo ezifanele zokuphepha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa impahla yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) njengamagilavu, izibuko, nezinsimbi zokuphefumula ngendlela efanele. Izindawo zokugcina i-sodium cyanide kufanele zakhelwe ukuvimbela ukuvuza nokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya ngendlela ukugwema ukunqwabelana kwe-cyanide - equkethe umhwamuko. Esimeni sokuchitheka, izinqubo ezifanele zokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, njengokunciphisa i-sodium cyanide nge-oxidizing ejenti efanelekile njenge-sodium hypochlorite, kufanele zenziwe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokuvikela impilo yomuntu.

Isiphetho

I-Liquid sodium cyanide, enezici zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile, idlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini eziningi. Kusukela ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu ezimayini kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo yensimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlukahlukene futhi kufinyelele kude. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obuphezulu bufuna ukuqapha okukhulu nokubambelela ngokuqinile ezimisweni zokuphepha. Njengoba izimboni ziqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwe-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi kuzohlala kubalulekile kukho kokubili ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo nokuphepha kwabantu.