Ukusetshenziswa Okujikelezayo Kwamanzi Angcolile E-Cyanide Ekuncibilikeni Kwegolide

In the Ukuncibilika kwegolide embonini, i-cyanidation iyinqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi yokukhipha igolide ku-ores. Nokho, le nqubo yakha amanani abalulekile i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile, abeka engcupheni enkulu yemvelo nempilo uma ingalawulwa ngendlela efanele. Ukugaywa kabusha kwe Amanzi angcolile e-Cyanide akuyona nje into ebalulekile yezemvelo kodwa futhi iyisu elihle lokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwemboni yegolide. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuzohlola ukubaluleka, izindlela, kanye nezinselelo zokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide ekuncibilikisweni kwegolide.

Ukubaluleka Kokusebenzisa Kabusha Amanzi Angcolile e-Cyanide

I-Cyanide iyinto enobuthi kakhulu. Ngisho nasendaweni ephansi, ingaba yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini futhi iyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Ukukhishwa okuqondile kwe-cyanide - okuqukethe amanzi angcolile avela ezitshalweni ezincibilikisa igolide kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, inhlabathi, nomoya, okuholela ekulimaleni kwemvelo kanye nokulimala okungaba khona emiphakathini eseduze. Ngokwenza kabusha amanzi angcolile e-cyanide, imboni yegolide inganciphisa kakhulu indawo yayo yemvelo. Ukugaywa kabusha kusiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide enobuthi endaweni ezungezile, ukuvikela imizimba yamanzi, izilwane zasendle kanye nenani labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihambisana nemithetho yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke kanye nesidingo esikhulayo somphakathi semikhuba eqhubekayo yezimboni.

Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide kungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu. Izinsimbi zegolide zivame ukuqukatha ezinye izinsimbi ezibalulekile njengethusi, i-zinc, nensimbi. Lezi zinsimbi zincibilika kusixazululo se-cyanide phakathi nenqubo yokukhipha futhi zingatholwa phakathi nenqubo yokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile. Isibonelo, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokugaywa kabusha, izinsimbi ezibalulekile zingakhishwa emanzini angcolile, okwandisa inzuzo yonke yokusebenza kwezimayini zegolide. Ukwengeza, ukugaywa kabusha kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile namakhemikhali ohlelweni lokuncibilikisa igolide. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amanzi namakhemikhali amaningi amasha, amanzi angcolile agaywe kabusha angasetshenziswa kabusha, okuholela ekongeni kwezindleko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukwelashwa Okukhona kanye Nezindlela Zokugaywa kabusha

Izindlela ze-Chemical Oxidation

1. I-Alkaline Chlorination: Lena enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Emanzini angcolile e-alkaline cyanide, ama-chlorine oxidants anezimo ze-oxidation ezishajwe kakhulu ayangezwa. Ama-oxidants avamile afaka i-ClO₂, i-Cl₂ (igesi noketshezi), i-bleach powder, i-sodium hypochlorite, i-calcium hypochlorite, kanye ne-chlorite. Ezixazululweni ze-alkaline, i-OCl⁻ noma i-chloride ene-oxidation eshajwe kakhulu ngokuvamile ikhiqizwa. I-cyanide iqale i-oxidation ibe yi-cyanate bese i-oxidation ibe yi- I-Carbon i-dioxide ne-nitrogen. Kodwa-ke, inkinga enkulu yale ndlela ukuthi i-cyanogen chloride ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo inobuthi, okuyinto eyingozi kubasebenzisi. I-Cyanogen chloride ikhiqiza nentuthu ebolile uma ihlangana namanzi, igqwala kakhulu imishini.

2. Indlela ye-Inco: Ithuthukiswe yi-Inco Ltd. ngo-1982. le ndlela ihilela ukungeza ingxube ye-SO₂ nomoya emanzini angcolile e-cyanide ngenkathi ilawula inani le-pH eliphakathi kuka-8 - 10. I-cyanide emanzini angcolile i-oxidized ngaphansi kwe-catalysis yama-ion e-bivalent yethusi. Umphumela wokwelapha ngokuvamile ungcono kunenqubo ye-chlorine oxidation (ngaphandle kokucabangela ubuthi be-thiocyanate). Umthombo wama-reagents ubanzi ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi utshalomali luphansi kunenqubo ye-alkaline chlorination. Nokho, indlela ye-Inco inobunzima bokukhipha i-SCN⁻, futhi i-SCN⁻ ingakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-CN⁻ kamuva, ngakho ayifaneleki ukwelapha amanzi angcolile e-cyanide ngokugxila okuphezulu kwe-SCN⁻.

3. I-H₂O₂ Oxidation: I-H₂O₂ i-oxidize i-cyanide ukuze ikhiqize i-CNO⁻ ngaphansi kwezimo ze-pH 9.5 - 11. izinga lokushisa elivamile, kanye nama-ion ethusi (Cu²⁺) njenge-catalyst. I-CNO⁻ izophinde ifakwe i-hydrolyzed ukuze ikhiqize i-NH₄⁺ ne-CO₃²⁻, futhi izinga le-hydrolysis lincike ku-pH. Le ndlela inomphumela omuhle wokwelapha emanzini angcolile e-cyanide kanye nenqubo elula. Ilungele ukwelapha amanzi angcolile e-cyanide aphansi, futhi ukugxila kwe-cyanide ngemva kokwelashwa kube ngaphansi kuka-0.5 mg/L.

4. I-Ozone Oxidation: I-ozone inamandla amakhulu ngokwedlulele oksijini, namandla e-electrode angu-2.07 mV, okwesibili ngemva kwe-fluorine. Ingakwazi ukubola kalula izingxenye ezinye izinto ezingenakugwenywa. Enqubweni ye-ozone oxidation, i-ozone ihlangana ne-cyanide ukuze ikhiqize i-cyanate, yona i-hydrolyzes ikhiqize i-nitrogen ne-carbonate. Enye inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi idinga kuphela imishini ekhiqiza i-ozone futhi ayidingi ukuthenga nokuthutha amakhemikhali.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokugaywa kabusha

1. Indlela ye-Acidification: Le ndlela ingacubungula iningi lezixazululo ze-cyanide eziphezulu (60 * 10⁻⁶ + NaCN) ezikhishwe ezimbonini. Ukugxila kwama-ion e-cyanide amahhala esixazululweni esicutshunguliwe kungancishiswa ku-1 * 10⁻⁶. Ingakwazi ukubuyisela i-cyanide ngezinga eliphezulu, inike amandla ukugaywa kabusha kwensiza futhi ilethe izinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, idinga ukuvalwa kwempahla yezinga eliphezulu, inotshalomali olukhulu lwangaphambili, idinga amakhono okusebenza ngezinga eliphezulu, futhi inokugcinwa kanzima kwemishini. Kukhona futhi izingozi ezithile zokuphepha, futhi amanzi angcolile asadinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuwakhipha.

2. Ukukhishwa kweSolvent: Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent sekuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlukanisa nokunothisa ama-ion ensimbi. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukwelapha i-ion eyinkimbinkimbi ye-cyanide ye-alkaline cyanide solutions. Isibonelo, isistimu yokukhipha i-synergistic ye-trioctylmethyl ammonium chloride (N263) - i-tributyl phosphate (TBP) - n - octanol - uphalafini we-sulfonated ingasetshenziswa ukucebisa nokubuyisela izinsimbi ezibalulekile emanzini angcolile e-cyanide ekhishwa igolide. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, amaphesenti aphezulu okukhishwa kwama-ion ensimbi afana ne-Cu, Zn, ne-Fe angafinyelelwa.

3. Okubili - Isinyathelo Sendlela Yemvula: Lena indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu evaliwe - isekethe igcwele - indlela yokusabalalisa eyenzelwe izitshalo zegolide ze-cyanidation ezincane nezimaphakathi ezinamanzi angcolile e-SCN⁻ aphezulu, okufeza “ukungakhululwa” kwamanzi angcolile. Indlela eyinhloko ihilela ukungeza i-catalyst nomoya-mpilo owanele ku-cyanide yamanzi angcolile kanye nokukhipha i-cyanide ngokusabela kukhabhoni elayishwe igolide. Ingasusa ama-ion ensimbi esindayo esixazululweni futhi ibone ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile.

Izibonelo Zezifundo Zokugaywa kabusha Okuphumelelayo

1. [Igama Lenkampani 1]: Le nkampani encibilikisa igolide isebenzise uhlelo oluphelele lokugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide. Baqale basebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-chemical oxidation nezindlela zemvula ukuze bahlanze amanzi angcolile. Ngokuthuthukisa inqubo yokwelapha, bakwazile ukwehlisa ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile kuze kube sezingeni elihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokugaywa kabusha. Amanzi angcolile asetshenziswe kabusha abe esephinde asetshenziswa enqubweni yegolide ye-cyanidation. Ngenxa yalokho, inkampani ayizange yehlise ngokuphawulekayo umthelela wayo kwezemvelo kuphela kodwa futhi yazuza ukonga kwezindleko ezingu-[X]% ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi namakhemikhali.

2. [Igama Lenkampani 2]: Le nkampani yamukele indlela emisha. Bakha uhlobo olusha lwe-membrane - ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa obusekelwe ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile e-cyanide. Ubuchwepheshe bungahlukanisa ngempumelelo i-cyanide nokunye ukungcola emanzini angcolile. Amanzi ahlanzekile abe esephinde asetshenziswe, futhi i-cyanide etholakele nezinsimbi ezibalulekile kwaphinde kwasetshenziswa noma kwathengiswa. Le ndlela ayigcinanga nje ngokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwenkampani kwezemvelo kodwa yandisa nenzuzo yayo ngokudayisa izinsiza ezibuyisiwe.

Izinselele kanye nezixazululo ku-Cyanide Wastewater Recycling

Izinselele zobuchwepheshe

1. Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi Kwamanzi Angcolile: Amanzi angcolile e-Cyanide asuka ekuncibilikiseni igolide awaqukethe i-cyanide kuphela kodwa nama-ion ensimbi ahlukahlukene, izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokungcola. Lokhu kwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza kube nzima ukwakha usayizi owodwa - olingana - konke ukwelashwa kanye nendlela yokugaya kabusha. Imithombo yamanzi angcolile ehlukene ingase idinge izinqubo zokwelashwa ezingokwezifiso. Ukuze kubhekwane nale nselele, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kobuchwepheshe bokwelapha. Izinto ezintsha kanye nama-catalysts zingathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhetha nokusebenza kahle kwezindlela zokwelashwa zezingxenye ezahlukene emanzini angcolile.

2. High - Izindleko Zokwelashwa Technologies: Okunye okuthuthukisiwe kokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide nobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha, obufana nezindlela ezithile zokuhlukanisa ezisekelwe kulwelwesi kanye nezinqubo zokunemba okuphezulu kwe-chemical oxidation, zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwempahla yokuthenga, ukufakwa, nokunakekelwa. Lezi zindleko eziphezulu zingase zibe yisithiyo emabhizinisini amaningi amancane naphakathi nendawo ancibilikisa igolide. Ukunciphisa izindleko, ukubambisana okubanzi kwezimboni kungakhuthazwa. Izinkampani zingabelana ngezindleko zocwaningo nezokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi umnotho wesilinganiso ungafinyelelwa ngokuthengwa ngokuhlanganyela kwemishini nezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukwengeza, ohulumeni banganikeza izikhuthazo zezimali ezifana nezibonelelo kanye nekhefu lentela ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi asebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuthuthukisiwe.

Ukulawula Nenqubomgomo - Izinselele Ezihlobene

1. Imithethonqubo Eqinile Yezemvelo: Njengoba kukhula ukuqwashisa ngemvelo, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa imithetho eqinile yezemvelo embonini yokuncibilikisa igolide. Ukuthobela le mithetho kudinga izitshalo zokuncibilikisa igolide ukuthi zitshale imali ethe xaxa ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi angcolile nasekugayweni kabusha. Kodwa-ke, eminye imithetho ingase ingaguquguquki ngokwanele ukuze ibhekane nezimo ezihlukahlukene zamabhizinisi ahlukene. Ohulumeni nama-ejensi alawulayo kufanele abambe iqhaza ekuxoxisaneni okujulile nemboni yokuncibilikisa igolide. Bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo zokulawula eziqondiswe kakhulu nezivumelana nezimo ezicabangela izimo zangempela zokukhiqiza namandla ezobuchwepheshe amabhizinisi ahlukene kuyilapho zisaqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

2. Ukuntuleka Kwamazinga Ahlanganisiwe: Okwamanje, kukhona ukushoda kwezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlangene zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile e-cyanide kanye nokugaywa kabusha embonini yokuncibilikisa igolide. Amazwe ahlukene nezifunda zingase zibe nezidingo ezihlukene kanye nemibandela yokuhlola, engabangela ukudideka ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe ezincibilikisa igolide futhi kuvimbele ukwamukelwa okusabalele kobuchwepheshe bokwenza okungcono kakhulu. Umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifanele kanye nezinhlangano zezimboni, kufanele basebenzisane ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlangene. Lawa mazinga angaphromotha ukumiswa nokuqhathaniswa kokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha emhlabeni jikelele, kube lula ukwabelana ngolwazi nokudluliswa kobuchwepheshe.

Sengiphetha, ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide ekuncibilikisweni kwegolide kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko esimeme yemboni. Nakuba kunezinselele, ukusungulwa okusha okuqhubekayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho, kanye nezimboni - ukubambisana okubanzi kunganqoba lezi zithiyo. Ngokusebenzisa amasu asebenzayo okugaywa kabusha kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide, imboni yokuncibilikisa igolide ingadlulela ekusaseni elizinzile.