Ikhwalithi Yomkhiqizo Namazinga Okuphepha e-Sodium Cyanide

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enobuthi obukhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa okubanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, njengokukhipha igolide ezimayini, ukufaka i-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. Njengoba inobuthi obukhulu, amazinga aqinile ekhwalithi kanye nokuphepha kumele kulandelwe kuzo zonke izigaba ezihilela i-Sodium cyanide , okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe amazinga ekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha kwe -Sodium Cyanide.

I. Amazinga Ekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo

1. Izidingo Zobumsulwa

• I-Sodium Cyanide Eqinile Yezinga Lezimboni : Ngokwezindinganiso ezifanele zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe (njengezindinganiso zaseShayina), ubumsulwa be -sodium cyanide eqinile yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni bunamazinga ahlukene. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe komkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu kufanele kufinyelele ku-98.0% noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho okomkhiqizo ofanelekayo kufanele okungenani kube ngu-87.0%. I-sodium cyanide ehlanzekile kakhulu ibalulekile ezimbonini ezifana nokukhishwa kwegolide. Enqubweni yokumba igolide, i-sodium cyanide ehlanzekile kakhulu ingasabela kahle kakhulu nge-ores equkethe igolide, ithuthukise izinga lokukhishwa futhi inciphise ukungcola okungadingekile enqubweni elandelayo yokuhlukanisa.

• Isixazululo se-Industrial - Grade Sodium Cyanide : Ngezixazululo ze-sodium cyanide, ukuhlushwa nakho kudinga ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium cyanide esixazululweni kuchazwa ngokucacile ngokwezimo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa. Isixazululo kufanele sibe yisisombululo samanzi esicacile, esingenambala noma esiphuzi kancane ngaphandle kokungcola okubonakalayo.

2. Ukulawula Ukungcola

• Ukungcola Okungaphili :

• Okuqukethwe yi-Carbonate : Okuqukethwe yi-sodium I-Carbon etholwe ku-sodium cyanide kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ku-sodium cyanide eqinile, okuqukethwe yi-sodium carbonate emabangeni ahlukene kuyalawulwa. Isibonelo, kumkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu, akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-0.5%, kumkhiqizo wezinga lokuqala, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-2.0%, kanti kumkhiqizo ofanelekile, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-3.0%. I-carbonate eningi ingathinta ukusebenza kahle kokusabela kwezinye izinqubo zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ekufakweni kwe-electroplating, kungaphazamisa ukufakwa kwama-ion ensimbi, okuholela kungqimba olungenakulinganiswa lwe-electroplated.

• Okuqukethwe yi-Hydroxide : Okuqukethwe yi-sodium hydroxide nakho kunemikhawulo ehambisanayo. Ku-sodium cyanide eqinile, okuqukethwe yi-sodium hydroxide emabangeni ahlukene kuyahlukahluka. Isibonelo, kumkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu, akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-0.5%, kumkhiqizo wezinga lokuqala, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.0%, futhi kumkhiqizo ofanelekile, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.5%. Amazinga aphezulu e-sodium hydroxide angashintsha inani le-pH lesistimu yokusabela, okungasizi ekuthuthukisweni okuvamile kwezinye izimpendulo ezidinga ububanzi be-pH ethile.

• Ukungcola Kwemvelo : Ukungcola kwemvelo okufana ne-formate kudinga ukulawulwa ngokuqinile. Nakuba okuqukethwe okuvunyelwe kuphansi kakhulu, i-formate eningi ingaphazamisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali athile. Isibonelo, kwezinye izindlela zokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo, i-formate ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okungekuhle, okunciphisa isivuno kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo oqondiwe.

3. Izakhiwo Zomzimba

• I-Sodium Cyanide Eqinile : I-sodium cyanide eqinile kufanele ibe ngesimo sezigaxa ezimhlophe noma ezinombala omncane noma izinhlayiya ezikristalu. Ukubukeka kwayo kuyinkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukuphambuka kombala noma isimo sezinhlayiya kungabonisa izinkinga ezifana nokungcola noma izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingafanele.

• Isixazululo se-Sodium Cyanide : Isixazululo kufanele sibe sobala, singabi namanzi noma imvula. Ukuwa noma imvula kungaba uphawu lokusabela kwamakhemikhali esixazululweni, njengokwakheka kosawoti ongancibiliki ngenxa yokusabela kokungcola emoyeni noma ezintweni zesitsha, okuzothinta ukusebenza kwesisombululo ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo.

II. Amazinga Okuphepha

1. Ukulawula Ukuhambisana

• Imithethonqubo Kazwelonke kanye Neyamazwe Ngamazwe :

• E-United States : I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ibeke izindinganiso eziqinile mayelana nemikhawulo yokuchayeka kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha zokuphatha ama-cyanide . Isibonelo, umkhawulo wokuchayeka ovunyelwe we-cyanide emoyeni emoyeni wasemsebenzini umiselwe ukuvikela abasebenzi ekuchayekeni ngokweqile.

• Ku-European Union : Umthethonqubo we-REACH (Ukubhalisa, Ukuhlola, Ukugunyazwa kanye Nokuvinjelwa Kwamakhemikhali) ulawula ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwezinto eziyingozi njenge-sodium cyanide. Udinga izinkampani ukuthi zibhalise futhi zinikeze ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngezakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezihlobene ne-sodium cyanide.

• EShayina : "Imithethonqubo Yokuphathwa Kokuphepha Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi" ibeka izilawuli eziqinile kuzo zonke izici zokuphathwa kwe-sodium cyanide, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa. Amabhizinisi kumele alandele le mithethonqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nemvelo.

• Izimvume kanye Nezimvume : Zonke izinhlangano ezihilelekile ekukhiqizweni, ekugcinweni, ekuthuthweni, noma ekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium cyanide ziyadingeka ukuthola izimvume namalayisense adingekayo ngokuhambisana nemithetho yendawo. Lezi zimvume zikhishwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni okuqinile kwezikhungo kanye nokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ezidingekayo.

2. Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Ezigabeni Ezihlukene

• Isitoreji :

• Ukukhethwa Kwendawo : I-Sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni yokugcina enikezelwe, enomoya omuhle, futhi epholile. Indawo yokugcina kufanele ibe kude nemithombo yokushisa, ukuthungela, nezinto ezingahambisani. Kufanele futhi ibe sendaweni engelula ukufinyeleleka kuyo kubasebenzi abangagunyaziwe. Isibonelo, ukugcina i-sodium cyanide eduze kwama-asidi kuyingozi kakhulu ngoba kungakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu futhi evuthayo.

• Izidingo Zesitsha : Kusetshenziswa izitsha ezifanele ezingagqwali futhi ezivalwe kahle. Kwi-sodium cyanide eqinile, kuvame ukusetshenziswa izigubhu zensimbi eziqinile noma izitsha zepulasitiki ezinezivalo eziqinile. Kwizixazululo ze-sodium cyanide, amathangi okugcina kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezingagqwali, njengezinhlobo ezithile zensimbi engagqwali noma amathangi akhethekile epulasitiki afakwe ngaphakathi. Zonke izitsha kumele zibhalwe ngokucacile ukuthi "ubuthi" kanye "ne-sodium cyanide," kanye nezimpawu zengozi ezifanele.

• Izimo Zokugcina : Indawo yokugcina kufanele igcinwe yomile, njengoba umswakama ungasheshisa ukuwohloka kwe-sodium cyanide futhi wandise ingozi yokukhiqizwa kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Umswakama ohlobene endaweni yokugcina kufanele ugcinwe ngaphansi kwama-80%. Umoya omuhle nawo ubalulekile ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwanoma yimaphi amagesi angase avuza.

• Ezokuthutha :

• Ukupakishwa : Ukupakishwa kokuthutha i-sodium cyanide kumele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile. Ukupakishwa kwangaphandle kufanele kube namandla ngokwanele ukumelana nokuphathwa okuvamile ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa futhi kuvikele isitsha sangaphakathi ekulimaleni. Izitsha zangaphakathi kufanele zingavuzi - zingangeni futhi zivalwe ngokuphephile. Ukupakishwa kumele futhi kubhalwe ngokucacile igama lamakhemikhali, izixwayiso zengozi, kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana oluphuthumayo.

• Izimoto Zokuthutha : Kusetshenziswa izimoto zokuthutha ezikhethekile ezenzelwe ukuthwala amakhemikhali ayingozi. Lezi zimoto kufanele zibe nezinhlelo zokuvimbela ukuchitheka, imishini yokusabela eziphuthumayo, kanye nomoya ofanele. Kufanele futhi zibonise izimpawu zokuxwayisa ngengozi ezifanele njengoba kudingeka emithethweni yezokuthutha.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabashayeli : Abashayeli abathutha i-sodium cyanide kumele baqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ekuphatheni izinto eziyingozi. Kufanele bajwayelane nezakhiwo ze-sodium cyanide, izinqubo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka ukuchitheka noma ingozi, kanye nemithethonqubo efanele yezokuthutha.

• Ukuhlela Umzila : Indlela yokuhamba kufanele ihlelwe kusenesikhathi ukuze kugwenywe izindawo eziminyene, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nezindawo ezinengozi enkulu yezingozi. Iziphathimandla zendawo kufanele zaziswe ngokuthuthwa kwe-sodium cyanide, ikakhulukazi uma kudlula ezindaweni ezibucayi.

• Ukuphatha Nokusebenzisa :

• Imishini Yokuzivikela Yomuntu Siqu (i-PPE) :

• Isivikelo Sokuphefumula : Abasebenzi kumele bagqoke isivikelo sokuphefumula esifanele. Ezimweni ezivamile, kudingeka umshini wokuphefumula ogcwele ubuso one-filtrate air filter esebenza kahle kakhulu kanye ne-canister evunyelwe yokuvikela i-cyanide. Ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu noma uma kungenzeka kube nokuvezwa okukhulu, kungadingeka imishini yokuphefumula equkethe wena.

• Ukuvikelwa Kwamehlo : Kufanele kugqokwe izibuko ezingamelana namakhemikhali noma isivikelo sobuso ukuze kuvikelwe amehlo ekushayweni noma ezinhlayiyeni zothuli ze-sodium cyanide.

• Ukuvikelwa Kwesikhumba : Amagilavu ​​​​angenawo umoya enziwe ngezinto ezifana nerabha ye-butyl noma i-nitrile, kanye nezimbozo noma ama-apron amelana namakhemikhali, kufanele asetshenziswe. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PPE isesimweni esihle futhi ifanelana kahle.

• Ukusethwa Kwendawo Yomsebenzi :

• Umoya Ongenisayo : Indawo yokusebenza lapho kuphathwa khona i-sodium cyanide kufanele ibe nomoya ongenisayo omuhle kakhulu. Izinhlelo zomoya ongenisayo zendawo kufanele zifakwe ukuze zibambe noma yimuphi umusi noma uthuli oluvela ngesikhathi sokuphatha. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukugcwala kwezinto eziyingozi emoyeni futhi kuvikele impilo yabasebenzi.

• Imishini Yokuphendula Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo : Indawo yokusebenza kufanele ifakwe imishini yokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo njengeziteshi zokugeza amehlo kanye nezindawo zokugeza zokuphepha. Uma kwenzeka ukuthintana ngengozi ne-sodium cyanide, abasebenzi bangageza ngokushesha indawo ethintekile ukuze banciphise umonakalo.

3. Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo kanye Nokulahlwa

• Izinhlelo Zezimo Eziphuthumayo : Amabhizinisi aphatha i-sodium cyanide kumele athuthukise izinhlelo eziphelele zezimo eziphuthumayo. Lezi zinhlelo kufanele zihlanganise izinqubo zokubhekana nokuchitheka, ukuvuza, imililo, kanye nokuvezwa ngengozi. Kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo eziphuthumayo njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi bajwayelene nezinqubo zokuphendula.

• Impendulo Yokuchitheka Nokuvuza : Uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma kuvuza i-sodium cyanide, kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo. Indawo kufanele ivalwe, futhi abasebenzi abangagunyaziwe kufanele bakhishwe. Abasebenzi abaqeqeshwe abagqoke i-PPE efanele kufanele basebenzise izinto ezimunca amanzi ukuze bavimbele ukuchitheka. I-sodium cyanide echithekile kufanele iqoqwe futhi ilahlwe ngendlela efanele ngokwemithetho efanele.

• Impendulo Yomlilo : Njengoba i-sodium cyanide ingakhiqiza igesi enobuthi obukhulu be-hydrogen cyanide uma ibekwe emlilweni, abacishi bomlilo kufanele bahlonyiswe ngesivikelo sokuphefumula esifanele kanye nemishini yokulwa nomlilo. Amanzi, isihlabathi, noma izicishamlilo ezimpuphu ezomile zingasetshenziswa ukucima umlilo, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezinto ezinobuthi.

• Ukulahlwa Kwemfucuza : Imfucuza equkethe i-sodium cyanide kumele ilahlwe ngendlela efanele. Akufanele ikhishwe endaweni ezungezile ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Izindlela zokwelapha zingafaka phakathi i-oxidation yamakhemikhali noma ezinye izinqubo ezivunyiwe zokuguqula i-cyanide enobuthi ibe izinto ezingenangozi kangako ngaphambi kokulahlwa.

Sengiphetha, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye namazinga okuphepha e-sodium cyanide abaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile nokusebenza kahle kwezimboni ezisebenzisa lekhemikhali enobuthi obukhulu. Ngokuthobela ngokuqinile la mazinga, singakwazi ukuvikela impilo yabantu, indawo ezungezile, kanye nenqubekelaphambili evamile yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni.