I-Sodium Cyanide: Izakhiwo, Izingozi, Nezinyathelo Zokuphepha

Isingeniso

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela engeyona engokwemvelo edlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obuphezulu budinga ukuphathwa okuqinile kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha. Lesi sihloko sihlola izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene ne -Sodium cyanide.

Amakhemikhali namaPhysical Properties

I-Chemical Formula kanye neSakhiwo

I-Sodium cyanide inefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaCN. Iyinhlanganisela ye-ionic eyakhiwe yi-sodium cation (Na⁺) kanye ne-cyanide anion (CN⁻). Esakhiweni sekristalu, ama-ion e-sodium ne-cyanide ahlelwe ku-lattice efana neye-sodium chloride. I- athomu ye-Carbon eqenjini le-cyanide yakha isibopho esiphindwe kathathu ne-athomu ye-nitrogen, okunikeza i-CN⁻ ion ukusebenza kwayo okuhlukile.

Izici Physical

• Ukubukeka : I-sodium cyanide ivame ukubonakala njenge-white, crystalline solid noma i-powder.

• Iphunga : Uma isesimweni sayo esomile, ivame ukunganuki. Kodwa-ke, uma isabela kumswakama emoyeni noma emanzini, ingakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN), enephunga elincane, elifana ne-almond. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu ongathola iphunga le-hydrogen cyanide, njengoba ikhono lokwenza kanjalo linqunywa ngokwezakhi zofuzo.

• Amaphuzu Okuncibilika Nokubilisa : Inezinga lokuncibilika eliphakeme kakhulu elingu-563.7 °C kanye nezinga lokubilisa elingu-1496 °C.

• Ukuncibilika : I-Sodium cyanide incibilika kakhulu emanzini. Eqinisweni, amagremu angu-38.9 e-NaCN angancibilika kumamililitha ayi-100 amanzi ku-20 °C. Incibilika futhi kwezinye izinyibilikisi ze-polar ezifana ne-ammonia, i-ethanol, ne-methanol.

I-Chemical Reactivity

• I-Hydrolysis : I-Sodium cyanide usawoti we-asidi ebuthakathaka, i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Uma ihlangana namanzi, idlula ku-hydrolysis, ikhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Isilinganiso samakhemikhali salokhu kusabela yilesi: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Lokhu kusabela kungenzeka ngisho noma kunomswakama womoya, okwenza i-Sodium Cyanide eqinile ibe umthombo ongaba khona wokukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi.

• Ukusabela Kwe-Acid : Isabela kalula nama-asidi. Isibonelo, lapho i-sodium cyanide isabela ne-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), kwenzeka lokhu okulandelayo: 2NaCN + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2HCN. Ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide kulezi zindlela kuyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu.

• Ukwakheka Kwenkimbinkimbi Yensimbi : I-sodium cyanide inamandla amakhulu ezinsimbi. Uma kukhona umoya-mpilo namanzi, ingancibilikisa izinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva. Ngegolide, ukusabela kungokulandelayo: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Le mpahla isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezimayini ukuze kukhishwe igolide.

Ukulungiselela

Ngokwezimboni, i-sodium cyanide ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ukusabela kwe-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Isibalo samakhemikhali salokhu kusabela sithi: HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. I-hydrogen cyanide ingakhiqizwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengenqubo ye-Andrussow, ebandakanya ukusabela kwe-methane (CH₄), i-ammonia (NH₃), ne-oxygen (O₂) phezu kwe-platinum - i-rhodium catalyst emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

Usetshenziswa

Imboni Yezokumbiwa

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ukukhipha igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu kuma-ore. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Cyanidation , ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-sodium cyanide ukuncibilikisa igolide nesiliva kuma-ore azo. Izinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe bese zitholakala ngochungechunge lwezinqubo zamakhemikhali. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo kahle kanye nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu ekukhipheni izinsimbi eziyigugu kuma-ore aphansi.

Ukukhiqiza Amakhemikhali

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni izinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali. Isetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ama-nitriles, okuyizingqimba ezibalulekile zokwakha embonini yezemithi, ye-agrochemical, kanye ne-polymer. Ngokwesibonelo, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-cyanuric chloride, ephinde isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imithi yokubulala ukhula, izibulala-magciwane, nodayi bezindwangu.

I-Electroplating

Embonini ye-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kwamanye okugeza okucwenga, ikakhulukazi ekufakeni izinsimbi njengethusi, isiliva, negolide. Kuyasiza ekwakheni umfaniswano kanye nokunamathela kwensimbi enamathela ku-substrate. Ama-ion e-cyanide endaweni yokugeza yokucwenga enama-ion ensimbi, asiza ukubekwa kongqimba olubushelelezi futhi olulinganayo lwensimbi.

Izingozi Zezempilo

Ubuthi Mechanism

I-sodium cyanide inobuthi kakhulu. Uma imuncwa, ihogelwa, noma imuncwa esikhumbeni, iyahlukana ukuze ikhiphe ama-ion cyanide (CN⁻). Lawa ma-ion e-cyanide abophezela ku-iron(III) ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ku-mitochondria yamaseli. Lokhu kubophezela kuvimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme, kuvimbela ukudluliswa kwama-electron ochungechungeni lokuthutha lwama-electron. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana awakwazi ukusebenzisa umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo, okuholela esimweni sokuphefumula kwamaselula. Ngisho nenani elincane le-sodium cyanide lingabulala.

Acute Exposure Effects

• Ukungena : Ukungena i-sodium cyanide kungaholela ekuqaliseni kwezimpawu ngokushesha. Izimpawu zokuqala zingase zihlanganise ukusha emlonyeni nasemphinjeni, kulandelwe isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ubuhlungu besisu, kanye nesifo sohudo. Njengoba ubuthi buqhubeka, kungase kube nobunzima bokuphefumula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo noma okungajwayelekile, isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, kanye nokudideka. Amacala amakhulu angabangela ukuxhuzula, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi, kanye nokufa kungakapheli imizuzu kuya emahoreni.

• Ukuphefumula : Ukuphefumula igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, engakhishwa kwi-sodium cyanide lapho kukhona umswakama noma ama-asidi, nakho kuyingozi kakhulu. Izimpawu zokuchayeka ekuphefumuleni zingase zihlanganise ukucasuka kwendlela yokuphefumula, ukukhwehlela, ukuphelelwa umoya, ukuqina kwesifuba, kanye nomuzwa wokuminyana. Ukuchayeka ekuphefumuleni okuphezulu kungaholela ngokushesha ekumisweni kokuphefumula nokufa.

• Ukuthintana Kwesikhumba Namehlo : Ukuthintana ngqo ne-sodium cyanide kungabangela ukucasuka nokusha esikhumbeni nasemahlweni. Ukuthintana kwesikhumba isikhathi eside noma eside kungavumela i-cyanide ukuthi ingene egazini, okuholela ebuthi emzimbeni.

Imithelela Yokuchayeka Okungapheli

Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona emazingeni aphansi e-sodium cyanide akuvamile kangako kodwa kusengaba nemithelela emibi kakhulu yezempilo. Kungase kubangele izimpawu ezinjengobuthakathaka, ukukhathala, ikhanda elibuhlungu, izinkinga zenkumbulo, nokulimala kwendlala yegilo. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kungase futhi kwandise ingozi yokuba nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa futhi kungase kube nemiphumela emibi ohlelweni lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi nelokuphefumula.

Ukuphepha nokuphatha

Storage

I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile, enomoya omuhle kude nemithombo yokushisa, yokuthungela, kanye nomswakama. Kumele igcinwe ngokuhlukana nama-acids, ama-oxidizing agents, nezinye izinto ezingahambelani. Iziqukathi zokugcina kufanele zivalwe ngokuqinile futhi zenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala nge-sodium cyanide, njenge-high - density polyethylene noma insimbi. Indawo yokugcina kufanele imakwe ngokucacile ngezimpawu eziyisixwayiso ezifanele, futhi ukufinyelela kufanele kukhawulelwe kubasebenzi abagunyaziwe kuphela.

Transportation

Lapho uthutha i-sodium cyanide, imithetho eqinile kufanele ilandelwe. Ihlukaniswa njengento eyingozi, futhi ukuthutha kwayo kungaphansi kwemithetho yezokuthutha yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nekazwelonke. Iziqukathi ezisetshenziselwa ukuthutha kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zokuklama nezokwakha ukuvimbela ukuvuza. Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, impahla kumele ivikelwe ekulimaleni ngokomzimba, emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, nokuxhumana nezinye izinto ezingahambelani. Izinhlelo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo kanye nemishini yokuchitheka kufanele kube khona ngesikhathi sokuthutha uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi.

Ukusingatha Izinyathelo Zokuqapha

• Izinto Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu (i-PPE) : Abasebenzi abaphatha i-sodium cyanide kumele bagqoke i-PPE efanele, okuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​​​angangeni makhemikhali, izibuko zokuphepha noma izihlangu zobuso, izingubo zokuzivikela, kanye nokuvikela ukuphefumula. Izinto zokuphefumula ezizimele (i-SCBA) kufanele zisetshenziswe uma kungenzeka kube nokuvezwa okuphezulu, njengasekuphenduleni kokuchitheka noma ezindaweni ezingangenisi umoya kahle.

• Izilawuli Zobunjiniyela : Izindawo zokusebenza lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-sodium cyanide kufanele zibe nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezifanele ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ukungenisa umoya endaweni ekhipha umoya kufanele kufakwe ezindaweni lapho i-sodium cyanide iphathwa noma icutshungulwa khona ukuze kubanjwe noma yiliphi igesi ekhishwe. Yonke imishini esetshenziswa ekuphatheni i-sodium cyanide kufanele yakhelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yokuvuza nokuchitheka.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Nokusabela Eziphuthumayo : Abasebenzi abaphatha i-sodium cyanide kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezakhiwo zayo, izingozi, izinqubo zokuphatha eziphephile, kanye nokuphendula eziphuthumayo. Kufanele kube nezinhlelo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo, futhi abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngezinyathelo zokusiza kuqala ubuthi be-cyanide, okuhlanganisa nokunikezwa kwemithi yokwelapha uma ikhona. Uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma kukhishwa, kufanele kulandelwe izinqubo ezifanele zokuvimba kanye nokuhlanza ngokushesha ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezinto ezinobuthi.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kokusebenziseka kwayo emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezimboni, iyinto eyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zayo, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nemvelo. Ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha nezokuphatha, izingozi ezihlobene ne-sodium cyanide zingancishiswa, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo ezimbonini lapho idlala indima ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo nokubambelela ezimisweni zokuphepha kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjwe izingozi futhi kuvikelwe impilo yabantu.