I-Safety Production Technical Specifications for Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold Extract Process

1. Isingeniso

The I-Cyanide Inqubo yokumba igolide ye-heap leaching isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimayini zegolide ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo njengokulula, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokusebenza kwezinsimbi zezinga eliphansi. Nokho, njengoba i-cyanide iyisithako esinobuthi obukhulu, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza eqinile kufanele ilandelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, indawo ezungezile, nokusebenza okuvamile kwenqubo yokukhiqiza. I-"Safety Production Technical Specifications for Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold Extraction Process" (YS/T 3019 - 2013) yaqalwa ngoMashi 1. 2014. ehlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela ecacile yokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlolwa kwendawo yale nqubo.

2. Izidingo Eziyisisekelo Zokukhiqiza Ukuphepha

2.1 Ukukhethwa Kwesayithi kanye Nesakhiwo

• Izimo Geological: Indawo ye-cyanide heap leaching kufanele ikhethwe endaweni ezinzile enezimo ezinhle zokwakheka komhlaba. Gwema izindawo ezivame ukubhidlika, ukudilika kodaka nezikhukhula. Ukuhlola komhlaba kufanele kwenziwe kusenesikhathi ukuze kuhlolwe ukuzinza kwesizinda.

• Ibanga ukusuka Ezindaweni Ezibucayi: Indawo yokuchelela inqwaba kufanele ibekwe ebangeni elanele ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala, imithombo yamanzi, nezinye izindawo ezibucayi. Izidingo eziqondile zebanga kufanele zihambisane nemithetho efanele yezemvelo nezokuphepha. Isibonelo, kufanele kube okungenani amamitha angu-[X] kude nezindawo zokuhlala ukuze kuvinjelwe umthelela wegesi enobuthi nokuvuza koketshezi kubahlali.

• Idizayini Yesakhiwo: Isakhiwo sesayithi lokuvuza inqwaba kufanele sibe nengqondo. Izindawo zokupakishwa kwensimbi, ukujikeleza kwesixazululo, ukutholwa kwegolide, nokulahlwa kukadoti kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngokucacile. Indawo eyanele kufanele ibekelwe ukufakwa, ukusebenza, nokugcinwa kwemishini. Amaphaseji okuphepha kanye nemizila yokuphuma kwezimo eziphuthumayo kufanele kumiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishwa kahle kwabasebenzi uma kwenzeka izimo eziphuthumayo.

2.2 Izinsiza kanye Nokuphepha Kwendawo

• Anti - Seepage Izinsiza: Iphansi nendawo ezungezile yenqwaba yensimbi kufanele ifakwe izinto ezinokwethenjelwa zokunqanda ukugeleza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - equkethe izixazululo emhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba. High - density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes noma ezinye izinto zekhwalithi ephezulu zokulwa nokuvuza zingasetshenziswa. I-anti-sepage layer kufanele ihlolwe njalo ukuze kubonakale umonakalo noma ukuvuza.

• I-Liquid Storage kanye Nezisetshenziswa Zokuthutha: Amathangi, amapayipi, namaphampu okugcina nokuthutha i-cyanide - izixazululo eziqukethe kufanele zenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala. Kufanele kuhlolwe njalo ukuze kubhekwe ukugqwala, ukuvuza, nezinye izingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona. Zonke izinto eziwuketshezi zokugcina uketshezi nezokuthutha kufanele zifakwe izinto zokuvimbela ukuchichima kanye namavalvu okuvala izimo eziphuthumayo.

• I-Ventilation kanye ne-Exhaust Systems: Ezindaweni lapho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi equkethe i-cyanide, umoya osebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokukhipha umoya kufanele zifakwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanjululwa nokususwa kwamagesi anobuthi. Umthamo wokungenisa umoya kanye nezinga lokukhipha umoya kufanele lihlangabezane nezidingo zamazinga afanele ukuze kugcinwe indawo yokusebenza ephephile.

2.3 Uhlelo Lokulawula Ukuphepha

• Ukusungulwa Kwemithethonqubo Yezokuphepha: Amabhizinisi ezimayini kufanele asungule isethi ephelele yemithethonqubo yokuphepha kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza zenqubo ye-cyanide heap leaching. Le mithethonqubo kufanele ihlanganise zonke izici zokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwemishini, ukulungiswa, ukuphathwa kwe-cyanide, kanye nokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi: Bonke abasebenzi abathintekayo ohlelweni lwe-cyanide heap leaching kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha njalo. Okuqukethwe kokuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake izakhiwo nobungozi be-cyanide, izindlela zokusebenza zokuphepha, izinqubo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuzivikela. Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe futhi babe neziqu ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukusebenza.

• Ukuqapha Nokuhlola Ukuphepha: Ukuqapha nokuhlolwa kokuphepha okuvamile kufanele kwenziwe ohlelweni lokukhiqiza. Izinto zokuqapha zihlanganisa ukugcwala kwe-cyanide emoyeni nesixazululo, ubuqotho bezindawo ezilwa nokugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nesimo sokusebenza kwemishini. Amarekhodi okuhlola kufanele agcinwe ukuze asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, futhi noma yiziphi izingozi zokuphepha ezitholakele kufanele zilungiswe ngesikhathi.

3. Operation Technical Specifications

3.1 Ukulungiswa Kwensimbi

• Ukuchotshozwa kanye ne-Granulation: Insimbi eminingi idinga ukuchotshozwa ibe usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezifanele ngaphambi kokuvuza kwenqwaba. Ngokuvamile, usayizi wezinhlayiyana kufanele uchotshozwe ube ngu-25.4 mm noma ucolise ukuze uveze igolide kunsimbi futhi kuthuthukiswe izinga lokutholwa kwegolide. Kuma-ores anokungenwa kahle kwamanzi kanye nobumba oluphezulu, ubuchwepheshe be-granulation bungasetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi se-granulation, inani elifanele lomcako kufanele lengezwe ukuze kulungiswe inani le-pH yensimbi ibe phakathi kuka-9.5 - 10.5. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukugxila kwe I-sodium cyanide enqubweni ye-granulation kufanele ilawulwe ngokuya ngezakhiwo ze-ore, ngokuvamile mayelana nama-60 - 150 amagremu ngethani ngalinye lensimbi yegolide. Umswakama ophelele wama-pellets akufanele udlule ku-30% ukugwema ukuthi ama-pellets angaxege futhi athambe. Isikhathi sokwelashwa kufanele sibe ngaphezu kwamahora angama-72. Uma kunemvula ngesikhathi sokugaya, ama-pellets kufanele ambozwe ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwegolide.

• Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Yensimbi Esakhiwe Kade: Ikhwalithi ye-ore ekhishiwe kufanele ilawulwe ngokuqinile. Ukusampula okuvamile kanye nokuhlaziya kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi usayizi wezinhlayiyana, inani le-pH, nezinye izinkomba zihlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo yokukhishwa kwenqwaba. I-ore eqeqeshiwe kuphela engasetshenziswa ekwakheni inqwaba.

3.2 Ukwakha Inqwaba

• Ukulungiselela IsizaNgaphambi kokwakha inqwaba, indawo kufanele ihlanzwe futhi ilinganiswe. Kufanele kubekwe umthambeka ongu-3% - 5% endaweni eyisicaba ukuze kube lula ukukhipha amanzi ezixazululo zokudonsa amanzi. Ngemva kokulinganisa, ukwelashwa okulwa nokuvuza kwamanzi kufanele kwenziwe endaweni. Isendlalelo somcamelo esingaba ngu-0.5 m ubukhulu singabekwa esisekelweni esihlanganisiwe, bese sifafazwa nge-sodium I-Carbonisixazululo samanzi ukuze sithuthukise ukusebenza kwaso kokungaphumi kwamanzi.

• Heap Ubude Nomumo: Ukuphakama kokuqala kwenqwaba ye-ore akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu, okungcono kube ngamamitha angu-3 - 4. Njengoba izinga lokuvuza lizinza, ukuphakama kwenqwaba ye-ore kungakhuliswa ngokufanelekile. Ukuma kwenqwaba ye-ore kufanele yakhelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okuhle kwesixazululo kanye nokungena kwegesi. Ngokuvamile, inqwaba ye-ore emise okwe-conical noma enezinyathelo ivame ukusetshenziswa.

• Ukuvikelwa Okuzungezile: Imisele yokukhipha amanzi ezikhukhula kufanele ibekwe eduze kwendawo evuzayo yenqwaba ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi emvula ukuthi angangeni enqwabeni yensimbi futhi ahlambulule isixazululo sokuvuza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uthango lokuvikela kufanele lubekwe eduze kwenqwaba yensimbi ukuze kuvinjwe abasebenzi abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bangene endaweni eyingozi.

3.3 Futha Ukuvuza

• I-spray Concentration Control: Ukuhlushwa kwe I-Sodium Cyanide kusixazululo se-spray kufanele kulungiswe ngokuya ngesiteji se-leaching. Esigabeni sokuqala se-leaching, ngenxa yokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-ore yegolide, ukugxila kwe i-sodium cyanide ingandiswa ngokufanele. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esiphezulu (lapho ukugxiliswa kwegolide leaching ephakeme kakhulu), kungancishiswa ku-0.08% - 0.06%. Esigabeni sakamuva, ingabuye yehliswe ibe ngu-0.04% - 0.02%. I-concentration ye-sodium cyanide ingashintshwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngokuya ngokuhlushwa kwegolide koketshezi olukhulelwe.

• Spray Cycle kanye nokuqina: Isikhathi sokufafaza ngokuvamile singamahora angu-7 - 8 ngosuku, futhi okungenani akufanele sidlule amahora ayi-10 (kodwa inani kufanele lincishiswe). Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa iphethini yokufafaza ethi "spray 1 stop 1" noma "spray 1 stop 2". Isikhathi sokufafaza akufanele sibe side kakhulu ukuvumela inqwaba ye-ore ukuthi iphefumule umoya-mpilo uma ingafafazi. Ukuqina kokufafaza kufanele kulawulwe ku-6 - 20 L/m²•h, futhi ubuningi akufanele budlule ku-25 - 30 L/m²•h. Uma ukuqina kokufafaza kukhulu kakhulu, ivolumu yoketshezi olukhulelwe izokwanda, ukuhlushwa kwegolide kuzoncishiswa, kanye namandla okumunca amanzi Ikhabhoni Esebenzayo kuzothinteka.

3.4 Ukutholwa Kwegolide Oketshezini Olukhulelwe

• Izindlela Zokuthola Igolide Ezivamile: Izindlela ezivamile zokuthola igolide ku-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olukhulelwe ihlanganisa i-carbon adsorption (njengendlela ye-carbon - in - column), usimende we-zinc (indlela ye-Merrill - Crowe), kanye nokukhipha i-solvent. Indlela ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nobubanzi bohlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, kunqubo ye-carbon - in - column, isixazululo se-cyanide leach simpontshelwa phezulu ngamakholomu ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-15 kuya ku-25 gpm/ft², simanzisa umbhede ogcwele ikhabhoni ecushiwe (16 × 30 mesh) ukuze kukhangiswe igolide.

• Ukusebenza Nokulawulwa Kwezisetshenziswa Zokubuyisela Igolide: Ukusebenza kwempahla yokubuyisela igolide kufanele kuhambisane ngokuqinile nezinqubo zokusebenza. Ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa njalo kwemishini kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuvamile. Amapharamitha afana nomthamo we-adsorption wekhabhoni ecushiwe, ukusebenza kahle kwezulu kwe-zinc powder, kanye nezinga lokukhishwa kwe-solvent kufanele kuqashelwe futhi kulungiswe ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokutholwa kwegolide.

3.5 Ukwelashwa Kwenqwaba Yemfucumfucu

• Ukubulala amagciwane kwezinqwaba ze-Waste Ore: Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo yokucwilisa, izinqwaba zemfucumfucu kufanele zibulawe amagciwane ukuze kuncishiswe ubuthi be-cyanide esele. Izindlela ezivamile zokubulala amagciwane zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezixube ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide noma i-calcium hypochlorite. Isikhathi sokubulala amagciwane kanye nomthamo kufanele kunqunywe ngokuya ngesimo sangempela senqwaba ye-ore ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugxila okusele kwe-cyanide kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwemvelo.

• Ukuthulula kanye Nokulahlwa Kwezinqwaba Zemfucumfucu: Ngemva kokubulala amagciwane, imfucumfucu ye-ore ingathululwa futhi ilahlwe ngendlela efanele. Indlela yokulahla kufanele ihambisane nemithetho efanele yezemvelo. Isibonelo, imfucumfucu ingasetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa emuva ezimayini noma ithuthelwe endaweni ekhethiwe yokulahla imfucuza ukuze ilahlwe.

4. Izinyathelo Eziphuthumayo Zokusabela

4.1 Ukusungulwa kohlelo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo

Amabhizinisi ezimayini kufanele enze uhlelo oluphelele lokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo ngezingozi ezingaba khona enqubweni yokuvuza kwe-cyanide heap, njengokuvuza kwe-cyanide, umlilo, nokuqhuma. Uhlelo lwezimo eziphuthumayo kufanele lubandakanye izinhlangano zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, izibopho zelungu ngalinye, izinqubo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlenga izimo eziphuthumayo.

4.2 Izimpahla Nezinsiza Zokuhlenga Ezimeni Eziphuthumayo

Kufanele kulungiswe izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezanele zokuhlenga izimo eziphuthumayo, njengezifihla-buso zegesi, izingubo zokuvikela amakhemikhali, izinto zosizo lokuqala, izinto eziqeda amandla e-cyanide, nezinto zokucisha umlilo. Lezi zinsiza kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zihlolwe njalo futhi zigcinwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuvamile esimweni esiphuthumayo.

4.3 Ukuzivocavoca Okuphuthumayo

Kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo ezijwayelekile eziphuthumayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo. Okuqukethwe kokubhoboza kufanele kufake izimo zezingozi ezihlukahlukene ezingaba khona, njenge-cyanide leakage drills kanye nezinsimbi zokucisha umlilo. Ngokuzivivinya izimo eziphuthumayo, abasebenzi bangakwazi ukujwayelana nezinqubo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo futhi bathuthukise ikhono labo lokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo.

5. Isiphetho

Ukukhiqizwa kokuphepha kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide ye-cyanide heap leaching ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokulandela ngokuqinile ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ukuphepha, ukuqinisa ukuphathwa kokuphepha, nokusebenzisa amasu okusebenza kwesayensi, ubungozi bokuphepha enqubweni yokukhiqiza bungakwazi ukulawulwa ngempumelelo. Lokhu akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuphepha kanye nempilo yabasebenzi kanye nemvelo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa intuthuko esimeme yemboni yezimayini zegolide. Amabhizinisi ezimayini kufanele ahlale ekhumbula ukuphepha futhi athuthukise ngokuqhubekayo amazinga awo okukhiqiza okuphepha ukuze afinyelele umgomo wokukhiqiza okuphephile nokusebenza kahle.