Umehluko Phakathi Kwe-Sodium Ferrocyanide ne-Sodium Cyanide

Emkhakheni wekhemistri, i-Sodium Ferrocyanide kanye ne-Sodium Cyanide ziyizinhlanganisela ezimbili, naphezu kokwabelana ngezakhi ezithile zokwakheka, ezinezici ezihlukile. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziselweni lezimboni, ocwaningweni lwesayensi, noma ezicini zokuphepha.

Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali kanye Namafomula

I-Sodium Ferroi-cyanide

I-sodium ferrocyanide inefomula yamakhemikhali ethi Na₄Fe(CN)₆. Iqukethe i-athomu yensimbi emaphakathi (Fe) ehlanganiswe nama-ligand ayisithupha e-cyanide (CN), nama-ion amane e-sodium (Na⁺) abhalansisa ukushajwa okunegethivu kukonke kwe-anion eyinkimbinkimbi [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻. Ngendlela yayo enamanzi amaningi, ngokuvamile ivela njenge-Na₄Fe(CN)₆·10H₂O. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kunikeza i-sodium ferrocyanide izici eziyingqayizivele zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.

I-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide, enefomula i-NaCN, iyinhlanganisela ye-ionic elula kakhulu. Iqukethe i-sodium ion (Na⁺) ne-cyanide ion (CN⁻). I-cyanide ion iwuhlobo olusebenza kakhulu, oluneqhaza elikhulu ekwakhekeni kwenhlanganisela, ikakhulukazi ubuthi bayo.

Izakhiwo

ukubukeka

I-sodium ferrocyanide ivame ukubonakala njengezinto eziqinile eziphuzi ezikristalu. Umbala ophuzi uyisici se-anion ye-ferrocyanide. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-sodium cyanide ibonakala njengezinto eziqinile ezimhlophe ezikristalu, ngokuvamile ngesimo sama-granules noma i-powder.

solubility

I-sodium ferrocyanide iyancibilika emanzini, kodwa ayincibiliki otshwaleni. Uma incibilika emanzini, ihlukana ibe ama-ion akhona, okuhlanganisa inkimbinkimbi [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ anion. I-sodium cyanide, ngakolunye uhlangothi, incibilika kakhulu emanzini futhi iphinde incibilike kwezinye izincibilikisi ze-polar njenge-ethanol. Ihlukanisa kalula emanzini ukuze ikhulule ama-ion e-sodium nama-cyanide ion, okuyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo kabusha kanye nobuthi.

Amaphuzu Ancibilikayo Nawabilisa

I-sodium ferrocyanide ayinayo indawo encibilikayo echazwe kahle ngomqondo wendabuko. Uma ishisa, iphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Isibonelo, iqala ukulahlekelwa ama-molecule amanzi cishe ku-50 ° C, futhi ku-81.5 ° C, iba i-anhydrous. Ukushisa okwengeziwe ku-435°C kuholela ekuboleni kwayo. I-sodium cyanide inephuzu eliqondile lokuncibilika elingu-564°C kanye nephuzu lokubila elingu-1469°C. Lawa maphuzu aphakeme kakhulu ancibilika futhi abilayo abangelwa amabhondi e-ionic aqinile kunhlanganisela.

I-Chemical Reactivity

Ukusebenza kabusha nge-Acids

I-Sodium ferrocyanide izinzile uma kukhona ama-asidi ancibilikisiwe, angafudumali. Kodwa-ke, uma itholakala kuma-asidi abilayo agxilile, ingabola ukuze ikhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide yamahhala. Isibonelo, endaweni ene-asidi enamandla, ukusabela okulandelayo kungenzeka: I-Na₄Fe(CN)₆ + 6H₂SO₄ (egxilile, ebilayo) → 6HCN + 2FeSO₄ + 3Na₂SO₄ + 6H₂O. I-Sodium cyanide isabela kakhulu kuma-asidi. Ngisho nama-asidi abuthakathaka angasabela nayo ukuze akhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enobuthi obukhulu. Ukusabela kungokulandelayo: I-NaCN + HCl → I-NaCl + HCN↑. Lokhu kusebenza okuphezulu kwama-asidi kwenza i-Sodium cyanide ibe yinto eyingozi kakhulu uma kukhona izinto ezine-asidi.

Ukusabela Kwe-oxidation kanye Nokunciphisa

I-Sodium ferrocyanide ingafakwa i-oxidized ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Uma kukhona ama-oxidizing agents aqinile, ingaguqulwa ibe yi-iron(III) complexes njenge-ferricyanide. Isibonelo, ukusabela nge-oxidant efanele kungaguqula i-[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ ibe yi-[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻. I-Sodium cyanide ingaphinde ihlanganyele ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidation. Uma kukhona i-oxygen kanye nama-catalyst athile, ingafakwa i-oxidized ibe yizinto ezinobuthi obuncane. Isibonelo, uma kukhona i-hydrogen peroxide, ukusabela kungaba: I-NaCN + H₂O₂ → I-NaCNO + H₂O (lapho i-hydrogen peroxide inobuningi obulinganiselwe). Ukusabela okwengeziwe nge-hydrogen peroxide eningi kungaguqula i-sodium cyanate (NaCNO) ibe yi-sodium bi I-Carbon ate (NaHCO₃) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃).

Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi

I-sodium ferrocyanide ngokwayo iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ingaqhubeka isabela namanye ama-ion ensimbi ukuze yakhe izakhiwo ezintsha zokuxhumanisa. Isibonelo, uma isabela ngosawoti we-iron(III), yenza umbala ojulile - oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka owaziwa ngokuthi i-Prussian blue, enefomula yamakhemikhali ethi Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃. I-sodium cyanide nayo ingakha izakhiwo ezinama-ion ensimbi ahlukahlukene. Ekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva, isibonelo, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukwakha insimbi encibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Igolide (Au) lisabela ne-sodium cyanide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo ukuze lenze i-ion eyinkimbinkimbi [Au(CN)₂]⁻: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH.

Ubuthi

I-Sodium Ferrocyanide

Naphezu kokuqukethe i-cyanide ligands, i-sodium ferrocyanide inobuthi obuphansi ngokuqhathaniswa. Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba kanye neNhlangano Yokudla Nezolimo inqume ukuthi ukudla okwamukelekile kwansuku zonke kwe-sodium ferrocyanide kungu-0 - 0.025 mg/kg wesisindo somzimba. Isizathu sobuthi bayo obuphansi ukuthi ama-cyanide ligands ku-sodium ferrocyanide aboshwe ngokuqinile e-athomu yensimbi emaphakathi ku-anion eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ayiwakhiphi kalula ama-ion e-cyanide, okuyizinhlobo ezinobuthi obukhulu. Nokho, lapho kukhona ama-asidi aqinile noma ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ingabola ikhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enobuthi obudlulele.

I-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide ingenye yezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu ezaziwayo. Inobuthi obuningi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Uma imuncwa, ihogelwa, noma imuncwa esikhumbeni, i-sodium cyanide ingakhulula ama-ion e-cyanide (CN⁻) emzimbeni. Lama ion e-cyanide angabopha kuma-athomu ensimbi ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebandakanyeka ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula. Lokhu kubophezela kuvimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme, kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo, okuholela ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana. Ngisho nenani elincane, elifana ne-0.1 - 0.3 amagremu, lingaba yingozi kubantu.

Izicelo

I-Sodium Ferrocyanide

• Imboni Yokudla : Emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-United States kanye nalawo ase-European Union, i-sodium ferrocyanide isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulwa nokubhaka kusawoti wetafula. Isiza ukugcina usawoti ungenawo - ugeleza ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-clumps. Umkhawulo omkhulu ovunyelwe we-sodium ferrocyanide kusawoti uyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda kodwa ulawulwa ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha.

• Izicelo Zezimboni : Isetshenziswa njengesiqinisi sokugqoka izinduku zokushisela. Embonini kaphethiloli, ingasetshenziswa ukususa ama-mercaptan, angama-compound aqukethe i-sulfur angabangela iphunga elibi nezinkinga zokugqwala.

• Ukwenziwa Kwamakhemikhali : I-sodium ferrocyanide ingasetshenziswa njengento yokuqala ekuhlanganisweni kwamanye ama-compounds ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nemibala, njenge-Prussian blue.

I-Sodium Cyanide

• Imboni Yezimayini : I-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva. Enqubweni yokukhipha i-cyanidation, amatshe egolide nesiliva aphathwa ngesisombululo esincibilikisiwe se-sodium cyanide. Igolide nesiliva kuyancibilika esixazululweni se-cyanide njengezinsimbi ze-metal-cyanide, ezingabe sezihlukaniswa futhi zicutshungulwe ukuze kutholakale izinsimbi ezihlanzekile.

• Ukwenziwa Kwamakhemikhali : Kusetshenziswa njengento yokuqala ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene e-organic. Isibonelo, kungasetshenziswa ukwethula iqembu le-cyanide (-CN) kuma-molecule e-organic, angaguqulwa abe amanye amaqembu asebenzayo njenge-carboxylic acid, ama-amine, noma ama-aldehydes ngokusebenzisa ukusabela okulandelayo.

• Ukufaka i-Electroplating : Ezinqubweni zokufaka i-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa njenge-complexing agent. Isiza ukulawula ukufakwa kwama-ion ensimbi ku-substrate, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-plating ibushelelezi futhi iyafana. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu, izinqubo zokufaka i-electroplating ezingezona i-cyanide ziyathuthukiswa kakhulu.

Ukuphepha nokuphatha

I-Sodium Ferrocyanide

Lapho kusingathwa i-sodium ferrocyanide, kufanele kulandelwe ilabhorethri evamile noma izinqubo zokuphepha zezimboni. Izisebenzi kufanele zigqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, njengamagilavu ​​nezibuko zokuphepha. Nakuba inobuthi obuphansi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile kude nama-acids kanye nemithombo yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwegesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Esimeni sokuchayeka ngengozi esikhumbeni noma emehlweni, indawo ethintekile kufanele igezwe kahle ngamanzi, futhi kufanele kufunwe ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha uma ukucasuka kuqhubeka.

I-Sodium Cyanide

Ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile. Ihlukaniswa njengento eyingozi kakhulu, futhi ukugcinwa kwayo, ukuthuthwa, nokusetshenziswa kwayo kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Abasebenzi kumele bagqoke izingubo eziyisipesheli zokuzivikela, okuhlanganisa nemishini yokuphefumula ekwaziyo ukuzibamba, amasudi amelana namakhemikhali, namagilavu. I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni evikelekile, enomoya omuhle kude nama-acids, ama-oxidizing agents, nemithombo yokushisa. Esimeni sokuchitheka noma ukukhululwa, ukuthuthwa kwendawo ngokushesha kuyadingeka, futhi kufanele kubizwe amathimba okuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo. Izinqubo ezikhethekile, ezifana nokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide ukuze kuncishiswe i-sodium cyanide esimweni sokuchitheka, kufanele kulandelwe ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuchayeka egesini enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide.

Sengiphetha, i-sodium ferrocyanide ne-sodium cyanide, kuyilapho kokubili kuqukethe izakhi ezihlobene ne-cyanide, kunomehluko omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwawo kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zawo zomzimba namakhemikhali, amazinga obuthi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nezimfuneko zokuphepha. Ukuqonda kahle kanye nokuphathwa kwalezi zinhlanganisela kubalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo.