Inqubo ye-Thiourea Gold Extraction: Izimiso, Ukusebenza, kanye Nokucatshangelwa

Isingeniso

Ukukhishwa kwegolide kuyinqubo ebalulekile embonini yezimayini kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu. Phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokukhishwa, inqubo yokukhishwa kwegolide iThiourea ithole ukunakwa okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje. IThiourea, enefomula yamakhemikhali \(SCN_2H_4\), iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo edlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuzohlola kabanzi inqubo yokukhishwa kwegolide i-thiourea, ihlanganisa izimiso zayo, izinyathelo zokusebenza, izici ezithonyayo, kanye nezinzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko.

Izimiso ze-Thiourea Gold Extraction

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokukhipha igolide le-thiourea sisemandleni ayo okwenza izakhiwo ezizinzile ezinama-ion egolide endaweni ene-asidi. Lapho kukhona into eyenza i-oxidizing, igolide ku-ore likhishwa nge-oxid bese lihlangana ne-thiourea ukuze lenze izingxube zegolide-thiourea ezincibilikayo. Ama-oxidizing agents ajwayelekile asetshenziswa kule nqubo yi-iron(III) ions kanye ne-oxygen encibilikile.

I-Thiourea izinzile kakhulu ezixazululweni ze-asidi, okuyisici esibalulekile esivumela le nqubo yokukhipha. Endaweni ene-asidi, i-thiourea ingakha uchungechunge lwama-ion ayinkimbinkimbi ane-cations yensimbi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwe -MERCURY , ukuzinza kwama-ion ayinkimbinkimbi e-thiourea nezinye izinsimbi kuphansi kakhulu. Lesi sici sinikeza ukukhishwa kwegolide okusekelwe ku-thiourea ukukhetha okuphezulu kwegolide.

Izinyathelo Zokusebenza Enqubweni Yokukhipha Igolide ye-Thiourea

Ukulungiselela Ore

Isinyathelo sokuqala senqubo yokukhipha igolide le-thiourea ukulungiswa kwe-ore. Insimbi idinga ukuchotshozwa futhi igaywe ibe usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezifanele ukuze kwandiswe indawo engaphezulu ukuze ixhumane kangcono nesixazululo se-thiourea. Ngokuvamile, uma usayizi wezinhlayiya ucoleka, izinga lokusabela liphezulu phakathi kwe-ore nesisombululo esine-thiourea. Kodwa-ke, ukugaya okuhle kakhulu kungase futhi kulethe imiphumela engemihle, njengokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nobunzima ekuhlukaneni okuqinile okulandelanayo - okuwuketshezi.

Thiourea Leaching

Ngemva kokulungiswa kwe-ore, i-ore egayiwe ixutshwa nesisombululo esiqukethe i-thiourea. Njengoba i-thiourea ingazinzile ezixazululweni ze-alkaline futhi ibola kalula ibe yi-sulfide nama-amino cyanides , isisombululo sokuleaching ngokuvamile siyisixazululo se-sulfuric acid esincibilikisiwe se-thiourea. Kubalulekile ukwengeza i-asidi kuqala bese kuba yi-thiourea ukuze ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile kwe-pulp, okungabangela i-hydrolysis ye-thiourea futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kwayo.

Ngesikhathi seNqubo Yokukhuculula , izici ezifana nokuhlushwa kwe-thiourea, uhlobo kanye nenani le-oxidizing agent, inani le-pH yesisombululo, izinga lokushisa le-pulp, kanye nesikhathi sokukhipha konke kunemiphumela ebalulekile esilinganisweni sokukhipha igolide. Isibonelo, izinga lokukhipha igolide ngokuvamile liyakhula ngokwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-thiourea, kodwa i-thiourea eningi kakhulu ingaholela ekwandeni kwezindleko kanye nezinkinga zemvelo ezingaba khona. Inani le-pH le-medium lihlobene nokuhlushwa kwe-thiourea. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezijwayelekile kanye nomthamo we-thiourea, inani le-pH le-medium kungcono lingaphansi kuka-1.5. Kodwa-ke, i-acidity akufanele ibe phezulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho, izokwandisa inani lokungcola okuncibilikayo kwe-asidi ku-ore.

Okuqinile - Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamanzi

Ngemuva kwenqubo ye-leaching, ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile - okuwuketshezi kwenziwa ukuze kuhlukaniswe isixazululo esikhulelwe esiqukethe izakhiwo zegolide-thiourea ezinsalela eziqinile. Okuqinile okujwayelekile - Izindlela zokuhlukanisa uketshezi zifaka ukuhlunga kanye ne-sedimentation. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuhlukanisa kuncike ezintweni ezifana nemvelo yensimbi, usayizi wezinhlayiyana zokuqinile, kanye nesilinganiso sokusebenza. Okuqinile okuqinile - ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yesisombululo esikhulelwe futhi kube lula imisebenzi yokutholwa kwegolide elandelayo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwegolide Kusixazululo Esikhulelwe

Kunezindlela eziningana zokubuyisela igolide kwisixazululo esikhulelwe esitholakala ngemuva kokuhlukana okuqinile - okuwuketshezi. Izindlela ezimbili ezivamile insimbi esikhundleni kanye electrowinning.

Ukufakwa Kwensimbi : Izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi ne-aluminium zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokunciphisa ukufaka esikhundleni segolide kusuka ku-gold-thiourea complex esixazululweni. Igolide elifakwe esikhundleni salo lakha i-precipitate eqinile, engacutshungulwa kabanzi ukuze kutholakale igolide elihlanzekile.

Ukunqoba ngogesi : Enqubweni yokunqoba ngogesi, ugesi udlula ngesisombululo esikhulelwe. Ama-ion egolide esixazululweni ancishiswa ku-cathode bese efakwa ebusweni be-cathode, kuyilapho i-thiourea nezinye izinto zi-oxidized ku-anode. Le ndlela ingafeza ukubuyiselwa kwegolide okumsulwa okuphezulu kodwa idinga imishini ethile kagesi kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezifanele.

Ukucwengwa Kwemikhiqizo Yegolide

Igolide elitholwe ngemva kokutholwa livamise ukuqukatha ukungcola okuthile futhi lidinga ukucolisiswa ukuze kutholwe imikhiqizo yegolide emsulwa. Inqubo yokucwenga iyafana neyegolide etholakala ngezinye izindlela zokulikhipha, njenge-cyanidation. Izindlela zokucwenga ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ukucwengwa kwamakhemikhali nokucwengisiswa kwe-electrolytic, okungasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola futhi kuthuthukise ukuhlanzeka kwegolide ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemakethe.

Izinto Ezithinta Inqubo Yegolide Ye-Thiourea

Ukubunjwa kwamaminerali kwe-Ore

Ukwakheka kwamaminerali kwe-ore kunomthelela omkhulu enqubweni yokukhipha igolide le-thiourea. I-Copper, i-bismuth oxides ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zizoncibilika zibe yi-asidi futhi zibe yinkimbinkimbi ne-thiourea, kunciphisa umphumela wokukhipha igolide le-thiourea futhi kwandise ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izinto zokusetshenziswa ziqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezincibilikayo ze-asidi (njenge-divalent iron, ama-Carbon ates, ama-non-ferrous metal oxides, njll.) kanye nokunciphisa izingxenye, kuzokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-oxidants kanye ne-sulfuric acid futhi kunciphise izinga lokukhipha igolide. Kodwa-ke, amaminerali e-sulfide njengethusi, i-arsenic, i-antimony, kanye ne-lead anomthelela omncane kakhulu ekukhipheni igolide le-thiourea, okwenza ukukhipha igolide okusekelwe ku-thiourea kube nokwenzeka ukukhipha igolide nesiliva ngokukhetha ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zamaminerali zegolide eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaphikisi.

Usayizi Wezinhlayiya Zegolide Ensimbini

Usayizi wezinhlayiyana zegolide ensimbini ungenye yezinto ezithinta izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide. Ngokuvamile, usayizi wezinhlayiyana zegolide ube mncane, indawo engaphezulu ethile iba nkulu, futhi kuba lula ukuthintana nesixazululo se-thiourea, okuholela esilinganisweni esiphezulu sokuleaching. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sokulungiswa kwensimbi, imisebenzi yokugaya iyadingeka ukuze kwenziwe izinhlayiya zegolide ezitsheni zivezwe ngokugcwele futhi kube lula inqubo yokucwiliswa.

Temperature

Izinga lokushisa linomphumela okabili - kunqubo yokukhipha igolide le-thiourea. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa kungasheshisa izinga lokusatshalaliswa kwama-reactants kanye nezinga lokusabela phakathi kwegolide ne-thiourea, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuphule izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-thiourea inokusimama okushisayo okuphansi. Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, i-thiourea ijwayele ukuba ne-hydrolysis futhi ibole, inciphisa ukusebenza kwayo enqubweni yokukhipha. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lenqubo ye-thiourea leaching kungcono lilawulwe ngaphansi kuka-55 °C, futhi ezimweni eziningi, lenziwa ekamelweni lokushisa.

I-pH Inani Lesixazululo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inani le-pH lesixazululo lihlobene eduze nokuzinza kwe-thiourea kanye nomthelela wegolide wokuleaching. I-Thiourea izinzile endaweni ene-acidic, futhi indawo ene-asidi efanelekile ivumela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zegolide-thiourea. Kodwa-ke, uma inani le-pH liphansi kakhulu, ngeke nje likhulise inani lokungcola okuncibilika nge-asidi kodwa futhi lingase libangele ukusabela okuseceleni okungahambisani nenqubo yokukhipha. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa okunembile kwenani le-pH yesisombululo kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela olungile wokukhipha.

Ukugxila kwe-Thiourea kanye ne-Oxidizing Agent

Ukugxila kwe-thiourea kuthinta ngqo inani lezinto zegolide-thiourea ezakhiwe. Ngokuvamile, ukukhulisa ukugxila kwe-thiourea kungakhuphula izinga legolide le-leaching. Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa izindleko kanye nezici zemvelo, ukugxila kwe-thiourea kudinga ukwenziwa ngcono. Uhlobo nokugxilwa kwe-ejenti oxidizing nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile. I-ejenti ene-oxidizing eyanele iyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-oxidation eqhubekayo yegolide ku-ore, kodwa i-ejenti e-oxidizing eyeqile ingase futhi iholele e-oxidation kanye nokubola kwe-thiourea, kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kahle kwe-thiourea.

Izinzuzo ze-Thiourea Gold Extraction Process

1. Isivinini Sokukhipha Igolide Esisheshayo : Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide zendabuko ezifana ne-cyanidation, inqubo yokukhipha igolide le-thiourea inesivinini sokukhipha igolide esisheshayo. Ukwakheka kwe-gold-thiourea complexes endaweni ene-acidic kungancibilikisa igolide ngokushesha, okunganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokukhipha.

2. Ubuthi Obuphansi : I-Thiourea ayinabo ubuthi obuncane uma iqhathaniswa ne- cyanide esetshenziswa ezindleleni zendabuko zokufaka i-cyanidation. I-Cyanide inobuthi obukhulu futhi iyingozi enkulu emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea ekukhishweni kwegolide kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo nezokuphepha ezingaba khona ezihlobene nezinto ezinobuthi.

3. Ukukhetha Okuhle : Ngenxa yokuzinza okuphansi kwama-ion e-thiourea complex anezinsimbi eziningi ngaphandle kwe-mercury, inqubo yokukhipha igolide esekelwe ku-thiourea inokukhetha okuphezulu kwegolide. Ingakhipha igolide ngempumelelo kuma-ore ayinkimbinkimbi aqukethe ukungcola okuhlukahlukene kwensimbi, inciphise ukuphazamiseka kokungcola enkambisweni yokukhipha.

4. Ngemva Kokulula - ukwelashwa kwesisombululo : Ngemva kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide, isisombululo esiqukethe i-thiourea kulula ukusiphatha. Isibonelo, esigabeni sokubuyisa igolide, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokufaka esikhundleni sensimbi noma zokuwina ngogesi kungahlukanisa igolide kalula esixazululweni, kanti isisombululo esisele singaphathwa kabanzi ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola kwemvelo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokukhipha igolide ye-thiourea iyindlela ethembisayo emkhakheni wokukhipha igolide. Ngokuqonda izimiso zayo, izinyathelo zokusebenza, izici ezinethonya, kanye nezinzuzo, izinkampani zezimayini nabacwaningi bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa kangcono inqubo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha igolide, ukunciphisa izindleko, kanye nokunciphisa imithelela yemvelo. Nakuba kusenezinselelo ezithile okufanele zixazululwe, njengokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea nokwenza ngcono ukuzinza kwenqubo ngaphansi kwezimo ze-ore ezihlukene, ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kule ndawo ngokuqinisekile kuzokhuthaza ukuthuthuka nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide le-thiourea.