Ukwelashwa Okufanelekile Kwemfucuza Equkethe I-Cyanide Ekusetshenzisweni Kwesodium Cyanide

Isingeniso

Sodium I-Cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezifana nezimayini, i-electroplating, kanye ne-chemical synthesis ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe I-sodium cyanide yakha nakanjani i-cyanide-equkethe imfucuza, ebeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo uma ingaphathwa ngendlela efanele. I-Cyanide inobuthi obukhulu futhi ingadala umonakalo omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo ngisho nangenani elincane. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokubhekana nalokhu kumosha.

Izingozi Zemfucuza Equkethe I-Cyanide

Ubuthi Ebantwini

I-Cyanide ingangena emzimbeni womuntu ngokuhogela, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba. Uma isingaphakathi emzimbeni, ingabopha ngokushesha ku-cytochrome oxidase emangqamuzaneni, ivimbele ukuphefumula kwamaselula futhi iholele ku-thishu hypoxia. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungabangela ukufa okusheshayo. Ngisho nokuchayeka kwezinga eliphansi isikhathi eside kungase kubangele izimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthakathaka, futhi kwezinye izimo, izinkinga zempilo ezingapheli.

Umthelela Ezintweni Eziphila Emanzini

I-Cyanide inobuthi kakhulu eziphila emanzini. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, kungaphazamisa imisebenzi evamile yokuphila kwezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Kungathinta ukuphefumula kwabo, ukukhula, ukuzala kanye nesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Isibonelo, lapho ukuhlangana kwe-cyanide ion kungu-0.02 - 1.0 mg/L (phakathi kwamahora angu-24), izinhlanzi zingase zife. I-Cyanide futhi ingadala umonakalo wesikhathi eside kuzinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ngokunciphisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuphazamisa uchungechunge lokudla.

Imiphumela Ezitshalweni

Lapho izitshalo zichayeka ku-cyanide - equkethe udoti, ingaba nomthelela omubi ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwazo. Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-cyanide kungavimbela ukukhula kwezimpande zezitshalo, kunciphise ukumuncwa kwezakhi, futhi kuthinte i-photosynthesis. Ezindaweni zokulima, lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwesivuno sezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile asetshenziselwa ukuchelela ingase ingcolise inhlabathi, ithinte izinga lomhlabathi nokukhula kwezilimo ezilandelayo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Imfucuza Ene-Cyanide

Indlela ye-Alkaline Chlorination

isimiso: Le ndlela ilungisa i-pH ye-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ibe ngu-8.5 - 9 bese yengeza ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine. Ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine, njenge-bleach (ikakhulukazi i-NaClO) noma igesi ye-chlorine (Cl₂, encibilika emanzini ukuze yakhe i-HClO), isabela ngama-ion e-cyanide (CN⁻). Esinyathelweni sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized to cyanate (CNO⁻), enobuthi obuncane kakhulu. I-oxidation eyengeziwe ingaguqula i-cyanate ibe yi-carbon dioxide (CO₂) ne-nitrogen (N₂). Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungavezwa kalula kanje:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi: Indlela ye-alkaline chlorination ilula ukuyisebenzisa futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi. Inganciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile kuya ezingeni eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, ifaneleka kakhulu ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngokugxilisa okuphansi kwe-cyanide. Uma ukugcwala kwe-cyanide kuphezulu kakhulu, kuzodingeka inani elikhulu lama-oxidants asuselwa ku-chlorine, okungase kwenyuse izindleko zokwelashwa futhi kukhiqize ukungcola kwesibili.

I-Presurizing Hydrolysis Method

isimiso: Ngale ndlela, i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ifakwa esitsheni esivaliwe. I-alkali iyengezwa, bese amanzi angcolile ayashiswa futhi acindezelwe. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-cyanide ithola ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis. Ama-Cyanide ions asabela nama-molecule amanzi ukuze akhiqize i-non-toxic sodium formate (HCOONA) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃). I-chemical reaction equation ithi:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi: Indlela ye-pressurizing hydrolysis inobubanzi obuhlukahlukene bokuguquguquka ekugxilweni kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile. Ingakwazi futhi ukuphatha izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-cyanide. Ukusebenza kuqondile ngokuqhathaniswa nenqubo yokusabela. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela idinga imishini ekhethekile yokucindezela nokushisa, okwenza inqubo yonke ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini kuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa, okuholela ezindlekweni zokwelashwa eziphezulu.

Indlela ene-Acidized

isimiso: Ngendlela ene-asidi, i-sulfuric acid yengezwa ku-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe ngu-2 - 3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic, i-cyanide emanzini angcolile isabela ukwenza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Njengoba ukuminyana kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide kukuncane, futhi kusetshenziswa isimiso sokulinganisela komfutho womoya, umoya udlula emanzini angcolile ukuze ukhiphe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide eqhutshwayo ingase yethulwe kwisisombululo se-alkali ukuze sigaywe kabusha. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyinhloko yilokhu:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi: Enye yezinzuzo zale ndlela ukuthi ingalulama I-Sodium Cyanide, enenani elithile lezomnotho. Nokho, le ndlela idinga ukulawula okuqinile kwezimo zokusebenza. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inobuthi ngokwedlulele, futhi noma yikuphi ukuvuza phakathi nenqubo kungaba yingozi enkulu emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zokuphepha ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuvalwa kwemishini kuyadingeka.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Zebhayoloji

isimiso: Amanye ama-microorganisms anamandla okubola i-cyanide. Ezindleleni zokwelapha zebhayoloji, amabhaktheriya athile noma isikhunta sisetshenziselwa ukwehlisa isithunzi se-cyanide emfucumfucwini. Lawa ma-microorganisms angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni noma we-nitrogen ngochungechunge lwe-enzymatic reactions, iguqule ibe yizinto ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbon dioxide, amanzi, ne-ammonia. Isibonelo, amanye amagciwane e-cyanide - ehlisa isithunzi angakwazi ukudiliza i-cyanide ibe yizinhlanganisela eziyingozi kancane ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-metabolic.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi: Izindlela zokwelapha zebhayoloji zihambisana nemvelo njengoba zingathuli inani elikhulu lama-reagents amakhemikhali. Kungaba yizindleko - ngempumelelo ekwelapheni i-cyanide enkulu, ephansi - equkethe imfucuza. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa, i-pH, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izinto. Uma izimo zingafanelekile, umsebenzi wama-microorganisms uzovinjelwa, uthinte umphumela wokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokwelapha ingase ihambe kancane uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zamakhemikhali.

Okuqinile - Ukwelashwa Kwesigaba Se-Cyanide - Equkethe Imfucuza

Ku-cyanide eqinile - equkethe imfucuza, njengaleyo evela ezinsikeni zezimayini noma izinsalela zezimboni, izindlela zokwelashwa nazo zibalulekile. Enye indlela evamile iwukukhipha i-cyanide kudoti oqinile. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokungeza ama-agent athile abophayo noma iziqinisi. Isibonelo, ukwengeza usimende noma umcako emfucumfucwini kungakha i-matrix eqinile ehlanganisa i-cyanide, enciphisa amandla ayo okuvuza. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa ama-reagents amakhemikhali ukuze kusabelane ne-cyanide emfucumfucwini eqinile, kuyiguqule ibe yinhlanganisela encane encibilikayo noma enobuthi obuncane.

Izidingo Zokulawula kanye Nokucatshangelwa Kokuphepha

Izidingo Zokulawula

Emazweni amaningi nasezifundeni, kunemithetho eqinile mayelana nokwelashwa nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza. Isibonelo, i-United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ibeke imikhawulo ethile yobuningi be-cyanide emanzini okuphuza (0.05 mg/L) namanzi emvelo (0.20 mg/L). Emanzini angcolile ezimbonini, ubuningi obukhulu be-cyanide bulawulwa, ngokuvamile buba ngu-0.50 mg/L. Izimboni ezikhiqiza i-cyanide - equkethe udoti kudingeka zihambisane nale mithetho. Kufanele basebenzise izindlela zokwelashwa ezifanele ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi amanzi angcolile alahliwe noma alahliwe - imfucuza ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezishiwo. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela kungaholela ezijezisweni ezinzima, ezihlanganisa izinhlawulo kanye nokuvalwa komsebenzi okungenzeka.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezokuphepha

Lapho uphatha i-cyanide - equkethe udoti, ukuphepha kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abasebenzi abathintekayo ohlelweni lokwelashwa kumele bahlonyiswe ngezinto ezifanelekile zokuzivikela (i-PPE). Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-respirator obuso agcwele ukuvimbela ukuhogela amagesi anobuthi e-cyanide, amasudi amakhemikhali - amelana nokuvikela isikhumba ukuthi singathintani ne-cyanide - aqukethe izinto, amagilavu ​​eraba, namabhuzu enjoloba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokusebenza kufanele zingene kahle ukuze kuncishiswe ukunqwabelana kwamagesi ahlobene ne-cyanide. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha okuvamile kufanele kuhlinzekwe kubasebenzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bayazazi izinqubo zokuphatha ezifanele, izinyathelo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma kuvuza, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona ze-cyanide.

Isiphetho

Ukwelashwa okufanele kwe-cyanide - equkethe udoti okhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe i-sodium cyanide kubalulekile ekuvikeleni impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ngokuqonda izingozi zalezi mfucumfucu futhi samukele izindlela zokwelashwa ezifanele ezifana ne-alkaline chlorination, i-pressurizing hydrolysis, indlela ene-asidi, noma ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, singanciphisa ngempumelelo izingozi ezihlobene ne-cyanide. Ukuhambisana nezidingo zokulawula kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha enqubweni yokwelapha nakho kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile ekulawuleni i-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa kule ndawo kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha, kubenze busebenze kahle, bubize - busebenze kahle, futhi bungabi nemvelo.