Isimo Samanje Socwaningo kanye Namathemba Ezinto Eziyivelakancane Zokucubungula Amaminerali Omhlaba

I-Rare Earth Mineral Processing Reagents: Abaqoqi, Izinciphisi, Ama-Frothers nama-Leaching Agents ukuze Alulame Okuphumelelayo Nokusimeme

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile (ama-REE) zinohlu lwezinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali ezihlukile, okuzenza zibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kogesi kuye kwezempi. Abonwa njengamaminerali abalulekile ngamazwe afana neChina, i-United States, iJapan ne-Australia. Nokho, amaminerali omhlaba angavamile maningi ngezinhlobonhlobo kodwa aphansi ngokwezinga futhi avame ukuhlotshaniswa eduze namaminerali afanayo e-ganggue. Ukuhlomula kwabo kuncike kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwama-reagents okucubungula izimbiwa.

Lesi sihloko siqondiswe ekuzuzeni kahle izinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile. Ifingqa isimo samanje socwaningo nentuthuko ye ama-reagents e-flotation amatshe ensimbi asekelwe kumaminerali angavamile, okuhlanganisa abaqoqi, ama-depressants, izicupha, kanye obhuti, kanye nezindlela zabo zokuntanta. Ama-reagents okuzuza amakhemikhali ohlobo lwe-ion-uhlobo lwe-ore yomhlaba engavamile, kufaka phakathi ama-leaching agents kanye nama-ejenti athela amanzi, kuyaxoxwa ngakho, okubandakanya isimo sawo socwaningo kanye nezindlela zokudoba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo samanje se- ukuntanta komhlaba okungavamile abaqoqi bayahlolwa, kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo Ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezingavamile ama-reagents ayahlaziywa. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhlose ukuhlinzeka ngereferensi yezinkampani nezingcweti ezibambe iqhaza ekucutshungulweni kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-reagent.

Isingeniso se-0

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile (ama-REE) zifaka i-scandium, i-yttrium, nawo wonke ama-lanthanides angu-15, ahlanganisa izakhi ezingu-17. Lezi zakhi zibonisa uhla lwezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba namakhemikhali, okuzenza zibaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni eyahlukene yomphakathi neyezempi, okuhlanganisa izimboni zezokwelapha, ezamandla, nezokuvikela. Avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amavithamini ezimboni," "izakhi zezimangaliso," "amahomoni ezolimo," kanye "nezinsimbi zempi," ezibhekwa njengamaminerali abalulekile ngamazwe afana ne-United States, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, kanye ne-European Union. Ngokusho kwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS), kusukela ngo-2022, izindawo ezigciniwe ze-global rare earth oxide (REO) zimi cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-120, ikakhulukazi eChina (36.7%), Vietnam (18.3%), Brazil (17.5%), Russia (17.5%), India (5.8%), nase-Australia (3.3%).

Izimayini ezinkulu zomhlaba ezingavamile emhlabeni zihlanganisa i-Bayan Obo, i-Maoniuping, ne-Ganzhou deposits, imayini ye-Mountain Pass e-US, imayini ye-Araxa ne-Minasu e-Brazil, idiphozi ye-Strange Lake e-Canada, idiphozi ye-Mount Weld e-Australia, kanye nediphozi ye-Zandkopsdrift eNingizimu Afrika. Ukwengeza, izifundazwe zase-China eziseningizimu, okuhlanganisa i-Jiangxi, i-Guangdong, i-Fujian, ne-Yunnan, ziyikhaya lamadiphozithi angavamile e-ion-adsorption ekhwalithi ephezulu angu-170, asebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko womhlaba wezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ezimaphakathi nezisindayo.

Zingaphezu kuka-250 izinhlobo zamaminerali angavamile emhlabeni ezihlonziwe, ne-bastnäsite ((Ce, La)(CO3)F), i-monazite ((Ce, La) PO4), i-xenotime (YPO4), i-yttrialite (Y2FeBe(SiO4)2O2), kanye ne-fergusonite (YNbO4) ebala inani elingaphezu kuka-95% lamaminerali asekelwe emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, lawa ma-ores avame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-quartz, i-fluorite, i-barite, i-feldspar, i-calcite, namanye amaminerali e-silicate gangue, okuholela kuma-ores asezingeni eliphansi okuyinselele ukuhlukana. Kanjalo, ukuhlomula kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuvame ukudinga inhlanganisela yokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ukuhlukaniswa kazibuthe, kanye nokuntanta ukuze kuthuthukiswe ama-ore asezingeni eliphansi ukuze agxilise izinga lokuncibilika kwezimboni. Endabeni ye-ion-adsorption ore yomhlaba eyivelakancane, izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane zikhangiswa njengama-ion endaweni yamaminerali noma ngaphakathi kwezingqimba zekristalu, ezidinga ukucutshungulwa kwamakhemikhali ukuze kukhishwe ama-oxide omhlaba ayivelakancane.

Ukuthi usebenzelana nezimbiwa phansi ezisekelwe kumaminerali noma uhlobo lwe-ion-ore zomhlaba ezingavamile, ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagents okuzuza kubalulekile ekunqumeni izinga lomkhiqizo, ukululama okungavamile komhlaba amanani, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, izindleko, nomthelela kwezemvelo.

Le ndatshana igxile ekuzuzeni kahle kwezinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile, ihlinzeka ngemininingwane eningiliziwe yezinhlobo, izindlela, kanye nenqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwama-flotation reagents (abaqoqi, ama-frothers, abalawuli) bensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane esekelwe kumaminerali, kanye nama-reagents okuzuza amakhemikhali (ama-leaching agents, ama-precipitating agents) ohlobo lwe-ion olungavamile lwe-earth ores. Iphinde yethule izikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo zocwaningo kanye nentuthuko kuma-reagents okucubungula izimbiwa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlinzeka ngereferensi yezinkampani nabacwaningi abenza umsebenzi wokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezisebenza ezimbonini.

1 Abaqoqi be-Flotation Yomhlaba Ongavamile

Abaqoqi badlala indima ebalulekile ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile ngokushintsha i-hydrophobicity engaphezulu yamaminerali aqondiwe, okuwenza kube lula ukunamathela kumabhamuza kanye nokwenza ngcono izindawo zawo zokuntanta. Ngokusekelwe emaqenjini asebenzayo, abaqoqi be-flotation yomhlaba engavamile bangahlukaniswa ngama-hydroxamic acids, ama-fatty acids, ama-phosphonic acid, namanye ama-reagents.1.1 I-Hydroxamic Acid Collectors

Iziqoqi ze-Hydroxamic acid, ezakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, zingama-reagents asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile. I-Hydroxamic acids, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-oximes, ikhona ngezinhlobo ezimbili ze-isomeric: i-oxime (isakhiwo se-keto) ne-hydroxamic acid (isakhiwo se-enol), i-oxime ihamba phambili. Womabili ama-isomer ahlukana ukuze akhe ama-anion afanayo ngesikhathi sokuntanta.

Iziqoqi ezijwayelekile ze-hydroxamic acid ezisetshenziswa ekuntanteni komhlaba eziyivelakancane zihlanganisa i-C7-C9 alkyl hydroxamic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (H205), 1-hydroxy-2-naphthohydroxamic acid (H203), salicylic hydroxamic acid (L102), cycloaxalkyl hydroctyl hydrozylomic acid (OMHA), neminye imikhiqizo ye-hydroxamic acid eshintshiwe noma exutshiwe, njenge-H316 (i-H205 eshintshiwe), i-P8 (ikakhulukazi i-hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), i-LF8# (98% i-hydroxynaphthohydroxamic acid), kanye nomqoqi 103 (salicylic hydroxamic acid). Nakuba ama-hydroxamic acid ekhombisa ukukhetha okuhle kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngokuvamile adinga ukushisisa ngesikhathi sokuntanta, okuholela ezindlekweni zamandla aphezulu, futhi ukuhlanganisa kwawo kungase kubize.

1.2 Abaqoqi be-Acid Amafutha

Iziqoqi ze-fatty acid zisetshenziswe ekuntanteni komhlaba okungajwayelekile kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s lapho i-oleic acid isetshenziswa ngempumelelo eMountain Pass e-United States. E-China, izifundo ezihlelekile ngokusetshenziswa kwe-oleic acid kanye nensipho kapharafini ene-oxidized ukuze kuntanteke umhlaba okungavamile kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1960.

Abaqoqi be-fatty acid basuselwa kumafutha emifino yemvelo noma ezilwane, ngokuvamile akhiwa ingxube ye-C10-C20 egcwele kanye ne-unsaturated carboxylic acid noma usawoti. Ama-reagents ajwayelekile afaka i-oleic acid, i-sodium oleate, uwoyela omude, insipho kapharafini ene-oxidized, uwoyela wezithelo we-Bacchus, ama-phthalates, i-naphthenic acid, kanye nokuphuma kwe-oxidized petroleum. Kodwa-ke, abaqoqi be-fatty acid banokukhetha okuphansi kwamaminerali omhlaba angavamile futhi ngokuvamile badinga ukungezwa kokucindezeleka nokulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa ukuze bazuze ukuhlukana okuphumelelayo.

Ukuntanta kwamaminerali omhlaba ayivelakancane kusetshenziswa ama-fatty acids kukholakala ukuthi kubandakanya inhlanganisela ye-adsorption ebonakalayo, i-chemical adsorption, kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali angaphezulu.

1.3 Abaqoqi be-Phosphonic Acid

I-Phosphonic acid (—P=O) nabaqoqi be-phosphonate (—O—P=O) babonisa ukusebenza okuqinile kokuntanta kwamaminerali ensimbi uma kuqhathaniswa nabaqoqi be-hydroxamic kanye ne-fatty acid. Kodwa-ke, abaqoqi be-phosphonic acid ngokuvamile banokukhetha okuphansi.

Okwamanje abaqoqi be-phosphonic acid abasetshenziswa ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile bahlanganisa i-styrene phosphonic acid, i-p-toluene phosphonic acid, i-benzyl phosphonic acid, i-α-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid, nemikhiqizo yokuthengisa efana ne-P538 ne-Flotinor 1682.

1.4 Abanye Abaqoqi

Ngaphandle kwama-hydroxamic acid, ama-fatty acids, nama-phosphonic acid, kucutshungulwa abaqoqi benoveli abahlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuntanta komhlaba okungavamile kanye nokukhetha. Ezinye zazo zihlanganisa i-sulfonates, i-thio-phosphates, nosawoti we-quaternary ammonium.

• Ama-sulfonates: Kubikwe ukuthi ama-sulfonate abonisa ukukhetha okuhle nokusebenza kahle ezinqubweni zokuntanta, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ku-rare earth mineral flotation kusesezigabeni zawo zokuqala.

• Ama-thiophosphates: Laba baqoqi bavame ukusetshenziswa ku-sulfide mineral flotation, kodwa ucwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwabo ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile kuyaqhubeka.

• I-Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Lezi zinhlanganisela ziye zahlolwa ukuze zikwazi ukuntanta amaminerali angewona ama-sulfide, futhi enye impumelelo ibikwe ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile. Asebenza ngokuheha i-electrostatic enezindawo zamaminerali ezishajwe kabi.

Abacwaningi bahlala bezama ama-reagents amasha ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-rare earth mineral flotation, egxile kukho kokubili ukuthuthukisa amazinga okubuyisela kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo walawa makhemikhali.

Ama-Depressants ama-2 we-Rare Earth Flotation

Ama-depressants abalulekile ekujikelezeni kwamaminerali omhlaba ukuze avimbe ngokukhetha amaminerali e-ganggue, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukukhethwa kanye nesivuno samaminerali omhlaba ahlosiwe angavamile. Amaminerali e-ganggue ayinhloko ahlotshaniswa ne-ores yomhlaba eyivelakancane, njenge-quartz, i-calcite, ne-barite, ngokuvamile abonisa ukuziphatha okufanayo kokuntanta, okwenza ukuvimbela kwawo okukhethiwe kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izicindezelo ezivamile ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile zihlanganisa ingilazi yamanzi (i-sodium silicate), i-sodium fluoride, i-tannins, nesitashi.

2.1 I-Sodium Silicate (Ingilazi yamanzi)

I-sodium silicate, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ingilazi yamanzi, ingenye yezinto ezicindezelayo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile. Isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amaminerali e-silicate afana ne-quartz ne-feldspar. Umshini wesenzo sokucindezeleka se-sodium silicate ngokuvamile ubangelwa ukwakheka kongqimba lwe-silica ebusweni bamaminerali e-ganggue, okuvimbela ukukhanga komqoqi.

Ingilazi yamanzi iwukudambisa okusebenzayo, nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kungathonywa izici ezifana ne-pH, ukugxiliswa kwe-ion, nomthamo we-reagent. Abacwaningi bahlola ama-silicates aguquliwe nezinye izithasiselo zamakhemikhali ukuze bathuthukise ukukhethwa kwengilazi yamanzi.

2.2 I-Sodium Fluoride

I-sodium fluoride isetshenziselwa ukucindezela i-calcite ezinqubweni zokuntanta komhlaba ezingavamile. Umthelela wayo ocindezelayo usekelwe ekuphenduleni phakathi kwama-ion e-fluoride nama-ion e-calcium, okwenza ifilimu ye-calcium fluoride engancibiliki endaweni yamaminerali, evimbela ukukhanga komqoqi.

Kodwa-ke, i-sodium fluoride iyinto enobuthi kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungadala ukukhathazeka kwemvelo nokuphepha. Ngenxa yalokho, abacwaningi bafuna ngenkuthalo ezinye izindlela eziphephile.

2.3 Ama-tannins kanye nesitashi

Ama-tannins kanye nesitashi yizibonelo zama-organic depressants asetshenziswa ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile. Ama-tannins, atholakala ezintweni zezitshalo, asetshenziselwa ukucindezela amaminerali e-ganggue afana ne-barite ne-fluorite. Indlela yabo ihilela ukuhlanganiswa nama-ion ensimbi endaweni yamaminerali, ukunciphisa okunamathiselwe komqoqi.

Isitashi sivame ukusetshenziswa njengesidambisi se-hematite namanye amaminerali anensimbi ekuntanteni kwamaminerali angavamile emhlabeni. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesitashi namaminerali ngokuvamile kungokomzimba, nama-molecule esitashi akhangisa endaweni yamaminerali, avimbele isenzo somqoqi.

2.4 Ama-Depressants Amasha

Ukwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa ezintsha zokucindezeleka kuyindawo eqhubekayo yocwaningo ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile. Lawa ma-reagents anoveli ahlose ukuthuthukisa ukukhetha nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wenqubo yokuntanta. Izibonelo zentuthuko yakamuva zifaka isitashi esilungisiwe, ama-polymers okwenziwa, kanye nama-biodegradable organic depressants.

3 Frothers for Rare Earth Flotation

Ama-Frother adlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni amagwebu azinzile kumangqamuzana antantayo, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali ayivelakancane omhlaba ezintweni ze-ganggue. I-Frothers ithonya usayizi webhamuza, ukuzinza kwegwebu, kanye ne-flotation kinetics. Ama-frother asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile ama-reagents asekelwe utshwala kanye ne-ether-based.

3.1 AmaFrother Asekelwe Otshwaleni

Ama-frother asekelwe otshwaleni, njenge-methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) namafutha kaphayini, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuntanteni kwamaminerali, okuhlanganisa ukuntanta komhlaba okungavamile. Lawa magwebu asiza ekukhiqizeni amagwebu amancane, azinzile athuthukisa ukuntanta kwezinhlayiya ezinhle.

Ama-frother asekelwe otshwaleni ashibhile futhi ayasebenza, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kungahluka kuye ngezinto ezifana ne-pH, ukwakheka kwamaminerali, nokusebenzisana kwe-reagent.

3.2 I-Ether-Based Frothers

Ama-frother asekelwe ku-ether, njenge-polypropylene glycol ethers (isb, i-DF-250), nawo asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuntanteni komhlaba okungavamile. Lawa magwebu avame ukukhiqiza amabhamuza amahle kanye namagwebu azinzile uma kuqhathaniswa namagwebu asekelwe etshwaleni. Kodwa-ke, ama-ether-based frother angabiza kakhulu futhi angadinga ukulawulwa komthamo okunembayo.

3.3 Noveli Frothers

Ucwaningo lwamagwebu amasha lokuntanta komhlaba okungavamile lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ukukhetha nokuzinza kwegwebu kuyilapho kunciphisa umthelela wendawo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-biodegradable frothers kanye nama-frothers anokumelana okuthuthukisiwe ebukhoneni bamafutha nokunye ukungcola ku-slurry ye-flotation.

Ama-reagents ama-4 aLeaching we-Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

I-ion-adsorption ores yomhlaba engavamile ihlukile ngokuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zikhangiswe ebusweni bamaminerali obumba kunokuba zikhiyelwe ezakhiweni zamaminerali. Lezi zinsimbi ngokuvamile zicutshungulwa kusetshenziswa i-leaching esikhundleni sokuntanta. Ama-leaching agents adlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo ngokususa ama-ion omhlaba angavamile endaweni yobumba.

4.1 I-Ammonium Sulfate Leaching

I-Ammonium sulfate iyi-ejenti evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokugezwa kwe-ion-adsorption ore yomhlaba eyivelakancane. Ama-ammonium ions ekushintshanisweni kwesixazululo nama-ion asemhlabeni ayivelakancane ebusweni bamaminerali obumba, awakhiphe abe yisixazululo. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi nokulula.

Kodwa-ke, ukucwiliswa kwe-ammonium sulfate kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokungcoliswa kwe-ammonium ion. Imizamo iyenziwa yokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela ezingayingeni imvelo.

4.2 I-Sodium Chloride ne-Magnesium Sulfate Leaching

I-sodium chloride ne-magnesium sulfate iye yaphenywa njengezinye izindlela esikhundleni se-ammonium sulfate. Lawa ma-reagents asebenza ngezindlela ezifanayo zokushintshanisa i-ion kodwa anenzuzo yokungabi yingozi kangako endaweni ezungezile. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukungasebenzi kahle ngokwezilinganiso zokululama, futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele.

4.3 Ama-ejensi aLeaching Organic

Ama-ejenti we-organic leaching, afana ne-citric acid ne-EDTA, ahlolwa njengezinye izindlela ezingahambisani nemvelo esikhundleni sezinto ezivamile zokuleaching ezingaphili. Lawa ma-organic compounds angakwazi ukwenza ama-ion angavamile emhlabeni, akwenze kube lula ukuwakhipha ku-ore. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zalawa ma-reagents yisici esinqunyelwe ukwamukelwa kwawo okusabalele.

5 Ama-ejenti Amanzi e-Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ores

Uma ama-ion asemhlabeni angavamile esefakwe esixazululweni, adinga ukunethwa futhi abuyiselwe. Ama-precipitating agents asetshenziselwa ukwakha izinhlanganisela zomhlaba ezingavamile ezingahlukaniswa nesisombululo se-leach.

5.1 I-Ammonium Bicarbonate

I-Ammonium bicarbonate ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuletha ama-ion omhlaba angavamile kusuka ezixazululweni ze-leach njengama-earth carbonates angavamile. Lesi siphehli siyasebenza futhi sinezindleko eziphansi, kodwa singakhiqiza amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-ammonium, okubangela izinselelo zemvelo.

5.2 I-Oxalic Acid

I-Oxalic acid isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuletha izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile njengama-oxalates omhlaba, okungase kubalwe ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-oxides angavamile. I-Oxalic acid iyasebenza kakhulu kodwa ingabiza kakhulu kune-ammonium bicarbonate. Ukwengeza, ukuphatha i-oxalic acid kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha ngokucophelela ngenxa yobuthi bayo.

5.3 Ama-ejenti Amasha Wokumvula

Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ama-agent akhethayo futhi angenabungozi kwemvelo ukuze alulame umhlaba ongavamile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-organic acid, ama-biodegradable reagents, nama-ion-exchange resins.

6 Izikhombisi-ndlela Nekusasa

Ikusasa lama-reagents okucubungula izimbiwa phansi ezingavamile lilele ekuthuthukisweni kwama-reagents akhethayo, asebenza kahle, futhi anobungani bemvelo. Izindawo ezibalulekile zocwaningo lwangomuso zihlanganisa:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-reagents aluhlaza: Umthelela wemvelo wokuntanta kanye nama-reagents aleaching uyinkinga enkulu, ikakhulukazi kumongo wokucubungula umhlaba ongavamile. Kunesidingo esikhulayo sokwakhiwa kwezinto ezibolayo, ezingenabo ubuthi ezingangena esikhundleni samakhemikhali endabuko afana ne-ammonium sulfate ne-oxalic acid.

• Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhetha: Abaqoqi abasha, ama-depressants, nama-frothers ayadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhethwa kokuntanta komhlaba okungavamile, ikakhulukazi kuma-ores asezingeni eliphansi kanye neyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zamangqamuzana amasha kanye nokuguqulwa kwama-reagents akhona.

• Ukwehliswa kwezindleko: Izindleko eziphezulu zamanye ama-reagents okucubungula umhlaba ayivelakancane, ikakhulukazi ama-hydroxamic acid nama-phosphonic acid, yisici esikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwawo kabanzi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lugxile ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izindlela ezithengekayo noma ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwama-reagents akhona ukuze kwehliswe izidingo zomthamo.

• Ukusimama kwemvelo: Ngokukhula kwemithethonqubo emhlabeni wonke okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa umthelela wezemvelo wokusebenza kwezimayini, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula umhlaba obungajwayelekile obuzimemayo kubaluleka kakhulu. Lokhu kubandakanya ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi kanye nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kanye nokungcola.

Sengiphetha, ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezingavamile kuncike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwama-reagents amakhemikhali, futhi ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, ukukhetha, kanye nokusimama kwalawa ma-reagents. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-reagents amasha, aluhlaza kuzoba semqoka ekusaseni lokuzuzisa umhlaba ongavamile, njengoba isidingo somhlaba wonke salezi zimbiwa ezibalulekile siqhubeka nokukhula.