Ukwembula Inqubo Yokukhipha Igolide Ngokusebenzisa I-Sodium Cyanide

I. Isingeniso

Esikhathini sanamuhla Ukumba igolide imboni, I-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile. Ngokungafani nezindlela zakudala zokuphekula igolide, izinqubo zanamuhla zokumbiwa kwegolide zingakhipha igolide ezitsheni zetshe elinegolide eliphansi kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi libe lincane njengo-0.005%, lapho igolide lingabonakali khona ngeso lenyama. I-sodium cyanide iyi-ejenti yamakhemikhali eyinhloko kule nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokukhipha, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwegolide nezinsimbi. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi kanjani I-Sodium Cyanide isetshenziswa ezimayini zegolide.

II. Izisekelo zeSodium Cyanide

A. Chemical Properties

I-sodium cyanide, enefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaCN, iyikristale eqinile emhlophe. Ibonakala njengama-granules noma impushana futhi ijwayele ukonakala. Lesi sithako sinephunga elincanyana lama-alimondi ababayo. Mayelana ne-solubility, incibilika kakhulu emanzini, kuyilapho inyibilika kancane kuphela ku-ethanol. Ngamakhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide iyisisekelo esiqinile kanye nosawoti we-asidi obuthakathaka. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi si-hydrolyzes ukuze sikhiqize i-hydrocyanic acid, okwenza isixazululo sibe ne-alkaline kakhulu. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-sodium cyanide inobuthi kakhulu. Ngisho nenani elincane, kungaba ngokuthinta isikhumba, ukuhogela umoya, noma ukumunywa, kungaholela ebuthi obunamandla futhi okungenzeka bubulale. Iveza umphumela wayo obulalayo ngokukhulula ama-ion e-cyanide (CN-) anobudlelwane obuqinile obubophezelayo kuma-ion ensimbi kunomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kuphazamisa izinqubo ezivamile ze-oxidative zamangqamuzana, ekugcineni kubangele i-cell asphyxia kanye ne-tissue hypoxia.

B. Ukubaluleka Kwezimboni

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo ezimayini zegolide, i-sodium cyanide ibamba ukubaluleka okubalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni. Embonini ye-electroplating, isebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa ithusi, isiliva, i-cadmium, ne-zinc. Isiza ukwehlisa i-anodic polarization, iqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka okuvamile kwe-anode, ukuzinzisa isisombululo se-plating, kanye nokuthuthukisa i-cathodic polarization ukuze kutholwe izendlalelo zokubethela ezifanayo nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kwezokusansimbi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iwumthombo obalulekile embonini yamakhemikhali wokukhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zama-cyanides we-inorganic kanye nokukhiqiza i-hydrocyanic acid. Iphinde ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto eziphilayo njengengilazi ephilayo, izinto zokwenziwa ezihlukahlukene, irabha ye-nitrile, nama-synthetic fiber copolymers. Embonini yodayi, isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-cyanuric chloride, okuphakathi okubalulekile kodayi abasebenzayo kanye nesandulela sama-ejenti amhlophe. Ukwengeza, imboni yezemithi isebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwezinhlanganisela ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid methyl ester ne-diethyl malonate. Sekukonke, ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium cyanide kanye nokusebenza kabusha kuyenza ikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu ezinqubweni zesimanje zezimboni.

III. Inqubo Yezimayini Zegolide nge-Sodium Cyanide

A. Ukulungiselela Ore

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide Ukukhishwa kwegolide ulungisa itshe lensimbi. Izingcezu ezinkulu zensimbi enegolide ziqale zichotshozwe zibe izingcezu ezincane kusetshenziswa ama-crushers asindayo. Lokhu kugaywa okuyinhloko kunciphisa usayizi we-ore ube ubukhulu obulawulekayo, ngokuvamile obungamamilimitha angu-150-300. Kamuva, insimbi echotshoziwe igaywa okwesibili, ngokuvamile ngokuchotshozwa kwe-cone noma izingqimba zomthelela, kuqhubeke kwehlisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana cishe kumamilimitha angama-20-50. Ngemva kwalokho, insimbi igaywa ibe impushana ecolekile ngokusebenzisa izigayo zebhola noma izigayo zama-rod, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinhlayiya eziningi zingaphansi kwamamilimitha angu-0.074. Lokhu kugaywa kahle kubalulekile njengoba kukhulisa kakhulu indawo engaphezulu kwe-ore, kwenze kube lula ukuthintana kangcono nokusabela ngesixazululo se-cyanide ekulethweni okulandelayo. Ukwengeza, insimbi ingase idlule kunqubo yokuhlola ukuze ihlukanise osayizi bezinhlayiyana ezihlukene, okuvumela ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana kokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha.

B. Inqubo yokuLeaching

Uma insimbi isilungisiwe kahle, ingena esigabeni sokucwiliswa, okuyinhliziyo yenqubo yokukhipha igolide nge-sodium cyanide. I-ore eyimpuphu ixubene nesisombululo se-cyanide esakhiwe ngokucophelela, ngokuvamile nge-sodium cyanide concentration esukela ku-0.05% kuya ku-0.1%. Kulesi sigaba, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka lapho igolide elikwi-ore lihlangana nama-ion cyanide (CN-) lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Ukusabela kukonke kungamelwa isibalo: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Lapha, ama-athomu egolide akha inkimbinkimbi encibilikayo nama-ion e-cyanide, enza i-sodium gold cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), encibilika esixazululo. Inqubo ye-leaching idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwamapharamitha ahlukahlukene. I-pH yesisombululo igcinwa cishe ku-10-11 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwe-cyanide nokuvimbela ukwakheka kwegesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Izinga lokushisa nalo linendima ebalulekile; Ngokuvamile, igcinwa ngaphakathi kwebanga lika-20-30 ° C. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lehlisa izinga lokusabela, kuyilapho ukushisa okudlulele kungaholela ekuhwamukeni okusheshayo kwesixazululo kanye nokugqwala okungenzeka kwemishini. Ukuyaluza okwanele kanye nokungenisa umoya kuhlinzekwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxutshwa okufanayo kwe-ore nesixazululo se-cyanide, okugqugquzela ukuncibilika kwegolide okuphumelelayo.

C. Isiteji Semvula

Ngemuva kwenqubo yokucwiliswa, igolide manje lisesimweni se-soluble gold cyanide complexes esixazululo. Ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide, kwenziwa isigaba sokuna. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukufaka i-zinc powder noma ikhabhoni ecushiwe esixazululweni. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-zinc powder, ukusabela kokufuduka kwenzeka. I-zinc, njengoba isebenza kakhulu kunegolide, isusa igolide endaweni yegolide ye-cyanide complex. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungavezwa ngokuthi: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Ama-athomu egolide abe esencishiswa abe yisimo sawo sensimbi futhi aphume esixazululo. Uma kusetshenziswa ikhabhoni ecushiwe, indawo yayo ephezulu kanye nezakhiwo ze-adsorption ziyangena. Izingxube zegolide ze-cyanide zikhanga phezu kwekhabhoni ecushiwe, zihlukanise ngempumelelo igolide nesixazululo. Ikhabhoni elayishiwe iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide elikhangisiwe. Uma imvula isiqedile, i-slurry ewumphumela iyahlungwa noma ifakwe i-centrifuged ukuze ihlukanise imvula yegolide eqinile oketshezini olusele, olungaqukatha i-cyanide esele nokunye ukungcola.

D. Inqubo Yokucwengwa

Igolide elitholwe esigabeni semvula lisaqukethe ukungcola okuthile futhi lidinga ukucwengwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu okudingekayo emakethe. Inqubo yokucwenga ivamise ukuqala ngokuncibilika, lapho imvula yegolide ishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu esithandweni. Lokhu kuncibilikisa igolide, okuvumela ukungcola okuminyene ukuthi kucwile phansi kuyilapho igolide elincibilikisiwe lingasulwa noma lithelwe ezibunjeni. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-electrolysis ingase isetshenziswe ukuze kuhlanzwe okwengeziwe. Engqamuzaneni ye-electrolytic, igolide elingcolile lenziwa i-anode, futhi ishidi elincanyana legolide elihlanzekile lisebenza njenge-cathode. Lapho amandla kagesi edlula kuseli, ama-ion egolide asuka ku-anode aya ku-cathode futhi abeke njengegolide elimsulwa, eshiya ukungcola okusele ku-anode. Ngalezi zinyathelo zokucwenga, igolide lingafinyelela izinga lokuhlanzeka elifika ku-99.99%, lihlangabezana namazinga ezimboni ezihlukahlukene, ukwenza ubucwebe, kanye nezicelo zokutshala izimali.

IV. Izicelo zokucabangela ukuphepha kanye nemvelo

A. Ukuphepha Kwabasebenzi

Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obudlulele be-sodium cyanide, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Abasebenzi abathintekayo ohlelweni lokumba igolide kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide kufanele banikezwe ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kokuphepha. Kudingeka babe nolwazi oluhle ekuphatheni ikhemikhali, baqonde izingozi ezingase zibe khona, nokwazi izinqubo eziqondile eziphuthumayo. Izisetshenziswa zokuvikela umuntu (i-PPE) akuxoxiswana ngazo. Izisebenzi kufanele zigqoke amagilavu ​​angangenisi ukuvikela ukuthintana kwesikhumba, izibuko ezivikela amehlo azo, kanye nama-respirators ukugwema ukuhogela noma iyiphi igesi ye-cyanide engase ikhishwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube nemithethonqubo yokuphepha eqinile. Isibonelo, izindawo zokusebenza kufanele zibe nomoya omuhle ukuze kuncishiswe ukugcwala kwanoma iyiphi i-cyanide esemoyeni. Abasebenzi kufanele futhi banqatshelwe ukudla, ukuphuza, noma ukubhema ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona i-sodium cyanide ukuvimbela ukungenwa ngephutha. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwezokwelapha kufanele kube yimpoqo ukuze kuqashwe impilo yabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi labo abaphatha ikhemikhali ngokuqondile, ukuze kubonakale noma yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala zokuchayeka kwe-cyanide.

B. Umthelela Wezemvelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini zegolide nakho kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwemvelo. Ngemva kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide, imfucuza esele, eyaziwa ngokuthi Iziqu ze-cyanide, iqukethe i-cyanide esele. Uma zingaphathwa ngendlela efanele, lezi zinsalela zingaba usongo olukhulu emvelweni. I-cyanide ingangena emhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi futhi ilimaze izilwane zasemanzini. Emanzini angaphezulu, ngisho nenani elincane le-cyanide lingaphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo, okuholela ekubulaweni kwezinhlanzi kanye neminye imithelela engemihle ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukunciphisa lezi zingozi zemvelo, izinkampani zezimayini kufanele zenze amasu aqinile okuphatha imvelo. Enye indlela yokwelapha i-cyanide tailings ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide kumazinga aphephile. Lokhu kungabandakanya izinqubo zokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, ezifana ne-oxidation noma izindlela zemvula, ukuguqula i-cyanide enobuthi ibe izinhlanganisela eziyingozi kancane. Esinye isilinganiso esibalulekile ukulahlwa ngendlela efanele kanye nokubamba ama-tailings alashiwe. Izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu ezivikelekile noma amachibi ama-tailings anamalayini afanelekile angavimbela ukuvuza kwanoma yikuphi ukungcola okusele endaweni ezungezile. Ukwengeza, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwendawo ezungezile, okuhlanganisa izinga lamanzi nezimo zenhlabathi, kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale noma yimuphi umonakalo ongase ube khona endaweni ezungezile kusenesikhathi futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokulungisa ngokushesha.

V. Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide ngokungangabazeki iyikhemikhali ebalulekile ezimayini zegolide zanamuhla, okuvumela ukukhishwa kwegolide ezinsimbini ezinegolide eliphansi. Kube yitshe legumbi legolide Imboni yezokumbiwa phansi amashumi eminyaka, ukwenza lula ukukhiqizwa kwegolide eliphehla izimboni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekwenzeni ubucwebe kuya ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu ekuvikelekeni nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Izinkampani zezimayini kufanele zitshale imali ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo zokuphepha ezisezingeni eliphezulu, zinikeze ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kubasebenzi, futhi zisebenzise imithetho eqinile yokuphepha ukuze kuvikelwe izimpilo zabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, banesibopho sokuziphatha kanye nezomthetho sokuphatha umthelela wendawo, ukuphatha imisila ye-cyanide ngokuzibophezela kanye nokuqapha i-ecosystem ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo wesikhathi eside. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ucwaningo lwezinye izindlela eziphephile nezinobungani nemvelo esikhundleni se-sodium cyanide kufanele luqhubeke. Kuphela ngokufinyelela ibhalansi phakathi kokumbiwa kwegolide okuphumelelayo, ukuphepha kwezisebenzi, nokuphathwa kwemvelo lapho imboni yezimayini zegolide ingachubeka ngokuqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo.