Ukucaciswa Okujwayelekile kanye Nezimo Zokusebenza ze-Sodium Cyanide

Isingeniso

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enezicelo ezibalulekile zezimboni, naphezu kobuthi bayo obukhulu. Iyisithako esimhlophe, esikristalu esincibilika kakhulu emanzini. Lesi sihloko sizohlola imininingwane evamile ye- sodium cyanide kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlukahlukene ezimbonini ezahlukene.

Ukucaciswa Okuvamile

Amazinga Okuhlanzeka

• 98% Ubumsulwa : Leli izinga elitholakala kakhulu emakethe. Nge -Sodium Cyanide eqinile , kuleli zinga lobumsulwa, ingxenye eyinhloko, i-Sodium cyanide (NaCN), kufanele ibe khona okungenani ku-98.0%. Kanye nalokhu, amanye amapharamitha afana nokuqukethwe kwe-NaOH kufanele abe ngu-≤0.3%, i-Na₂CO₃ ≤0.2%, umswakama ≤0.2%, kanye nezinto ezingancibiliki emanzini ≤0.01%. Leli banga lifanelekela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezimboni lapho kudingeka khona izinga eliphezulu lobumsulwa kodwa hhayi ukunemba okukhulu. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinqubo zokuhlanza insimbi, le-sodium cyanide emsulwa engu-98% ingasusa ngempumelelo ama-oxide angaphezulu kanye nokungcola.

• Ukuhlanzeka okungu-99% : Okumele izinga eliphezulu, i-sodium cyanide eqinile enobumsulwa obungu-99% inemigomo eqinile. Okuqukethwe kwe-NaCN kumele kube ngu-≥99.0%, kube nomswakama ≤0.5%, izinto zingancibiliki emanzini ≤0.01%, i-cyanide ≤0.01%, i-chloride ≤0.20%, kanye ne-sulfate ≤0.07%. Leli zinga lokuhlanzeka okuphezulu livame ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo lapho ukuba khona kokungcola kungaphazamisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ekukhiqizweni kwezixazululo ezithile ze-electroplating zekhwalithi ephezulu, i-sodium cyanide emsulwa engu-99% isiza ekufezeni ukuhlanganiswa kwensimbi okufanayo futhi kwekhwalithi ephezulu.

Amafomu Angokomzimba

• Okuqinile : I-sodium cyanide ivame ukutholakala ngesimo esiqinile, esingaba ngesimo samabhulokhi, izinhlayiya zekristalu, noma impuphu. Izinhlobo eziqinile zikhethwa ukuze kube lula ukugcina nokuthuthwa emabangeni amade. Isimo esiqinile cishe asivuzi ngesikhathi sokuthutha uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo soketshezi. Ivame ukupakishwa ezikhwameni ezivalwe kabili ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lezingodo, ngokuvamile inesisindo esingaba yithani eli-1. I-sodium cyanide eqinile isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezimayini ukukhipha igolide. Ama-briquette, ahlanzekile cishe ngo-98% futhi abonakala emhlophe, afana nama-briquette amalahle futhi alungele ukuphathwa emisebenzini emikhulu yezimayini.

• Uketshezi : I-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi, yize ingavamile ngenxa yezinselele zokuhamba nokugcina, nayo iyatholakala. Ukuhlushwa okuvamile kwe-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi esetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kungu-30%. Kuleli fomu, okuqukethwe kwe-NaCN kufanele kube ngu-≥30.0%, kanye ne-NaOH engu-≤1.0%, i-Na₂CO₃ engu-≤1.0%, i-NaCl engu-≤0.027%, kanye ne-NaCOOH engu-≤0.60%, kanye nenani le-APHA (isilinganiso sombala) elingu-≤100. I-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi isetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezithile zezimboni lapho kudingeka khona uhlobo olufanayo nolusakazeke kalula lwamakhemikhali, njengakwezinye izindlela ezithile zokukhipha izimayini.

Izimo zesicelo

Imboni Yezokumbiwa

• Ukukhishwa Kwegolide Nensimbi Eyigugu : I-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kakhulu ekumbeni igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanide leaching noma i-gold cyanidation, isebenzisa ukusondelana okuphezulu kwegolide (I) ne-cyanide. Lapho kukhona umoya (i-oxygen) namanzi, insimbi yegolide iyaxuba futhi incibilike, yakha i-gold cyanide (noma i-gold sodium cyanide) kanye ne-sodium hydroxide. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungamelwa kanje: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+ 4NaOH. Ama-ore asezingeni eliphansi angacutshungulwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela, okwenza kube yindlela engabizi kakhulu yokukhipha igolide. Uhlobo oluqinile lwe-sodium cyanide, ikakhulukazi ama-briquette ahlanzekile angu-98%, luvame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini emikhulu yokumba ngenxa yokulula kokuphatha kanye nokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwesithako esisebenzayo.

Amakhemikhali

• Ukwenziwa kwamaNitrile : I-Sodium cyanide isebenza njengento ebalulekile yokuqala ukwenziwa kwama-nitrile. I-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ku-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-nucleophile, inikela nge-electron pair ukwakha isibopho samakhemikhali. Ama-Nitrile ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali nemithi. Isibonelo, i-acrylonitrile, esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwemicu yokwenziwa njenge-acrylic kanye nasekukhiqizweni kwamapulasitiki, ingakhiwa kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide njenge-intermediate ebalulekile.

• Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Hydrocyanic Acid kanye nezinye i-Cyanides : Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), okuyisiqalo samanye amakhemikhali amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-cyanides ahlukahlukene angaphili njenge-potassium cyanide (KCN), i-cyanuric chloride, kanye ne-cyanogen chloride. Lawa ma-Cyanides athola ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukene, kusukela ekufakweni kwe-electroplating kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali.

Metal Processing

• Ukuhlanza Insimbi : I-Sodium cyanide isetshenziswa njengesihlanzi sensimbi. Ingasusa ngempumelelo ama-oxide angaphezulu kanye nokungcola okuvela ezinsimbini, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yobuso bensimbi. Lokhu kubalulekile ezinqubweni lapho kudingeka khona ubuso bensimbi obuhlanzekile ukuze kulandelwe ukwelashwa okulandelayo njengokupenda, ukumboza, noma ukusonta. Amandla e-sodium cyanide okusabela nama-oxide ensimbi futhi awancibilikise ayenza ibe yinto ewusizo ekulungiseleleni ubuso bensimbi.

• Ukufaka i-Electroplating : Ekufakeni i-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukudala izixazululo zokufaka i-electroplating. Isiza ekubekeni ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi phezu kwe-substrate, ithuthukise ukubukeka, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwento. Isibonelo, ekufakeni isiliva, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa ebhavini lokufaka i-plating ukuze kube lula ukufakwa okufanayo kwama-ion esiliva entweni efakwe i-plated. Ubumsulwa be-sodium cyanide, ikakhulukazi ibanga elingu-99%, kubalulekile ekufakeni i-electroplating ukuqinisekisa ukugqoka kwensimbi okuseqophelweni eliphezulu nokungaguquguquki.

Umkhakha Wezemithi

• I-Intermediate in Drug Synthesis : I-Sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa njenge-intermediate ekwakhiweni kwemithi ethile. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizweni kweminye imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu (ama-painkillers) kanye nemithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa, i-sodium cyanide ihilelekile ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali okwakha izakhi ezibalulekile zale mithi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu, kulandelwa izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile ngesikhathi isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwemithi.

Okunye Izicelo

• Ekukhiqizweni kwamadayi : I-Sodium cyanide isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwamadayi. Ihlanganyela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okusiza ekudaleni ama-chromophores (ingxenye ye-molecule enikeza umbala) kumadayi. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadayi, njengalawo asetshenziswa embonini yezindwangu, zingadinga i-sodium cyanide enqubweni yazo yokwenziwa.

• Njenge-rodenticide (nakuba ingavamile) : Ngokomlando, i-sodium cyanide ibilokhu isetshenziswa njenge-rodenticide. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu ezintweni eziphilayo ezingezona ezihlosiwe nakubantu, kanye namathuba okungcoliswa kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo njenge-rodenticide kuncishiswe kakhulu.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezokuphepha

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-sodium cyanide iyingozi kakhulu. Ingabulala uma ihogela, imuncwa esikhunjeni, noma igwinywa. Ngisho nenani elincane, elingaphansi kuka-5 mg/kg isisindo somzimba womuntu ongu-70 - kg, lingabulala. Lapho ithintana nomoya omanzi noma amanzi, ikhipha igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ebolayo, evuthayo, kanye nobuthi. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zilandelwe lapho uphatha, ugcina, futhi uhambisa i-sodium cyanide. Izisebenzi ezimbonini ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufanele zinikezwe izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, futhi kufanele kube nezinhlelo ezifanele zokungenisa umoya ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwamagesi anobuthi.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kobuthi bayo obuphezulu, idlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini eziningana ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele. Ukucaciswa okujwayelekile okungu-98% kanye no-99% kokuhlanzeka kumafomu aqinile nawuketshezi kubhekelela izidingo ezihlukene zezimboni. Kusukela ezimayini zensimbi eziyigugu kuye kumakhemikhali ahlanganisayo nemithi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlukene. Kodwa-ke, ubungozi obuhlobene budinga ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha kanye nokuvikela imvelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe inhlalakahle yabasebenzi kanye nemvelo.