I-Cyanidation Gold Extraction: Ukugxila Enqubweni Ye-Percolation Cyanidation

Isingeniso

Igolide belilokhu linenani elibalulekile kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, hhayi nje ngokusetshenziswa kwalo kubucwebe kodwa nasezimbonini ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-electronics, udokotela wamazinyo, kanye ne-aerospace. Ukukhishwa kwegolide ezitsheni zayo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, kanti i-cyanidation ingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwegolide kwe-cyanidation kuhilela ukusebenzisa i-cyanide izixazululo zokuncibilikisa igolide ensimbi. Le nqubo iyasebenza ngoba igolide linamandla okwenza izakhiwo ezizinzile ngama-ion cyanide. Lesi sihloko sicubungula ngokujulile inqubo ye-cyanidation, ngokugcizelela ngokukhethekile I-Percolation Cyanidation indlela.

Ukuqonda I-Cyanidation Gold Extraction

Isimiso seCyanidation

Umgomo oyisisekelo we-cyanidation usekelwe ekuphenduleni kwegolide nge-cyanide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Lapho igolide lihlangana nesisombululo se-cyanide futhi kukhona umoya-mpilo otholakalayo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka. Ngalokhu kusabela, igolide likhishwa nge-oxidized futhi lakha inkimbinkimbi encibilikayo. Ama-ion e-cyanide adlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo ngokubopha nama-ion egolide, awenze ancibilike esixazululweni. Lokhu kuncibilika kuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwegolide ku-matrix ye-ore, okuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokukhipha igolide ku-ore eluhlaza.

Inqubo evamile yeCyanidation

Inqubo ye-cyanidation ngokuvamile iqukethe izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

1. Ukulungiselela Ore: Insimbi iqala ukuchotshozwa futhi igaywe ibe usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezifanele. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile njengoba sandisa indawo engaphezulu ye-ore, sivumela ukuthintana kangcono nesisombululo se-cyanide. Inqubo ingase ibandakanye izigaba eziningi zokuchotshozwa nokugaya ukuze kuzuzwe ukucoleka okufunayo.

2. I-Cyanide Leaching: Ngemva kokuba insimbi isilungisiwe, ifakwa ngaphansi kwe-leaching ngesisombululo se-cyanide. Kunezindlela ezihlukene zokukhipha amanzi, ezinezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko okuyi-agitation cyanidation kanye ne-percolation cyanidation. Kwi-agitation cyanidation, i-ore ixutshwa nesisombululo se-cyanide emathangeni anyakazayo. I-percolation cyanidation, okugxilwe kuyo kulesi sihloko, ifaka isixazululo se-cyanide esigqobhoza embhedeni wensimbi.

3. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwegolide - Isixazululo Sokuthwala: Uma inqubo yokucwilisa isiqediwe, isixazululo esithwala igolide sidinga ukuhlukaniswa nezinsalela eziqinile. Lokhu kungafezwa ngezindlela ezinjengokuhlunga noma ukucwiliswa kwe-sedimentation.

4. Ukubuyiswa Kwegolide: Ngemva kokuhlukanisa ikhambi lokuthwala igolide, kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene ukubuyisa igolide kulo. Izindlela ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-zinc precipitation, lapho i-zinc ingezwa khona esixazululweni sokususa igolide endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi, kwakhiwe izinhlayiya zegolide eliqinile. Enye indlela iyasetshenziswa I-Carbon ukumuncwa, lapho Ikhabhoni Esebenzayo isetshenziselwa ukumunca i-gold complex esixazululweni, bese icutshungulwa ukuze kutholakale igolide elihlanzekile.

Inqubo ye-Percolation Cyanidation

Isebenza kanjani i-Percolation Cyanidation

I-Percolation cyanidation yinqubo lapho isixazululo se-cyanide esincibilikisiwe sivunyelwe ukubhoboza embhedeni we-ore echotshoziwe noma ehlanganisiwe. Insimbi ivamise ukufakwa esitsheni esikhulu, njenge-vat leaching noma inqwaba. Isixazululo se-cyanide sisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phezu kombhede we-ore bese siconsa kancane ngensimbi ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi. Njengoba ikhambi lidlula ensimbini, i-cyanide isabela negolide elikhona ensimbini, yakhe igolide elincibilikayo - i-cyanide complex. Lesi sakhiwo sibe sesiqoqwa phansi esitsheni.

Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Nezinyathelo Zoku-Percolation Cyanidation

I-1.Ore Ukulungiselela I-Percolation Cyanidation:

• Ukuchotshozwa nokuhlolwa: Insimbi iqala ukuchotshozwa ibe usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezimahhadla, ngokuvamile ebangeni lamasentimitha ambalwa ukuya kumamilimitha ambalwa. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunezikhala ezanele embhedeni we-ore ukuze isisombululo se-cyanide sibhoboze. Ngemva kokuchotshozwa, insimbi ingase ihlolwe ukuze kukhishwe noma yiziphi izinhlayiya ezinosayizi omkhulu.

• I-Agglomeration (Ongakukhetha): Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi ezinsimbi ezinobumba oluphezulu noma izinto ezisanhlamvu, i-agglomeration ingase idingeke. I-agglomeration ihlanganisa ukwengeza into ebophayo, njengosimende noma i-lime, etsheni bese ixutshwa namanzi. Lokhu kusiza ukwakha izinhlayiya ezinkulu, ezizinzile, ukuthuthukisa ukufinyeleleka kombhede we-ore nokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwama-pores ngesikhathi senqubo ye-percolation.

2.Ukusethwa kweLeaching:

• I-Leaching Vats noma i-Heap Leaching:

• Ama-Leaching Vats: Emisebenzini emincane - yesikali noma ama-ore ebanga eliphezulu, ama-leaching vats avame ukusetshenziswa. Lezi izitsha ezinkulu, ezinomugqa lapho insimbi ibekwe khona. Ama-vats afakwe phansi okungamanga, okuvumela isisombululo se-cyanide ukuthi siqoqe ngaphansi kombhede we-ore ngaphandle kokuthwala izinhlayiya eziqinile. Isixazululo se-cyanide singeniswa phezulu ku-vat, noma ngesistimu yesifutho noma ngokumane siyithele phezu kwensimbi.

• I-Heap Leaching: I-Heap Leaching ifaneleka kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngezinga elikhulu kanye ne-ores yezinga eliphansi. Lapho kucwiliswa inqwaba, insimbi inqwabelaniswa ku-liner ongangeneki phansi. Inqwaba ingaba nkulu impela, kwesinye isikhathi imboze amahektha amaningana. Isixazululo se-cyanide sisakazwa phezu kwenqumbi kusetshenziswa inethiwekhi yezifafazi noma amasistimu okunisela ngamaconsi.

• Ukulungiswa Kwesixazululo seCyanide: Isixazululo se-cyanide esisetshenziswa ku-percolation cyanidation ngokuvamile siyisisombululo se-dilute I-Sodium Cyanide noma i-potassium cyanide, ene-concentration ngokuvamile ebangeni lika-0.01% - 0.1% ngesisindo. Isixazululo singase futhi sibe nezinye izithasiselo, njenge-lime, ukulungisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ukugcina i-pH efanele kubalulekile, njengoba kuthinta ukuzinza kwe-cyanide kanye nezinga lokuncibilika kwegolide. I-pH efanelekile ye-cyanidation ivamise ukuba phakathi kuka-10 - 11.

3.Ukucwiliswa nokucwiliswa kwamanzi:

• Ukusabalalisa Isixazululo: Isixazululo se-cyanide sisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phezu kombhede we-ore. Endabeni yokukhishwa kwama-vats, lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa ipayipi elinezimbobo noma uhlelo lwe-spray nozzle. Lapho kucwiliswa inqwaba, izifafazi noma izinhlelo zokunisela ngamaconsi ziqinisekisa ukuthi isisombululo sifinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zenqwaba.

• Isikhathi Sokuvula: Isikhathi se-leaching ku-cyanidation ye-percolation singahluka kakhulu kuye ngezici ezifana nohlobo lwe-ore, usayizi wezinhlayiyana, nokugxila kwesisombululo se-cyanide. Ngokuvamile, ingasukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emavikini ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isixazululo se-cyanide siqhubeka sibhodloza ore, sisabela ngegolide futhi siyincibilikise.

• Ukuqapha Nokulawula: Kuyo yonke inqubo yokucwilisa, kubalulekile ukuqapha amapharamitha ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola njalo i-pH yesisombululo, ukugcwala kwe-cyanide esixazululweni, nenani legolide elincibilikisiwe esixazululweni. Amasampula esixazululo athathwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ahlaziywe elabhorethri. Ukulungiswa kungenziwa ku-pH noma ukugxila kwe-cyanide uma kunesidingo ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokucwilisa.

4.Ukuqoqwa kanye Nokwelashwa Kwesixazululo Esikhulelwe:

• Collection: Isixazululo esiphethe igolide, esaziwa nangokuthi isixazululo esikhulelwe, siqoqwa ngaphansi kwe-leaching vat noma ohlelweni lokudonsa amanzi ekuvuzeni kwenqwaba. Ku-leaching vats, isisombululo esikhulelwe sikhishwa nge-valve engezansi ngaphansi kwamanga. Lapho kucwiliswa inqwaba, isixazululo siqoqwa kuma-sumps noma amachibi atholakala phansi kwenqwaba.

• Ukwelashwa: Uma sekuqoqwe, ikhambi elikhulelwe liphathwa ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa i-zinc precipitation kanye ne-activated carbon adsorption. Emazingeni e-zinc, uthuli lwe-zinc noma i-zinc shavings yengezwe kwisisombululo esikhulelwe. I-zinc ihlangana negolide - i-cyanide complex, isusa igolide futhi yakhe izinhlayiya zegolide eziqinile, ezingase zihlungwe futhi ziqhubeke nokusebenza. Ku-actiated carbon adsorption, ikhambi elikhulelwe lidluliselwa kukholomu egcwele ikhabhoni ecushiwe. Igolide - i-cyanide complex ikhangiswe phezu kwekhabhoni, bese ikhabhoni bese ikhishwa kukholamu bese icutshungulwa ukuze kukhishwe igolide.

Izinzuzo kanye Nemibi ye-Percolation Cyanidation

Izinzuzo

1. Ukufaneleka Kwezinsimbi Eziphansi - Ibanga Lensimbi: I-Percolation cyanidation, ikakhulukazi i-heap leaching, iphumelela kakhulu ekwelapheni insimbi yegolide yezinga eliphansi. Njengoba inqubo ilula uma kuqhathaniswa futhi ayidingi ukugaya okubanzi futhi okokusebenza okumba eqolo ukuze kucutshungulwe i-ore ecolekile, ingasebenza ngokwezomnotho ngama-ore angeke abe nenzuzo ukucutshungulwa kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

2. Imali Ephansi Nezindleko Zokusebenza: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide, ezifana ne-agitation cyanidation edinga amathangi amakhulu, abizayo okunyakazisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu ekuxubeni, i-percolation cyanidation inezindleko zemali ephansi. Izinto zokwakha ezidingekayo, njengama-vats okukhipha amanzi noma inqwaba elula - izinto zokwakha, azibizi kakhulu. Ukwengeza, izindleko zokusebenza nazo ziphansi njengoba zisebenzisa amandla amancane futhi zidinga umsebenzi omncane wosuku nosuku.

3. Izinzuzo Zemvelo (Ngokuqhathaniswa): Ngokomthelela wendawo, i-cyanidation ye-percolation ingaba nezinzuzo ezithile. Isibonelo, ekulethweni kwenqwaba, i-ore ayigaywe kakhulu, okunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kothuli olucolile. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwamavathi avuzayo anemigqa noma ama-heap liners kusiza ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo endaweni. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-cyanide iseyinto enobuthi kakhulu, futhi ukuphathwa kahle kwemvelo kusabalulekile.

4. Inqubo elula: Inqubo ye-cyanidation ye-percolation iqondile futhi kulula ukuyiqonda nokusebenza. Lokhu kwenza kufinyeleleke emisebenzini yezimayini ezincane ezinobuchwepheshe obunomkhawulo wezobuchwepheshe.

Okumbi

1. Izinga Lokuvuza Kancane: Enye yezingqinamba ezinkulu ze-cyanidation ye-percolation izinga le-leaching elihamba kancane. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-agitation cyanidation, lapho i-ore ixutshwa ngokuqhubekayo nesixazululo se-cyanide, inqubo ye-percolation incike ekuhambeni kancane kwesisombululo ngombhede we-ore. Lokhu kungaholela ezikhathini ezinde zokuvuza, okungenzeka zingafaneleki ukusebenza okudinga ukusebenza okuphakeme noma ukuguqulwa okusheshayo.

2. Ukubuyiswa Kwegolide Okuphansi Kwezinye Izimo: Izinga lokutholwa kwegolide ku-cyanidation ye-percolation lingase libe phansi kunelezinye izindlela, ikakhulukazi ezinsimbi ezine-mineralogy eyinkimbinkimbi. Uma igolide lisatshalaliswa kahle noma livalelwe ngaphakathi kwamanye amaminerali, isixazululo se-cyanide singase singakwazi ukufinyelela zonke izinhlayiya zegolide ngempumelelo, okuholela emazingeni aphansi okuthola kabusha.

3. Ubuthi beCyanide: I-Cyanide iwubuthi obuphezulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ku-cyanidation ye-percolation kubangela ubungozi obubalulekile bemvelo nokuphepha. Noma yikuphi ukuvuza noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nemithethonqubo yemvelo kufanele ilandelwe ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi.

4. Ukuzwela kwezakhiwo ze-Ore: Impumelelo ye-percolation cyanidation incike kakhulu kuzakhiwo zensimbi. Ama-ores anobumba oluningi, isibonelo, angabangela izinkinga ngokungena kombhede we-ore, okuholela ekugelezeni kwesisombululo esimpofu kanye nokucwiliswa okungasebenzi kahle. Ukwengeza, ama-ore aqukethe amaminerali athile angasabela nge-cyanide, njengamaminerali anethusi, angadla i-cyanide futhi anciphise ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokucwilisa.

Ukuqhathanisa Nezinye Izindlela Zokukhipha Igolide

Ukuqhathanisa ne-Agitation Cyanidation

1. Leaching Ukusebenza kahle: I-Agitation cyanidation ngokuvamile ine-leaching ephezulu yokusebenza kahle uma kuqhathaniswa ne-percolation cyanidation. Ku-cyanidation enyakazayo, ukuxutshwa okuqhubekayo kwe-ore nesisombululo se-cyanide kuqinisekisa ukuthintana okungcono phakathi kwakho kokubili, okuholela ekuncibilikeni ngokushesha kwegolide. Lokhu kungaholela ezikhathini ezimfushane zokuvuza kanye namazinga aphezulu okuthola igolide, ikakhulukazi ezinsimbi ezinegolide eliphezulu noma i-mineralogy eyinkimbinkimbi.

2. Izimpahla Nezindleko: I-Agitation cyanidation idinga amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi futhi abizayo, okuhlanganisa amathangi amakhulu anyakazayo, amamotho anamandla okuxutshwa, kanye nezinhlelo zokupompa udaka oluyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kubangela izindleko eziphezulu zekhephithali. Ngokuphambene, i-cyanidation ye-percolation idinga okokusebenza okulula, okufana nama-vats okukhipha amanzi noma inqwaba eyisisekelo - izinto zokwakha, okuyenza ibe yindleko enkulu - isebenze kahle ngokuya ngokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokusebenza ze-agitation cyanidation zingase zingabi ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izikhathi ezimfushane zokugeleza zingase zisuse ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla ekuxubeni.

3. Ukufaneleka Kwezinhlobo Zensimbi: I-Agitation cyanidation ifaneleka kakhulu kuma-ore adinga ukugaywa okuhle nokucutshungulwa okujulile, okufana ne-sulfide - ores egolide ecebile. I-Percolation cyanidation, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifaneleka kangcono i-low - grade, ores oxidized engacutshungulwa esimweni esimaholo.

Ukuqhathanisa ne-Non - Cyanide Gold Extraction Izindlela

1. Impembelelo yemvelo: Izindlela zokukhipha igolide okungezona i-cyanide, njenge-thiourea leaching noma i-bio-leaching, zivame ukubhekwa njengezinobungani bemvelo njengoba zingasebenzisi i-cyanide enobuthi obukhulu. Nokho, lezi zindlela nazo zinezinselelo zazo zemvelo. Isibonelo, i-thiourea ingaba yingozi endaweni ezungezile uma ingaphathwa kahle, futhi i-bio-leaching ingase idinge izimo ezithile zemvelo kanye nezikhathi zokucubungula ezinde. I-cyanidation ye-percolation, naphezu kokusebenzisa i-cyanide, ingalawulwa ngendlela efanele imvelo ngokuqukatha okufanele nokwelashwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo.

2. Izindleko kanye Nempumelelo: Izindlela okungezona ze-cyanide zingase zibe nezindleko eziphakeme ngokuya ngama-reagents noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Isibonelo, i-thiourea ibiza kakhulu kune-cyanide, futhi i-bio-leaching ingase idinge amasiko e-microbial akhethekile nezimo zemvelo ezilawulwayo, ezinganyusa izindleko. Mayelana nokusebenza kahle, i-cyanidation, okuhlanganisa ne-percolation cyanidation, ngokuvamile inezinga eliphezulu lokutholwa kwegolide uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezingezona i-cyanide, ikakhulukazi insimbi yegolide evamile.

Isiphetho

I-Percolation cyanidation iyindlela ebalulekile embonini yokumba igolide, ikakhulukazi yokwelapha amatshe egolide asezingeni eliphansi kanye ne-oxidized. Ubulula bayo, izindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, nokufaneleka kwezinhlobo ezithile zensimbi kuyenza ibe inqubo ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ayinazo izihibe zayo, njengezinga lokucwiliswa kancane, amandla okuthola igolide eliphansi, kanye nezingozi zemvelo nokuphepha ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Njengoba imboni yezimayini iqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kwenziwa imizamo yokuthuthukisa inqubo ye-cyanidation ye-percolation, njengokwahlukaniswa kwe-ore engcono, ukuthuthukiswa kwemingcele yenqubo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu nezinobungani imvelo zokuphatha i-cyanide. Ukwengeza, ucwaningo lwezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide ezinganqoba ukulinganiselwa kwe-cyanidation nalo luyaqhubeka. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, i-cyanidation ye-percolation cishe izoqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elikhulu ekukhiqizweni kwegolide esikhathini esizayo, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinemithombo yegolide eningi yezinga eliphansi.