I-Safety Production Technical Specifications for Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold Extract Process

1. Isingeniso

Inqubo yokukhipha igolide nge-Cyanide heap leaching isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezimayini zegolide ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezifana nokulula, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokusebenza kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-cyanide iyinto enobuthi kakhulu, imininingwane eqinile yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ukuphepha kumele ilandelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, imvelo, kanye nokusebenza okuvamile kwenqubo yokukhiqiza. "Imininingwane Yobuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Ukuphepha ye-Cyanide Heap Leaching Gold Extraction Process" (YS/T 3019 - 2013) yaqaliswa ngoMashi 1, 2014, enikeza iziqondiso ezicacile zokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlolwa kwale nqubo endaweni.

2. Izidingo Eziyisisekelo Zokukhiqiza Ukuphepha

2.1 Ukukhethwa Kwesayithi kanye Nesakhiwo

• Izimo Zendawo : Indawo yokukhipha inqwaba ye-cyanide kufanele ikhethwe emhlabathini ozinzile onezimo ezinhle zendawo. Gwema izindawo ezivame ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukudilika kodaka, kanye nezikhukhula. Ukuhlolwa kwezindawo kufanele kwenziwe kusenesikhathi ukuze kuhlolwe ukuzinza kwendawo.

• Ibanga Elivela Ezindaweni Ezibucayi : Indawo yokudonsa amanzi kufanele ibekwe ebangeni elanele ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nezinye izindawo ezibucayi. Izidingo ezithile zebanga kufanele zihambisane nemithethonqubo efanele yezemvelo nezokuphepha. Isibonelo, kufanele ibe okungenani amamitha angu-[X] ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala ukuze kuvinjelwe umthelela wegesi enobuthi kanye nokuvuza koketshezi kubahlali.

• Umklamo Wesakhiwo : Ukuhlelwa kwendawo yokukhipha inqwaba kufanele kube okufanelekile. Izindawo zokufaka insimbi, ukujikeleziswa kwesisombululo, ukutholwa kwegolide, kanye nokulahla imfucuza kufanele zihlukaniswe ngokucacile. Isikhala esanele kufanele sigcinelwe ukufakwa kwemishini, ukusebenza, kanye nokugcinwa kwayo. Izindlela zokuphepha kanye nemizila yokuphuma ephuthumayo kufanele kuhlelwe ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kwabasebenzi okushelelayo uma kwenzeka izimo eziphuthumayo.

2.2 Izinsiza kanye Nokuphepha Kwendawo

• Izinsiza Ezingangeni Ukuvuza : Ingxenye engezansi kanye nendawo ezungezile yenqwaba yetshe kufanele ifakwe izinsiza ezithembekile zokulwa nokuvuza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza kwezixazululo eziqukethe i-cyanide enhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ama-geomembrane e-polyethylene (HDPE) aqinile noma ezinye izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokulwa nokuvuza zingasetshenziswa. Ingqimba yokulwa nokuvuza kufanele ihlolwe njalo ukuze kutholakale noma yimuphi umonakalo noma ukuvuza.

• Imishini Yokugcina Uketshezi Nokuthutha : Amathangi, amapayipi, namaphampu okugcina nokuthutha izixazululo eziqukethe i-cyanide kufanele kwenziwe ngezinto ezingamelani nokugqwala. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukugqwala, ukuvuza, kanye nezinye izingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona. Yonke imishini yokugcina uketshezi nokuthutha kufanele ifakwe amadivayisi okuvimbela ukugcwala kanye nama-valve okuvala okuphuthumayo.

• Izinhlelo Zokungenisa Umoya Nokukhipha Umoya : Ezindaweni lapho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi equkethe i-cyanide, kufanele kufakwe izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya nezokukhipha umoya ezisebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuncibilikiswa nokususwa kwamagesi anobuthi. Umthamo wokungenisa umoya kanye nezinga lokukhipha umoya kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo zezindinganiso ezifanele ukuze kugcinwe indawo yokusebenza ephephile.

2.3 Uhlelo Lokulawula Ukuphepha

• Ukusungulwa Kwemithetho Yokuphepha : Amabhizinisi ezimayini kufanele asungule isethi ephelele yemithetho yokuphepha kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza zenqubo yokukhipha inqwaba ye-cyanide. Le mithetho kufanele ihlanganise zonke izici zokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwemishini, ukugcinwa kwayo, ukuphathwa kwe-cyanide, kanye nokusabela eziphuthumayo.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi : Bonke abasebenzi abahilelekile enqubweni yokukhipha inqwaba ye-cyanide kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha njalo. Okuqukethwe kokuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake phakathi izakhiwo nezingozi ze-cyanide, izindlela zokusebenza kokuphepha, izinqubo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu. Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe futhi bafaneleke ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukusebenza.

• Ukuqapha Nokuhlola Ukuphepha : Ukuqapha nokuhlola ukuphepha njalo kufanele kwenziwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza. Izinto zokuqapha zifaka phakathi ukugcwala kwe-cyanide emoyeni kanye nesisombululo, ubuqotho bezindawo ezingangeni amanzi, kanye nesimo sokusebenza kwemishini. Amarekhodi okuhlola kufanele agcinwe ukuze kubhekwe kuwo esikhathini esizayo, futhi noma yiziphi izingozi zokuphepha ezitholakele kufanele zilungiswe ngesikhathi esifanele.

3. Operation Technical Specifications

3.1 Ukulungiswa Kwensimbi

• Ukuchoboza Nokubumba : Iningi lama-ore lidinga ukuchobozwa libe usayizi wezinhlayiya ezifanele ngaphambi kokukhipha inqwaba. Ngokuvamile, usayizi wezinhlayiya kufanele uchobozwe ube ngu-25.4 mm noma ube mncane ukuze kuvezwe igolide ku-ore futhi kuthuthukiswe izinga lokubuyisa igolide. Kuma-ore anokungenela okuncane kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kobumba, ubuchwepheshe bokubumba bungasetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi sokubumba, kufanele kufakwe inani elifanele le-lime ukuze kulungiswe inani le-pH le-ore libe phakathi kuka-9.5 - 10.5. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlushwa kwe- Sodium cyanide enqubweni yokubumba kufanele kulawulwe ngokwezakhiwo ze-ore, ngokuvamile cishe amagremu angu-60 - 150 ngethani le-ore yegolide. Umswakama ophelele wama-pellets ngokuvamile akufanele udlule u-30% ukugwema ama-pellets ukuthi angabi mancane futhi athambile. Isikhathi sokupholisa kufanele sibe ngaphezu kwamahora angu-72. Uma kunemvula ngesikhathi sokubumba, ama-pellets kumele ambozwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulahleka kwegolide.

• Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Ye-Ore Ehlungiwe Ngaphambi Kokusetshenziswa : Ikhwalithi ye-ore ehlungiwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kufanele ilawulwe ngokuqinile. Kufanele kwenziwe amasampula njalo kanye nokuhlaziywa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usayizi wezinhlayiya, inani le-pH, kanye nezinye izinkomba ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zenqubo yokukhipha inqwaba. I-ore ehlungiwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kuphela engasetshenziswa ekwakheni inqwaba.

3.2 Ukwakha Inqwaba

• Ukulungiswa Kwendawo : Ngaphambi kokwakha inqwaba, indawo kufanele ihlanzwe futhi ilinganiswe. Kufanele kubekwe umthambeka ongu-3% - 5% endaweni eyisicaba ukuze kube lula ukukhipha amanzi ezixazululoni zokudonsa amanzi. Ngemva kokulinganisa, ukwelashwa kokuvimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi kufanele kwenziwe endaweni. Isendlalelo somcamelo esingaba ngu-0.5 m ubukhulu singabekwa esisekelweni esihlanganisiwe, bese sifafazwa ngesisombululo se-sodium Carbon ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwaso kokuvimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi.

• Ukuphakama Nokuma Kwenqwaba : Ukuphakama kokuqala kwenqwaba yensimbi akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu, kungcono amamitha angu-3 - 4. Njengoba izinga lokuphuma kwensimbi lizinza, ukuphakama kwenqwaba yensimbi kungakhushulwa ngokufanele. Ukuma kwenqwaba yensimbi kufanele kwakhiwe ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okuhle kwesisombululo kanye nokuvuleka kwegesi. Ngokuvamile, inqwaba yensimbi emise okwekhoni noma enesimo sezinyathelo ivame ukusetshenziswa.

• Ukuvikelwa Okuzungezile : Imisele yokudonsa amanzi ezikhukhula kufanele ibekwe nxazonke kwendawo yokukhipha amanzi ezindundumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe amanzi emvula ukuthi angangeni endundumeni yetshe futhi kuncibilikiswe isixazululo sokukhipha amanzi ezindundumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kubekwe uthango oluvikelayo nxazonke kwendunduma yetshe ukuze kuvinjelwe abasebenzi abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bangangeni endaweni eyingozi.

3.3 Futha Ukuvuza

• Ukulawulwa Kokuhlushwa Kwesifutho : Ukuhlushwa kwe -Sodium Cyanide esixazululweni sokufuthwa kufanele kulungiswe ngokwesigaba sokuhlushwa. Esigabeni sokuqala sokuhlushwa, ngenxa yokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-ore yegolide, ukuhlushwa kwe- sodium cyanide kungandiswa ngokufanele. Ngemva kwesikhathi esiphezulu (lapho ukuhlushwa kwegolide lokuhlushwa kuphezulu kakhulu), kungancishiswa ku-0.08% - 0.06%. Esigabeni sokugcina, kungancishiswa ku-0.04% - 0.02%. Ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium cyanide kungalungiswa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngokwesigaba segolide soketshezi olukhulelwe.

• Umjikelezo Wokufafaza Nokuqina : Isikhathi sokufafaza ngokuvamile singamahora angu-7 - 8 ngosuku, futhi okungenani akufanele sidlule amahora ayi-10 (kodwa inani kufanele lincishiswe). Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa iphethini yokufafaza ethi "spray 1 stop 1" noma "spray 1 stop 2". Isikhathi sokufafaza akufanele sibe side kakhulu ukuvumela inqwaba ye-ore ukuthi iphefumule umoya-mpilo uma ingafafazi. Ukuqina kokufafaza kufanele kulawulwe ku-6 - 20 L/m²•h, futhi ubuningi akufanele budlule ku-25 - 30 L/m²•h. Uma ukuqina kokufafaza kukhulu kakhulu, ivolumu yoketshezi olukhulelwe izokwanda, ukugcwala kwegolide kuzoncishiswa, futhi amandla okumunca i- Activated Carbon azothinteka.

3.4 Ukutholwa Kwegolide Oketshezini Olukhulelwe

• Izindlela Zokubuyisa Igolide Elivamile : Izindlela ezivamile zokubuyisa igolide ku-cyanide - equkethe uketshezi olukhulelwe zifaka phakathi ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni (njengendlela yekhabhoni ngaphakathi kwekholomu), ukuqinisa i-zinc (indlela yeMerrill - Crowe), kanye nokukhishwa kwe-solvent. Indlela ngayinye inezimpawu zayo kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, enqubweni yekhabhoni ngaphakathi kwekholomu, isixazululo se-cyanide leach sipompelwa phezulu ngamakholomu ngesilinganiso sokugeleza esingu-15 kuya ku-25 gpm/ft², sigcwalisa umbhede ogcwele wekhabhoni esebenzayo (16 × 30 mesh) ukuze imunce igolide.

• Ukusebenza Nokulawulwa Kwemishini Yokubuyisa Igolide : Ukusebenza kwemishini yokubuyisa igolide kufanele kuhambisane nezinqubo zokusebenza. Ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa njalo kwemishini kufanele kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo okuvamile. Amapharamitha anjengomthamo wokumuncwa kwekhabhoni esebenzayo, ukusebenza kahle kwempuphu ye-zinc, kanye nezinga lokukhipha i-solvent kufanele kuqashwe futhi kulungiswe ngesikhathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lokubuyisa igolide.

3.5 Ukwelashwa Kwenqwaba Yemfucumfucu

• Ukubulala amagciwane Ezindundumeni Zensimbi Engasasebenzi : Ngemva kokuqedwa kwenqubo yokukhipha, izindundumeni zensimbi engasasebenzi kufanele zihlanzwe amagciwane ukuze kuncishiswe ubuthi be-cyanide eseleyo. Izindlela ezivamile zokubulala amagciwane zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-oxidants afana ne-hydrogen peroxide noma i-calcium hypochlorite. Isikhathi sokubulala amagciwane kanye nomthamo kufanele kunqunywe ngokwesimo sangempela sezindundumeni zensimbi engasasebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-cyanide eseleyo kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwemvelo.

• Ukukhipha Nokulahlwa Kwezinqwaba Zensimbi Engadingeki : Ngemva kokuhlanza, izinqwaba zensimbi engadingeki zingasuswa futhi zilahlwe ngendlela efanele. Indlela yokulahla kufanele ihambisane nemithethonqubo efanele yezemvelo. Isibonelo, insimbi engadingeki ingasetshenziswa ukugcwalisa emuva ezimayini noma ithuthwe iye endaweni ekhethiwe yokulahla inkunkuma ukuze ilahlwe.

4. Izinyathelo Eziphuthumayo Zokusabela

4.1 Ukusungulwa kohlelo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo

Amabhizinisi ezimayini kufanele enze uhlelo oluphelele lokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo ngezingozi ezingaba khona enqubweni yokuvuza kwe-cyanide heap, njengokuvuza kwe-cyanide, umlilo, nokuqhuma. Uhlelo lwezimo eziphuthumayo kufanele lubandakanye izinhlangano zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, izibopho zelungu ngalinye, izinqubo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlenga izimo eziphuthumayo.

4.2 Izimpahla Nezinsiza Zokuhlenga Ezimeni Eziphuthumayo

Kufanele kulungiswe izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezanele zokuhlenga izimo eziphuthumayo, njengezifihla-buso zegesi, izingubo zokuvikela amakhemikhali, izinto zosizo lokuqala, izinto eziqeda amandla e-cyanide, nezinto zokucisha umlilo. Lezi zinsiza kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zihlolwe njalo futhi zigcinwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuvamile esimweni esiphuthumayo.

4.3 Ukuzivocavoca Okuphuthumayo

Kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo ezijwayelekile eziphuthumayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo. Okuqukethwe kokubhoboza kufanele kufake izimo zezingozi ezihlukahlukene ezingaba khona, njenge-cyanide leakage drills kanye nezinsimbi zokucisha umlilo. Ngokuzivivinya izimo eziphuthumayo, abasebenzi bangakwazi ukujwayelana nezinqubo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo futhi bathuthukise ikhono labo lokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo.

5. Isiphetho

Ukukhiqizwa kokuphepha kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide ye-cyanide heap leaching ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokulandela ngokuqinile ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ukuphepha, ukuqinisa ukuphathwa kokuphepha, nokusebenzisa amasu okusebenza kwesayensi, ubungozi bokuphepha enqubweni yokukhiqiza bungakwazi ukulawulwa ngempumelelo. Lokhu akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuphepha kanye nempilo yabasebenzi kanye nemvelo kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa intuthuko esimeme yemboni yezimayini zegolide. Amabhizinisi ezimayini kufanele ahlale ekhumbula ukuphepha futhi athuthukise ngokuqhubekayo amazinga awo okukhiqiza okuphepha ukuze afinyelele umgomo wokukhiqiza okuphephile nokusebenza kahle.