Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Sodium Cyanide ku-Pesticide Synthesis

1. Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), inhlanganisela ebalulekile ye-inorganic, idlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni. Embusweni we Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, izici zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele zivumela ukudala izinhlobonhlobo zama-ejenti okulawula izinambuzane asebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sidingida ekusetshenzisweni okuphelele kwe I-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukuhlola izindlela zayo zokusabela, izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane enomthelela kuzo, kanye nokucatshangelwa okuhlobene nokuphepha kanye nemvelo.

2. Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali ze-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide iqinile, ecwebezelayo emhlophe encibilika kalula emanzini. Inesisindo se-molar esingu-49.01 g/mol futhi incibilika ku-563.7 °C. Esinye sezici zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu ukuthambekela kwayo kokuqhekeka ezixazululweni ezisekelwe emanzini, ikhiphe ama-ion e-cyanide asebenza kakhulu. Lama-ion abamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuningi, asetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Nini I-Sodium Cyanide iphendulana namanzi, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-hydrolysis iyenzeka, ikhiqize i-hydrogen cyanide ne-sodium hydroxide. Lokhu kusabela kungaya kuzo zombili izinkomba, futhi izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa ne-pH zingathonya ibhalansi phakathi kwezinto ezisabelayo nemikhiqizo. Ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukulawula ngokunembile ukukhululwa kwama-ion e-cyanide kusuka i-sodium cyanide kuyisihluthulelo sokushayela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthile.

3. Isicelo ku-Pesticide Synthesis

3.1. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Organonitrile Pesticides

Abaningi Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organonitrile akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide njengento ebalulekile yokuqala. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizweni kwe-cypermethrin, isibulala-zinambuzane esibalulekile se-pyrethroid, i-sodium cyanide ihilelekile esinyathelweni esibucayi. Ngokuvamile, i-3 - i-phenoxybenzaldehyde isabela ne-sodium cyanide lapho kukhona i-catalyst. I-ion ye-cyanide ihlasela i- I-Carboniqembu le-yl elingu-3 - i-phenoxybenzaldehyde, okwenza i-compound ephakathi. Ngemva kwalokhu, kwenzeka ukusabela okwengeziwe okufana ne-cyclization kanye ne-esterification, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-cypermethrin. Le ndlela yokusabela ayigcini nje nge-cypermethrin; isetshenziswa futhi ekwakhiweni kwezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid njenge-deltamethrin kanye ne-permethrin.

3.2. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Nitrile - equkethe ama-Herbicides

I-sodium cyanide nayo ibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwemithi ethile yokubulala ukhula. Ekukhiqizeni enye i-nitrile - equkethe ama-herbicides, iqembu le-cyanide elethulwe nge-sodium cyanide liba yingxenye ebalulekile ye-molecule ye-herbicidal. Indlela yokusabela ngokuvamile ihilela ukusabela kwe-nucleophilic substitution.

Isibonelo, lapho i-halogen - inhlanganisela ephunga elimnandi isabela ne-sodium cyanide, i-ion ye-cyanide isebenza njenge-nucleophile futhi ithatha indawo ye-athomu ye-halogen. I-nitrile ewumphumela - equkethe okuphakathi bese ibhekana nochungechunge lwezinye izinguquko ukuze ikhiqize umkhiqizo wokugcina wokubulala ukhula. Le ndlela ivumela ukwakhiwa kwama-herbicides ngezindlela eziqondile zokusebenza, njengokuvimbela ama-enzyme abalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezitshalo.

3.3. Iqhaza Ekuhlanganiseni Izilawuli Zokukhula Kwezinambuzane

Ekuhlanganisweni kwezilawuli ezithile zokukhula kwezinambuzane, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ukwethula amaqembu asebenzayo abalulekile emsebenzini webhayoloji womkhiqizo wokugcina. Isibonelo, ekudalweni kwamanye ama-hormone ezingane ezilingisayo, iqembu le-cyanide lihlanganiswa nesakhiwo samangqamuzana ngezinyathelo zokusabela eziningi. Inqubo ngokuvamile iqala nge-molecule eyandulelayo eneqembu elifanele lokushiya. I-sodium cyanide isabela nalesi sandulela, ishintsha iqembu elishiyayo neqembu le-cyanide. Bese, ukusabela okulandelayo kuphinde kuguqule i-cyanide - equkethe okuphakathi ukuze yakhe isilawuli sokukhula kwezinambuzane esinomsebenzi othile. Lolu hlobo lwesilawuli lungaphazamisa ukukhula nokukhula okuvamile kwezinambuzane, njengokuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwazo, ngaleyo ndlela kusize ukulawula izinambuzane.

4. Ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha kanye nemvelo

4.1. Ubuthi beSodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide inobuthi kakhulu. Ukuwuhogela, ukuwugwinya, noma ukuhlangana nawo esikhumbeni kungabulala. Ama-ion e-cyanide akhishwe ku-sodium cyanide angabopha ku-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-cytochrome c oxidase kumaseli. Lokhu kubophezela kumisa iketango lokuthutha lama-electron, kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ngendlela efanele. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana afa ngokushesha, okungadala izinkinga ezinkulu zezempilo ngisho nokufa kubantu nasezilwaneni. Inani le-sodium cyanide elingabulala abantu lincane uma kuqhathaniswa, ngokuvamile lisukela ku-50 - 100 mg. Ngakho-ke, izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zilandelwe lapho kusingathwa, kugcinwa, futhi kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide ezikhungweni zokuhlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane. Izisebenzi ezihilelekile ohlelweni lokukhiqiza kudingeka zigqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa ukuvikela ukuphefumula, amagilavu, nezingubo zokuzivikela.

4.2. Umthelela Wezemvelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane nakho kuletha izingozi zemvelo. Uma kwenzeka kuchitheka ngephutha noma ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele, i-sodium cyanide ingangcolisa inhlabathi nemithombo yamanzi. Uma isisendaweni ezungezile, ingaphuka yenze i-hydrogen cyanide, igesi eguquguqukayo futhi enobuthi obukhulu.

Emizimbeni yamanzi, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi empilweni yasemanzini. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, kungathinta ukuphila, ukukhula, nokuzala kwezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amanzi angcoliswe i-cyanide esetshenziselwa ukunisela, angase alimaze izitshalo futhi angene ohlelweni lokudla.

Ukunciphisa lezi zingozi zemvelo, abakhiqizi bezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele basebenzise amasu afanele okulawula udoti. Lokhu kuhilela ukwelapha amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ukuze kukhishwe noma kuncishiswe i-cyanide ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obujwayelekile buhlanganisa i-chemical oxidation, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, kanye nemvula.

5. Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide iyimpahla eluhlaza ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, evumela ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane ezinezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwenza. Ikhono layo lokwethula iqembu le-cyanide kuma-molecule ezibulala-zinambuzane ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuthile kuye kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwama-ejenti okulawula izinambuzane asebenzayo abalulekile kwezolimo zesimanje nokuvikelwa kwezempilo yomphakathi.

Kodwa-ke, ubuthi obuphezulu be-sodium cyanide kanye nokulimala okungase kube khona kwemvelo angeke kushaywe indiva. Njengoba imboni yezibulala-zinambuzane iqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kubalulekile ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokusebenzisa izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha nezokuvikela imvelo. Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokuhlanganisa, ezinobuthi obuncane noma ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezikhona zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa nokukhululwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Ngokuphathwa okufanele kanye nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungaqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekuvikelekeni kokudla emhlabeni wonke kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane kuyilapho kuvikela impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo.