Inqubo ye-Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc: Ukuhlaziywa Okubanzi

Isingeniso

I-Electroplating inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezindawo zensimbi. Phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene ze-electroplating, i-Sodium Cyanide electroplating zinc ibambe isikhundla esibalulekile ngenxa yezici zayo ezihlukile kanye nezinzuzo. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukunikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwenqubo ye -Sodium cyanide electroplating zinc , ehlanganisa izimiso zayo, izinyathelo zenqubo, ukwakheka kokugeza, kanye nokucatshangelwa kokusebenza.

Izimiso ze-Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

Enqubweni ye-zinc ye-electroplating ye -sodium cyanide , isimiso esiyinhloko sisekelwe ku-electrolysis. Ibhavu le-electroplating liqukethe ama-ion e-zinc nezinye izingxenye. Uma kusetshenziswa ugesi, ama-ion e-zinc ebhavu ayancishiswa ku-cathode (into ezobekwa), bese ama-athomu e-zinc abekwa phezu kwe-cathode, kwakha i-zinc coating. Ukuba khona kwe -Sodium cyanide ebhavu kudlala indima ebalulekile. Kusebenza njenge-complexing agent, kwakha ama-complex azinzile ngama-ion e-zinc. Lokhu complexation kusiza ukulawula izinga lokufakwa kwe-zinc futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesendlalelo se-zinc esibekiwe. Isibonelo, ukusabela kungamelwa nje ngokuthi: I-Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → I-Zn + 4CN⁻ ku-cathode. Ama-ion e-zinc ayinkimbinkimbi ngesimo se-Zn(CN)₄²⁻ azinzile kakhulu ebhavu, okuholela ekufakweni kwe-zinc okufanayo nokuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezingezona eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinyathelo Zezinqubo

1. Ukulungiswa Kwangaphambili Kwe-Substrate

Ngaphambi kwe-electroplating, i-substrate (into yensimbi ezogqitshwa) idinga ukunakekelwa kusengaphambili. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunamathela okuhle kwe-zinc enamathela.

• Ukususa amafutha : I-substrate iqale isuswe amafutha ukuze kususwe noma yimaphi amafutha, amafutha, noma izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo ebusweni bayo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngezindlela ezifana nokususa amafutha e-alkaline, lapho i-substrate ifakwa khona esixazululweni se-alkaline esiqukethe ama-surfactants. Isixazululo se-alkaline siphendula ngamafutha, siwenze abe yi-emulsifying futhi sivumele ukuthi agezwe. Isibonelo, isixazululo esivamile sokususa amafutha e-alkaline singase sibe ne-sodium hydroxide, i-sodium Carbon ate, kanye nama-surfactants afana ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.

• Ukuqoqwa : Ngemva kokususa amafutha, ukuqoqwa kwenziwa ukuze kususwe ukugqwala, ama-oxide, kanye nokunye ukungcola okungaphili ebusweni be-substrate. Isixazululo se-asidi, njenge-hydrochloric acid noma i-sulfuric acid, sivame ukusetshenziswa ekuqoqweni. I-asidi isabela nama-oxide ebusweni, iwancibilikise. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka ukugqwala (i-iron oxide) ku-substrate yensimbi, ukusabela nge-hydrochloric acid yilokhu: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Ngemva kokuqoqwa, i-substrate ihlanzwa kahle ngamanzi ukuze kususwe noma iyiphi i-asidi esele.

2. Ukulungiswa Kokugeza Kwe-Electroplating

Ukulungiswa kwebhavu lokufaka i-electroplating kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enqubweni ye-zinc ye-electroplating ye-sodium cyanide.

• Izithako : Izingxenye eziyinhloko zebhati zifaka phakathi i-zinc oxide (ZnO) njengomthombo wama-ion e-zinc, i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) njenge-complexing agent, kanye ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) njengosawoti oqhubayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izithasiselo zingafakwa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-plating, njengezibani. Ebhati elijwayelekile le-electroplating le-cyanide eliphansi, ukwakheka kungaba: ZnO 8 - 12 g/L, NaCN 10 - 20 g/L, NaOH 80 - 120 g/L.

• Inqubo Yokuxuba : Okokuqala, ingxenye yamanzi (cishe ingxenye yesithathu yenani eliphelele lokugeza) ifakwa ethangini lokufaka ipulasitiki. Bese, inani elidingekayo le-sodium cyanide kanye ne-sodium hydroxide liyangezwa bese livuselelwa kuze kube yilapho lincibilika ngokuphelele. Okulandelayo, i-zinc oxide ifakwa kancane kancane esixazululweni ngenkathi ivuselelwa njalo. I-zinc oxide isabela ne-sodium hydroxide kanye ne-sodium cyanide ukuze yakhe ama-complex adingekayo. Ngemva kokwengezwa kwe-zinc oxide, i-bath ixutshwa ibe yivolumu oyifunayo ngamanzi. Ekugcineni, izithasiselo zengezwa ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi.

3. Inqubo ye-Electroplating

• Ukusetha Iseli Lokufaka Amagesi : Iseli lokufaka amagesi lakhiwe yibhavu lokufaka amagesi, i-cathode (i-substrate ezofakwa amagesi), kanye ne-anode. I-anode ivame ukwenziwa ngensimbi ye-zinc. Uma ugesi udlula ebhavu, ama-ion e-zinc ayancibilika kusuka ku-anode aye ebhavuni bese efakwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ku-cathode. Ubuningi bamanje, okuyinani lamanje ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo ye-cathode, bulawulwa ngokucophelela. Kwi-zinc yokufaka amagesi ye-sodium cyanide, ubuningi bamanje obujwayelekile buqala ku-1 - 5 A/dm². Ubuningi bamanje obuphansi bungabangela izinga lokufaka elihamba kancane kodwa kungaholela ekumbozweni okufanayo nokucwebezelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuningi bamanje obuphezulu bungandisa izinga lokufaka kodwa kungabangela izinkinga ezifana nokufakwa okungalingani kanye nokushiswa koqweqwe ezindaweni zamanje eziphezulu.

• Izinga Lokushisa Nokushukuma : Izinga lokushisa lebhavu lokufaka i-electroplating nalo lithinta inqubo yokubopha. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lebhavu ligcinwa liphakathi kuka-20 - 40 °C. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lingakhuphula izinga lokufakwa kodwa linganciphisa nokuqhekeka kwe-cathode, okuholela ekumbozweni okuqinile. Ukushukuma kwebhavu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwama-ion azungeze i-cathode. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokushukuma komshini, njengokusebenzisa i-stirrer, noma ngokubhoboza komoya. Ukushukuma kusiza ukugcwalisa ama-ion e-zinc eduze kobuso be-cathode, kuvimbele ukwakheka kwama-gradients okugxilisa okungaholela ekushukumeni okungalingani.

4. Thumela - ukwelashwa

• Ukuhlanza : Ngemva kokufaka i-electroplating, into efakwe i-plated ihlanzwa kahle ngamanzi ukuze kususwe noma yisiphi isisombululo se-plating esisele ebusweni bayo. Izinyathelo eziningi zokuhlanza zingenziwa, lapho ukuhlanza kokuqala kwenziwa emanzini abandayo ukuze kususwe ingxenye enkulu yesisombululo, kulandelwe ukuhlanza okwengeziwe emanzini ahlanzekile ukuqinisekisa ukususwa okuphelele kwanoma yikuphi ukungcola.

• Ukubumba i-Chromating : Ukubumba i-Chromating kuvame ukwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo esimbozwe yi-zinc. Into embozwe ifakwa esixazululweni se-chromating, esiqukethe i-chromic acid noma usawoti waso. Inqubo yokubumba i-chromating yakha isendlalelo sokuguqulwa kwe-chromate esincane, esivikelayo ebusweni be-zinc coating. Lesi sendlalelo sinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe ekumbandeni ngokusebenza njengesivikelo kanye nangokuziphilisa ngezinga elithile lapho ubuso buklwejwa. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubumba i-chromating, njenge-chromating ephuzi, i-chromating eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, kanye ne-chromating emnyama, ngayinye inikeza amazinga ahlukene okumelana nokugqwala kanye nokubukeka kobuhle.

• Ukomisa : Ekugcineni, into efakwe ipulasitiki ne-chromated iyomiswa. Ezingxenyeni ezincane, zingomiswa emshinini wokomisa we-centrifugal nomoya oshisayo, kuyilapho izingxenye ezinkulu zingase zomiswe ngomoya emazingeni okushisa egumbi. Ukomisa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwamabala amanzi nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwengubo.

Ukwakheka Kokugeza kanye Nethonya Lalo

1. I-Zinc oxide (ZnO)

I-Zinc oxide ingumthombo we-zinc ion okugeza kwe-electroplating. Ukugcwala kwe-zinc oxide ebhavini kuthinta izinga lokubekwa kwe-zinc. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-zinc oxide ngokuvamile kuholela esilinganisweni esiphezulu sokubekwa. Kodwa-ke, uma ukugxilwa kwe-zinc ion kuphezulu kakhulu, kungabangela izinkinga ezifana namandla angenamandla okujikijela (ikhono lesisombululo sokucwenga ukufaka i-coating efanayo ezintweni ezinokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi) kanye ne-coarer - grained coating. Emabhavuni ane-cyanide ephansi, ukugxiliswa kwe-zinc oxide okufanelekile kuvamise ukuba kububanzi okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambili (8 - 12 g/L), okunikeza ibhalansi phakathi kwezinga lokubeka kanye nekhwalithi yokunamathela.

2. I-Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi ekugezeni. Yakha izakhiwo ezinama-zinc ions, njenge-Zn(CN)₄²⁻. Ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuthinta ukuzinza kwalezi zinkimbinkimbi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuziphatha kokufakwa kwe-zinc. Ezindaweni zokugeza eziphakeme ze-cyanide, kusetshenziswa inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-sodium cyanide, elinikeza amandla amahle kakhulu okujikijela kanye nokunamathela okuhle kakhulu okusanhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, ukugeza okuphakeme kwe-cyanide kubangela ubungozi obukhulu bendawo kanye nokuphepha ngenxa yobuthi be-cyanide. Ngokuphambene, okugeza okuphansi kwe-cyanide, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, kusebenzisa ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-sodium cyanide (isb, 10 - 20 g/L). Lawa okugeza asanikeza amandla amahle okujikijela kanye nekhwalithi yokugqoka ngenkathi kunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwemvelo nokuphepha ngezinga elithile. Isilinganiso se-sodium cyanide ne-zinc oxide (i-NaCN/ZnO ratio) nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. Isilinganiso esifanele siqinisekisa ukwakheka kwama-complexes azinzile kanye nezimo ezifanele zokucwenga. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, isilinganiso se-NaCN/ZnO esingaba ngu-1.5 - 2.5 siyakhethwa.

3. I-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

I-sodium hydroxide isebenza njengosawoti oqhubayo ekugezeni, okwandisa ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwesisombululo. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo kwamanje ngesikhathi se-electroplating. Kuyasiza futhi ukugcina i-pH yokugeza. I-pH yokugeza kwe-zinc ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc ivamise ukuba kububanzi be-alkaline, cishe ku-pH 12 - 14. I-pH ezinzile ibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwezakhiwo kanye nenqubo yokucwenga iyonke. Uma i-pH iphansi kakhulu, ama-complexes angase abole, okuholela emiphumeleni empofu yokucwenga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, ingabangela izinkinga ezifana nokugqwala ngokweqile kwe-anode kanye nokwakheka kwe-zinc hydroxide precipitates ekugezeni.

4. Izithasiselo

• Ama-Brighteners : Ama-Brighteners ayengezwa ebhavini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhanya nokukhanya kwe-zinc coating. Asebenza ngokushintsha isimo sobuso be-zinc layer ebekwe ezingeni le-athomu. Ama-organic compounds afana ne-saccharin, i-coumarin, kanye nosawoti othile we-quaternary ammonium avame ukusetshenziswa njengezibani. Isibonelo, i-saccharin ingamunca ebusweni be-cathode ngesikhathi se-electroplating, ivimbele ukukhula kwamakristalu e-zinc ezindleleni ezithile futhi ikhuthaze ukwakheka kobuso obubushelelezi nobukhanyayo.

• Ama-Leveler : Ama-Leveler asiza ekulungiseni noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle ebusweni be-substrate ngesikhathi sokufaka i-electroplating. Akhetha ukubekeka ezindaweni eziphakeme zamandla kagesi ze-substrate, okunciphisa umehluko wobukhulu phakathi kwezifunda zamandla aphezulu naphansi futhi kuholele ekugqokeni okufanayo. Amanye ama-polymer nama-surfactant angasebenza njengama-leveler ebhavini lokufaka i-electroplating.

• Ama-Antioxidants kanye nama-Stabilizers : Lezi zithasiselo zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukushiswa kwezingxenye ebhavini, ikakhulukazi ama-ion e-cyanide. I-Cyanide ingashiswa lapho kukhona umoya kanye nokungcola okuthile, okungaholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kwe-complexing agent kanye nezinguquko kumakhemikhali okugeza. Ama-antioxidants afana ne-sodium sulfite angangezwa ebhavini ukuze kukhishwe umoya-mpilo futhi kuvinjelwe ukushiswa kwe-cyanide. Ama-stabilizer nawo ayengezwa ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kwebhavini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuqinisekiswe imiphumela ehambisanayo yokubeka izinsimbi.

Ukucatshangelwa Kokusebenza

1. Izinyathelo Zokuphepha

Njengoba i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zithathwe ngesikhathi sokuphatha nokusebenza kwenqubo ye-electroplating. Bonke abasebenzi abahililekile kule nqubo kufanele bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa amagilavu, izibuko, nezinsimbi zokuphefumula. Indawo ye-electroplating kufanele ibe nomoya omuhle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwentuthu enobuthi. Uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukuchitheka noma izingozi ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide, izinqubo zokusabela eziphuthumayo ngokushesha kufanele zilandelwe. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukwenza i-cyanide ibe lula ngamakhemikhali afanelekile (njengezixazululo ze-hypochlorite) nokwazisa iziphathimandla zokuphepha ezifanele.

2. Ukulungisa Ukugeza

• Ukuhlaziywa Okuvamile : Ukwakheka kwebhavu lokufaka i-electroplating kufanele kuhlaziywe njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga e-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, kanye nezithasiselo zingaphakathi kobubanzi obufanele. Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezifana ne-titration zingasetshenziswa ukuthola amazinga alezi zingxenye. Isibonelo, amazinga e-zinc ion anganqunywa ngokuthatha isampula yebhavu ngesisombululo esijwayelekile se-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

• Ukulawulwa Kokungcola : Ukungcola kwebhavu kungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, njengokungcola ezintweni zokusetshenziswa, ukungcola kwezinto zangaphandle ezivela ku-substrate ngesikhathi sokucwebezela, kanye nokwakheka kokusabela kwemikhiqizo. Ukuze kulawulwe ukungcola, kufanele kwenziwe ukuhlunga okufanele kwebhavu. Uhlelo lokuhlunga olunemidiya yokuhlunga efanele lungasusa izinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nokungcola okuthile okungokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungadingeka ukuhlanzwa kwebhavu njalo. Isibonelo, uma ukungcola kwensimbi esindayo (njengethusi noma i-lead) kuqongelela ebhavu, kungasuswa ngokungeza amakhemikhali akha ama-precipitate nalokhu kungcola, kulandelwe ukuhlunga.

• Ukuvuselelwa Kwezingxenye : Njengoba inqubo yokufakelwa ngogesi iqhubeka, izingxenye ezisebhafini ziyadliwa. I-Zinc ifakwa ku-cathode, futhi ezinye zezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezithasiselo zingase zibole noma zidliwe ngenxa yokusabela okungekuhle. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuselelwa njalo kwe-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, kanye nezithasiselo kuyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe ukwakheka kwebhafini. Izinga lokuvuselelwa kabusha linganqunywa ngokusekelwe esikhathini sokufakelwa, inani lezingxenye ezifakwayo, kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwebhafini.

3. Ukuxazulula izinkinga

• Ukunamathela Okubi Kokumboza : Uma ukuhlanganiswa kwe-zinc kunamathela kabi ku-substrate, izimbangela ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi ukwelashwa okunganele kwe-substrate ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukwakheka okungalungile kwebhavu (njenge-pH engalungile noma ukugcwala okuphansi kwe-complexing agent), noma amazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa ebhavu. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, inqubo yokwelashwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kufanele ibuyekezwe futhi ithuthukiswe. Ukwakheka kwebhavu kufanele kuhlaziywe futhi kulungiswe uma kudingeka, futhi kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukungcola.

• Ukufakwa Kwesitsha Okungalingani : Ukufakwa kwesitsha okungalingani kungabangelwa yizici ezifana nokusatshalaliswa kwamanje okungafanele esitokisini se-electroplating, ukushukunyiswa okungalingani kwebhavu, noma ukuhlukahluka kwejometri ye-substrate. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, ukusethwa kweseli le-electroplating kungalungiswa ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje okufanayo. Indlela yokufakwa kwesitsha ingalungiswa, futhi izinto zokufakelwa zingaklanywa ukubamba i-substrate ngendlela ekhuthaza ukufakwa kwesitsha okulingana. Kuma-substrate anomumo oyinkimbinkimbi, amasu okufakwa kwesitsha akhethekile noma ukusetshenziswa kwama-anode asizayo kungadingeka.

• Ukugqoka Okungacwebezeli Noma Okumnyama : Ukugqoka okungelutho noma okumnyama kwe-zinc kungase kubangelwe ukugcwala okwanele kwe-brightener ebhavini, amazinga aphezulu okungcola, noma amapharamitha okufaka angalungile (njengokuphakama kakhulu kobuningi bamanje noma izinga lokushisa lokugeza). Ukugcwala kwe-brightener kufanele kuhlolwe futhi kulungiswe uma kudingeka. Ibhavini kufanele lihlanzwe ukuze kususwe ukungcola, futhi amapharamitha okufaka afanele alungiselelwe.

Isiphetho

Inqubo ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc iyindlela esetshenziswa kabanzi futhi ebalulekile yokuhlinzeka ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqedwa kokuhlobisa ezintweni zensimbi. Ukuqonda izimiso zayo, izinyathelo zenqubo, ukwakheka kokugeza, nokucatshangelwa kokusebenza kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yekhwalithi ephezulu yokucwenga. Nakuba inezinselele ezithile zemvelo nezokuphepha ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide, enezinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye ezinye izindlela ezivumelana nemvelo (njengezinqubo ezingenayo i-cyanide noma i-cyanide - mahhala), iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ezezimoto, i-aerospace, ne-electronics. Ngokulawula ngokucophelela zonke izici zenqubo, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza imikhiqizo egcwele i-zinc enekhwalithi nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu.