Ukusetshenziswa Okujikelezayo Kwamanzi Angcolile E-Cyanide Ekuncibilikeni Kwegolide

Embonini yokuncibilikisa igolide , i-cyanidation inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi ukukhipha igolide ku-ore. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo ikhiqiza inani elikhulu lamanzi angcolile aqukethe i- cyanide , okubeka engcupheni enkulu yemvelo kanye nempilo uma ingaphathwa kahle. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe amanzi angcolile e-Cyanide akuyona nje into ebalulekile emvelweni kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sentuthuko esimeme yemboni yegolide. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuzohlola ukubaluleka, izindlela, kanye nezinselele zokuphinda kusetshenziswe amanzi angcolile e-cyanide ekuncibilikiseni igolide.

Ukubaluleka Kokusebenzisa Kabusha Amanzi Angcolile e-Cyanide

I-Cyanide iyinto enobuthi kakhulu. Ngisho nasendaweni ephansi, ingaba yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini futhi iyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Ukukhishwa okuqondile kwe-cyanide - okuqukethe amanzi angcolile avela ezitshalweni ezincibilikisa igolide kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, inhlabathi, nomoya, okuholela ekulimaleni kwemvelo kanye nokulimala okungaba khona emiphakathini eseduze. Ngokwenza kabusha amanzi angcolile e-cyanide, imboni yegolide inganciphisa kakhulu indawo yayo yemvelo. Ukugaywa kabusha kusiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide enobuthi endaweni ezungezile, ukuvikela imizimba yamanzi, izilwane zasendle kanye nenani labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihambisana nemithetho yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke kanye nesidingo esikhulayo somphakathi semikhuba eqhubekayo yezimboni.

Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu. Izinsimbi zegolide zivame ukuqukatha ezinye izinsimbi ezibalulekile njengethusi, i-zinc, nensimbi. Lezi zinsimbi zincibilika kusixazululo se-cyanide phakathi nenqubo yokukhipha futhi zingatholwa phakathi nenqubo yokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile. Isibonelo, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokugaywa kabusha, izinsimbi ezibalulekile zingakhishwa emanzini angcolile, okwandisa inzuzo yonke yokusebenza kwezimayini zegolide. Ukwengeza, ukugaywa kabusha kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile namakhemikhali ohlelweni lokuncibilikisa igolide. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amanzi namakhemikhali amaningi amasha, amanzi angcolile agaywe kabusha angasetshenziswa kabusha, okuholela ekongeni kwezindleko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukwelashwa Okukhona kanye Nezindlela Zokugaywa kabusha

Izindlela ze-Chemical Oxidation

1. I-Alkaline Chlorination : Lena enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Emanzini angcolile e-alkaline cyanide, ama-chlorine oxidants anezimo ze-oxidation ezishajeke kakhulu ayengezwa. Ama-oxidants avamile afaka i-ClO₂, i-Cl₂ (igesi noketshezi), i-bleach powder, i-sodium hypochlorite, i-calcium hypochlorite, kanye ne-chlorite. Ezixazululweni ze-alkaline, i-OCl⁻ noma i-chloride ene-oxidation eshajeke kakhulu ngokuvamile ikhiqizwa. I-cyanide iqale i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate bese iqhubeka i-oxidized ibe yi -Carbon dioxide kanye ne-nitrogen. Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu yale ndlela ukuthi i-cyanogen chloride ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo inobuthi, okuyinto eyingozi kubasebenzisi. I-Cyanogen chloride ikhiqiza nentuthu ebhubhisayo uma ihlangana namanzi, igqwala kakhulu imishini.

2. Indlela ye-Inco : Yasungulwa yi-Inco Ltd. ngo-1982. Le ndlela ihilela ukwengeza ingxube ye-SO₂ nomoya emanzini amdaka e-cyanide ngenkathi kulawulwa inani le-pH eliphakathi kuka-8 no-10. I-cyanide emanzini amdaka i-oxidized ngaphansi kwe-catalysis yama-ion ethusi ahlanganisiwe. Umphumela wokwelapha ngokuvamile ungcono kunenqubo yokuxiliswa kwe-chlorine (ngaphandle kokucabangela ubuthi be-thiocyanate). Umthombo wama-reagents ubanzi kakhulu, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuphansi kunenqubo ye-alkaline chlorination. Kodwa-ke, indlela ye-Inco inobunzima bokuxilisa i-SCN⁻, futhi i-SCN⁻ ingahlukanisa i-CN⁻ kamuva, ngakho-ke ayifanele ukwelapha amanzi amdaka e-cyanide ngokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-SCN⁻.

3. I-H₂O₂ Ukuxhuzula : I-H₂O₂ ixuzula i-cyanide ukuze ikhiqize i-CNO⁻ ngaphansi kwezimo ze-pH 9.5 - 11. izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile, kanye nama-ion ethusi (Cu²⁺) njenge-catalyst. I-CNO⁻ izophinde ixuzulwe ukuze ikhiqize i-NH₄⁺ kanye ne-CO₃²⁻, futhi izinga le-hydrolysis lincike ku-pH. Le ndlela inomphumela omuhle wokwelapha emanzini amdaka e-cyanide kanye nenqubo elula. Ifanele ukwelapha amanzi amdaka e-cyanide anezinga eliphansi, kanti ukuxhuzula kwe-cyanide ngemva kokwelashwa kungaphansi kuka-0.5 mg/L.

4. Ukushiswa kwe-Ozone : I-Ozone inekhono lokushiswa kwe-ozone elinamandla kakhulu, inamandla e-electrode angu-2.07 mV, elesibili emva kwe-fluorine. Ingabolisa kalula izingxenye ezinye izi-oxidants ezingakwazi ukuzibolisa. Enqubweni yokushiswa kwe-ozone, i-ozone isabela ne-cyanide ukuze ikhiqize i-cyanate, bese i-hydrolyzes ikhiqize i-nitrogen ne-carbonate. Enye inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi idinga kuphela imishini yokukhiqiza i-ozone futhi ayidingi ukuthenga nokuthutha amakhemikhali.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokugaywa kabusha

1. Indlela Yokufaka I-asidi : Le ndlela ingacubungula iningi lezixazululo ze-cyanide ezigcwele kakhulu (60 * 10⁻⁶ + NaCN) ezikhishwa ezimbonini. Ukugcwala kwama-ion e-cyanide yamahhala esixazululweni esicutshunguliwe kungancishiswa kube yi-1 * 10⁻⁶. Ingabuyisa i-cyanide ngezinga eliphezulu, ivumele ukuvuselelwa kwezinsizakusebenza futhi ilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu zomnotho. Kodwa-ke, idinga ukuvalwa kwemishini kwezinga eliphezulu, inokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kusengaphambili, idinga amakhono okusebenza kwezinga eliphezulu, futhi inokulungiswa okunzima kwemishini. Kukhona nezingozi ezithile zokuphepha, futhi amanzi angcolile asadinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhipha.

2. Ukukhishwa Kwe-Solvent : Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent sekuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlukanisa nokucebisa ama-ion ensimbi. Kungasetshenziswa futhi ukwelapha ama-ion e-metal cyanide complex ezixazululweni ze-alkaline cyanide. Isibonelo, uhlelo lokukhipha i-trioctylmethyl ammonium chloride (N263) - tributyl phosphate (TBP) - n - octanol - sulfonated kerosene lungasetshenziswa ukucebisa nokubuyisa izinsimbi ezibalulekile emanzini angcolile okukhishwa kwegolide kwe-cyanide. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, amaphesenti aphezulu okukhishwa kwama-ion ensimbi njenge-Cu, Zn, ne-Fe angatholakala.

3. Indlela Yokuna kweZinyathelo Ezimbili : Lena indlela yokujikeleza okugcwele esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenzelwe izitshalo ezincane neziphakathi zokukhipha i-gold cyanidation ezinamanzi angcolile e-SCN⁻, okufinyelela "ukukhululwa okungenalutho" kwamanzi angcolile. Le ndlela ihilela kakhulu ukwengeza i-catalyst kanye nomoya-mpilo owanele ku-cyanide yamanzi angcolile kanye nokususa i-cyanide ngokusebenzisa ukusabela ku-carbon egcwele igolide. Ingasusa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo esixazululweni futhi yenze ukuthi amanzi angcolile aphinde asetshenziswe.

Izibonelo Zezifundo Zokugaywa kabusha Okuphumelelayo

1. [Igama Lenkampani 1] : Le nkampani yokuncibilikisa igolide yaqalisa uhlelo oluphelele lokuvuselela amanzi amdaka e-cyanide. Baqale basebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela zokufudumeza amakhemikhali kanye nezindlela zokupholisa amanzi amdaka ukuze baphathe amanzi amdaka. Ngokwenza ngcono inqubo yokwelapha, bakwazi ukunciphisa ukugcwala kwe-cyanide emanzini amdaka kuze kube sezingeni elihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvuselela. Amanzi amdaka asetshenziswe kabusha abe esesetshenziswa kabusha enqubweni yokuvuselela igolide. Ngenxa yalokho, inkampani ayizange nje inciphise kakhulu umthelela wayo kwezemvelo kodwa futhi yathola ukonga kwezindleko okungu-[X]% emanzini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.

2. [Igama Lenkampani 2] : Le nkampani yathatha indlela entsha kakhulu. Bathuthukise uhlobo olusha lobuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa olusekelwe ku-membrane lokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-cyanide. Lobu buchwepheshe bungahlukanisa ngempumelelo i-cyanide nokunye ukungcola emanzini amdaka. Amanzi ahlanziwe abe esephinde asetshenziswa, bese i-cyanide etholakele kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu ziphinde zisetshenziswe noma zithengiswe. Le ndlela ayizange nje ithuthukise ukusebenza kwenkampani kwezemvelo kodwa futhi yandisa imali engenayo ngokuthengiswa kwezinsiza ezitholiwe.

Izinselele kanye nezixazululo ku-Cyanide Wastewater Recycling

Izinselele zobuchwepheshe

1. Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi Kwamanzi Angcolile : Amanzi angcolile e-Cyanide avela ekuncibilikiseni igolide aqukethe hhayi i-cyanide kuphela kodwa nama-ion ahlukahlukene ensimbi, ama-compounds ayinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokungcola. Lokhu kwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza kube nzima ukuthuthukisa indlela yokwelapha nokuvuselela enobukhulu obufanayo. Imithombo ehlukene yamanzi angcolile ingadinga izinqubo zokwelashwa ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nselele, kudingeka ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kobuchwepheshe bokwelapha. Izinto ezintsha kanye nama-catalyst kungathuthukiswa ukuthuthukisa ukukhetha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindlela zokwelapha zezingxenye ezahlukene emanzini angcolile.

2. Izindleko Eziphezulu Zobuchwepheshe Bokwelapha : Eminye imikhakha ethuthukisiwe yokwelapha amanzi amdaka e-cyanide kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvuselela kabusha, njengezindlela ezithile zokuhlukanisa ezisekelwe ku-membrane kanye nezinqubo zokushiswa kwamakhemikhali ngokunemba okuphezulu, zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kokuthenga, ukufaka, kanye nokulungisa imishini. Le ndleko ephezulu ingaba yisivikelo emabhizinisini amaningi amancane naphakathi okuncibilikisa igolide. Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko, kungakhuthazwa ukubambisana okubanzi embonini. Izinkampani zingabelana ngezindleko zocwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi umnotho wezinga ungatholakala ngokuthengwa ngokuhlanganyela kwemishini nezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni banganikeza izikhuthazo zezimali ezifana nezibonelelo kanye nokwehliswa kwentela ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi asebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuthuthukisiwe.

Ukulawula Nenqubomgomo - Izinselele Ezihlobene

1. Imithethonqubo Eqinile Yezemvelo : Njengoba ulwazi ngemvelo lukhula, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa imithethonqubo eqinile yezemvelo embonini yokuncibilikisa igolide. Ukuthobela le mithethonqubo kudinga ukuthi izikhungo zokuncibilikisa igolide zitshale imali eningi ekuphathweni nasekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamanzi amdaka. Kodwa-ke, eminye imithethonqubo ingase ingabi nezimo ezanele zokubhekana nezimo ezahlukahlukene zamabhizinisi ahlukene. Ohulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulayo kufanele bahlanganyele ekubonisaneni okujulile nemboni yokuncibilikisa igolide. Bangakha izinqubomgomo zomthetho eziqondiswe kakhulu neziguquguqukayo ezicabangela izimo zangempela zokukhiqiza kanye namakhono obuchwepheshe amabhizinisi ahlukene ngenkathi beqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

2. Ukuntuleka Kwezindinganiso Ezihlanganisiwe : Njengamanje, kunokuntuleka kwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezihlanganisiwe zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-cyanide kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha embonini yokuncibilikisa igolide. Amazwe nezifunda ezahlukene zingase zibe nezidingo ezahlukene kanye nezindlela zokuhlola, okungabangela ukudideka ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe zokuncibilikisa igolide futhi kuvimbele ukwamukelwa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu. Umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifanele kanye nezinhlangano zezimboni, kufanele usebenzisane ukuthuthukisa amazinga ahlanganisiwe omhlaba wonke. Lezi zindinganiso zingakhuthaza ukulinganiswa kanye nokuqhathaniswa kobuchwepheshe bokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka e-cyanide kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha emhlabeni jikelele, okwenza kube lula ukwabelana ngolwazi kanye nokudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe.

Sengiphetha, ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide ekuncibilikisweni kwegolide kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko esimeme yemboni. Nakuba kunezinselele, ukusungulwa okusha okuqhubekayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho, kanye nezimboni - ukubambisana okubanzi kunganqoba lezi zithiyo. Ngokusebenzisa amasu asebenzayo okugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide, imboni yokuncibilikisa igolide ingadlulela ekusaseni elizinzile.