Isetshenziselwani iSodium Cyanide?

I-sodium Cyanide ivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yezimayini ukuze kukhishwe igolide ku-ores.

Ngingakusebenzisa kanjani ngokugcwele ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ekucutshungulweni kwe-ore?

Ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ekucutshungulweni kwe-ore kuhilela amasu amaningana okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko:

Ingabe ikhona imithethonqubo ethile yokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezimayini?

Yebo, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezimayini kungaphansi kwemithetho ehlukahlukene elawula ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, ukugcinwa nokulahlwa kwawo. Le mithethonqubo yakhelwe ukuvikela impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. Izici zokulawula ezibalulekile zifaka:

Iyini i-ejenti yokuxazulula, futhi isebenza kanjani ezimayini?

I-ejenti yokuhlalisa, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-flocculant, ikhemikhali esetshenziselwa ukusheshisa ukulungiswa kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe oketshezini. Esimeni sokumbiwa kwezimayini, ama-ejenti okuhlalisa insimbi abalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokucutshungulwa kwe-ore kanye nokuphathwa kwemisila.

Ngiyigcina kanjani i-Sodium Cyanide ngokuphepha?

I-sodium Cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile, kude nezinto ezingahambelani futhi ngokuhambisana neziqondiso zokuphepha.

Ikhaya » I-Sodium Cyanide » Amathrendi Wemboni »isihloko

Kwembula Amandla Emakethe Ye-Sodium Cyanide e-Afrika

Name: I-Sodium Cyanide Factory Cyanides NaCN Yezimayini Zegolide - United Chemical Imboni Yamakhemikhali Yezimboni
Brand: Sodium Cyanide
Price: 2000.0 USD
Availability: InStock

I-UnitedChemicals02-03-2025Amathrendi Wemboni16780

1. Isingeniso

Emkhakheni omkhulu wemboni yamakhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide (I-NaCN) ime njengenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ebalulekile futhi eguquguqukayo. Ngezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele, idlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi zezimboni. Isodium i-cyanide iwuketshezi olumhlophe, lwamanzi - oluncibilikayo okuyingxenye yenhlanganisela ye-cyanide. Ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali, i-NaCN, imele inhlanganisela ye-sodium ion (Na+) kanye ne-cyanide ion (CN-), eyinikeza ukuphinda kusebenze okuphawulekayo.

Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezivelele ze I-Sodium Cyanide isekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, ikakhulukazi igolide nesiliva. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lulwenze lwaba ingxenye ebalulekile ezimbonini zezimayini nezensimbi. Enqubweni yezimayini zegolide, isibonelo, I-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa igolide ngokukhetha etsheni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation. Ukusabela phakathi kwe-sodium cyanide negolide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo kwakha inkimbinkimbi yegolide encibilikayo - i-cyanide, engase iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze ithole igolide elimsulwa. Le ndlela iye yamukelwa kabanzi ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide.

Ngaphandle komkhakha wezimayini, i-sodium cyanide iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali kwezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Isebenza njenge-reagent eyinhloko ekukhiqizeni imithi, izibulala-zinambuzane, nodayi. Ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi, ingasetshenziswa ukwethula iqembu elisebenzayo le-cyanide libe ngama-molecule, okuvamise ukuba yisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezidakamizwa. Embonini yezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-sodium - cyanide-based compounds angahlanganiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ama-ejenti okulawula izinambuzane asebenzayo.

Njengoba imboni yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke iqhubeka nokukhula futhi ihlukahluka, isidingo se-sodium cyanide besilokhu sisendleleni eguquguqukayo. I-Afrika, nemithombo yayo yemvelo ecebile kanye nemikhakha yezimboni esafufusa, ivele njengesifunda esibaluleke kakhulu emakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-sodium - cyanide. Izimbiwa eziningi zaleli zwekazi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zegolide, isiliva, nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu, zikhuthaze ukukhula kwemboni yezimayini. Lokhu, sekuholele esidingweni esikhulu se-sodium cyanide ngezinjongo zokukhipha insimbi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amazwe ase-Afrika elwela ukuthuthukisa izimboni zawo zokukhiqiza kanye namakhemikhali, isidingo se-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kulindeleke ukuthi sikhuphuke. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizocubungula ngokujulile izici ezithile zemakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika, sihlola isimo sayo samanje, abashayeli bokukhula, izinselelo, namathemba esikhathi esizayo.

2. I-Sodium Cyanide: Uhlolojikelele

Kwethulwa Amathuba Emakethe Ye-Sodium Cyanide e-Afrika i-ejenti ye-leaching yezimayini zegolide i-sodium cyanide African No. 1picture

2.1 Incazelo kanye Nezakhiwo

I-sodium cyanide, enefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaCN, iqinile emhlophe, e-crystalline evame ukubonakala njengama-flakes, amabhlogo, noma izinhlayiya eziyimbudumbudu. Inesisindo sengqamuzana esicishe sibe ngu-49.01 g/mol. Le nhlanganisela incibilika kakhulu emanzini, okuyindawo ebalulekile ezimbonini zayo eziningi. Isibonelo, enqubweni yegolide - yezimayini, ukuncibilika kwayo kuvumela ukuthi yenze isisombululo esingasabela ngokuphumelelayo ngegolide - equkethe ama-ores. Futhi inamandla okuncibilika ku-ammonia, i-ethanol, ne-methanol.

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-sodium cyanide ubuthi bayo obudlulele. Inomunyu obuthakathaka - iphunga le-alimondi, kodwa leli phunga aliyona inkomba ethembekile yokuba khona kwayo, njengoba abanye abantu bengakwazi ukulibona. Ngisho nenani elincane, lapho lingenwa, lihogela, noma limuncwa esikhumbeni, lingabulala. Lobu buthi bubangelwa i-cyanide ion (CN -) equkethe. Uma isisemzimbeni, i-ion ye-cyanide ibophezela ku-cytochrome c oxidase emangqamuzaneni, ivimbele ukudluliswa okujwayelekile kwama-electron ochungechungeni lokuphefumula futhi ekugcineni kuholele ku-asphyxiation yeselula kanye ne-tissue hypoxia.

Ngaphezu kobuthi bayo, i-sodium cyanide iyisisekelo esiqinile - usawoti we-asidi obuthakathaka. Isixazululo saso esinamanzi sine-alkaline ngenxa ye-hydrolysis. Uma incibilika emanzini, ihlangana nama-molecule wamanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-ion e-hydroxide (OH -) ne-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ngokusabela okubuyisela emuva: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Le ndawo ye-hydrolysis nayo inomthelela ekugcinweni kwayo nasekuphathweni kwayo, njengoba idinga ukuvikelwa kumswakama ukuze ivimbele ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu.

2.2 Izindlela Zokukhiqiza

Andrussow Process : Lena enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zezimboni zokukhiqiza i-sodium cyanide. Isebenzisa igesi yemvelo (i-methane, i-CH₄), i-ammonia (NH₃), nomoya njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Okokuqala, igesi yemvelo iyahlanzwa ukuze kukhishwe izakhi zesulfure ezingaphili, futhi i-ammonia iyahwamuka, kuyilapho umoya uyahlungwa. Amagesi amathathu abe esehlanganiswa ngezilinganiso ezithile: ngokuvamile, i-ammonia: i-methane: umoya = 1:(1.15 - 1.17):(6.70 - 6.80). Ingxube ingena kwi-reactor ye-oxidation ene-platinum - ingxube ye-rhodium njenge-catalyst. Ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu lika-1070 - 1120℃, uchungechunge lokusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwegesi exubile equkethe cishe u-8.5% we-hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Ngemuva kokupholisa, i-ammonia esele kugesi imuncwa i-sulfuric acid embhoshongweni wokumuncwa we-ammonia. Khona-ke, igesi iphinde ipholiswe, futhi i-hydrogen cyanide imuncwa amanzi okushisa aphansi ukuze yakhe isixazululo esingu-1.5%. Lesi sixazululo sibe sesigaywa embhoshongweni wokucwiliswa emanzini ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen cyanide enobumsulwa obungama-98% - 99%. Ekugcineni, i-hydrogen cyanide isabela ngesisombululo se-caustic soda, futhi ngezinqubo ezifana nokuhwamuka, i-crystallization, ukomisa, nokubumba, i-sodium cyanide iyakhiqizwa. Enye yezinzuzo zenqubo ye-Andrussow ukukhiqizwa kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-hydrogen cyanide, okuyisihluthulelo esimaphakathi sokuhlanganiswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okudla inani elikhulu lamandla, futhi ukuphatha izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivuthayo neziqhumayo njenge-methane ne-ammonia kubangela izingozi ezithile zokuphepha.
I-Light Oil Pyrolysis Method : Kule ndlela, uwoyela olula (njengophethiloli, owakhiwe kakhulu yi-C₅ - C₆ hydroI-Carbons) kanye ne-ammonia kusetshenziswa njengezinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa, kanye ne-petroleum coke njengesithwali kanye ne-nitrogen njengegesi evikelayo. Uwoyela okhanyayo kanye ne-ammonia kuqala kuphehlwa bese kuhlanganiswa ku-atomizer bese kushiswa kusengaphambili ku-280℃. Bese bengena esithandweni sikagesi lapho, ekushiseni okuphezulu okungu-1450℃ nangaphansi kwengcindezi evamile, bebhekana nokusabela kokuqhekeka. Ukusabela kukhiqiza igesi yokuqhekeka equkethe i-hydrogen cyanide engu-20% - 25%. Igesi ibe isiphathwa ngochungechunge lwezindlela zokwelapha, okuhlanganisa ukususwa kothuli, ukupholisa ku-50℃, kanye nokumuncwa yisisombululo se-caustic soda esingu-30%. Lapho okuqukethwe yi-sodium cyanide esixazululweni kufinyelela ku-30% noma ngaphezulu, kubhekwa njengomkhiqizo we-sodium-cyanide owuketshezi. Igesi yomsila imuncwa kakhulu yisisombululo se-caustic-soda esingu-20%. Indlela ye-light-oil pyrolysis inenzuzo yokuthi uwoyela okhanyayo uzinzile ngokwemvelo, futhi nge-petroleum coke njengesithwali, izinga lokushisa lokusabela lingagcinwa liphezulu. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwenqubo kawoyela olula lingafinyelela ku-100%, kanti isivuno se-ammonia ewuketshezi singaba ngaphezu kuka-90%. Iphinde isebenzise uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluvaliwe olunokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo kanye nokusebenza kwengcindezi encane nembi, okusiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokungavuzi. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza ihilela izinyathelo eziningi zokuphatha izinto ezivuthayo, eziqhumayo, nezinobuthi obukhulu, ngakho-ke kudingeka izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile.
I-Amonia - Indlela ye-Sodium : Le nqubo ihilela ukwengeza insimbi ye-sodium ne-petroleum coke ngengxenye ethile ku-reactor. I-reactor ifudunyezwa ku-650 ℃, bese kwethulwa igesi ye-ammonia. Izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka libe ngu-800 ℃, futhi ukusabela kuqhubeka amahora angu-7. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-sodium yensimbi iguqulwa ngokuphelele ibe yi-sodium cyanide. Ngemuva kokusabela, ama-reactants ahlungwa ku-650 ℃ ukuze asuse i-petroleum coke eyeqile. Into encibilikisiwe esele iyaphonswa futhi yakheke ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo we-sodium - cyanide. Nakuba indlela ye-ammonia - sodium iyinqubo eqondile ngokuqhathaniswa nezinyathelo zokusabela, inokulinganiselwa okuthile. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa kudinga inani elikhulu lokufakwa kwamandla, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium yensimbi, okuyinsimbi esebenza kakhulu, futhi kuletha izingozi ezithile zokuphepha ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuphatha.
Indlela ye-Cyanide Melt : I-Cyanide encibilikayo kanye ne-lead oxide yengezwa ethangini lokukhipha ngesilinganiso (500 - 700):1. Ukwengezwa kwe-lead oxide kusiza ukususa isulfure ngokwakhiwa kwe-PbS precipitate. Ngemuva kokuthi isisombululo sokukhipha sihlala, uketshezi olucacile luqukethe u-80 - 90 g/L we-NaCN. Lesi sixazululo sibe sesisabela nge-concentrated sulfuric acid ku-generator ukuze kukhiqizwe igesi ye-hydrogen - cyanide. Igesi iyapholiswa futhi iphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni, bese ingena esikhunjeni sokumuncwa lapho imuncwa isixazululo se-caustic - soda ukwenza i-sodium cyanide. I-cyanide - melt method inenzuzo yokukwazi ukusebenzisa i-cyanide - equkethe izinto ezingavuthiwe ngendlela yokuncibilika kwe-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa komthofu - okuqukethe inhlanganisela ohlelweni kungase kubangele izinkinga zokungcoliswa kwemvelo uma kungaphathwa kahle, futhi inqubo yezinyathelo eziningi nayo idinga ukusebenza nokulawula ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lomkhiqizo nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

3. I-Global Sodium Cyanide Market Landscape3.1 Ubukhulu bemakethe kanye nezimo zokukhula

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-sodium cyanide ibilokhu isendleleni yokukhula eguqukayo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngo-2023, usayizi wemakethe wawucishe ube ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25.42, ngokusho kwenkampani yocwaningo lwemakethe i-QYResearch. Lokhu kukhula kungase kubangelwe ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwenkomponi ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, lapho imboni yezimayini namakhemikhali iyona ehamba phambili.

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, imakethe ibonise ukuthambekela okuqinile kokukhuphuka. Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2023, usayizi wemakethe ukhuphuke ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe (CAGR) elilinganiselwa ku-3.2%. Lokhu kukhula kugqugquzelwe ikakhulukazi ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwemboni yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ekumbiweni kwegolide nesiliva. Njengoba isidingo sezinsimbi eziyigugu sakhula, nesidingo se-sodium cyanide, eyisithako esiyinhloko enqubweni ye-cyanidation yokukhipha insimbi.

Uma sibheka phambili, imakethe kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokukhula kwayo. Ukuqagela kusikisela ukuthi ngo-2030, usayizi wemakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-sodium - cyanide uzofinyelela cishe kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-29.93, nge-CAGR ka-3.6% kusukela ngo-2024 - 2030. izinqubo ze-synthesis.

4. Umkhakha Wezimayini Wase-Afrika: Umsunguli Obalulekile

4.1 Imithombo Yezimbiwa Eningi

I-Afrika iyizwekazi elicebile ngemithombo yezimbiwa, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umnyuziyamu wemithombo yamaminerali emhlabeni." Kuyikhaya lenqwaba yezinsimbi namaminerali, enezinqolobane ezibalulekile zegolide, idayimane, i-cobalt, i-aluminium, insimbi, amalahle, nethusi, phakathi kokunye. Lezi zinsiza zidlala indima ebalulekile embonini yezimayini emhlabeni jikelele.

Igolide, ngokwesibonelo, lingelinye lamaminerali agqame kakhulu e-Afrika. Izwekazi linomlando omude we izimayini zegolide, nemithombo yalo yegolide miningi. Ngo-2021, isamba sokukhiqizwa kwegolide e-Afrika safinyelela kumathani angama-680.3, ngezinga lokukhula elicishe libe ngu-0.5% uma liqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Ngo-2022, ukukhiqizwa kwase kukhuphuke kwafinyelela kumathani angaba ngu-3,000, namazwe angaphezu kuka-21 e-Afrika ahileleke ezimayini zegolide. Lokhu kwenza i-Afrika ibe yizwekazi lesithathu - ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngokukhiqiza igolide. IGhana, ikakhulukazi, iyizwe lesibili - ngobukhulu elihlinzeka ngegolide e-Afrika futhi ingelinye lamazwe amakhulu emhlabeni, ngokukhiqizwa kwegolide okungamathani angama-90 ngo-2022.

Amadayimane angomunye umthombo obalulekile e-Afrika. Amazwe afana neNingizimu Afrika, iBotswana, neDemocratic Republic of the Congo angamazwe akhiqiza amadayimane amakhulu. IBotswana, isibonelo, yaziwa ngamadayimane asezingeni eliphezulu, kanti imboni yedayimane inegalelo elikhulu emnothweni wayo. Imayini yedayimane yase-Jwaneng eBotswana ingenye yezimayini zedayimane ezinkulu nezikhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, enezinga eliphezulu lokutholwa kwedayimane.

I-Cobalt nayo iyinsada e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Leli zwe libamba ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwe-cobalt emhlabeni. I-Cobalt iyinsimbi ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amabhethri aphinde ashajwe ezimotweni zikagesi namadivayisi kagesi. Ngokukhula kwesidingo somhlaba wonke sale mikhiqizo, ukubaluleka kwe-cobalt yase-Afrika ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke kukhule kakhulu.

Izinqolobane zensimbi zase-Afrika nazo zinkulu. Isifunda saseNtshonalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi, sinezinsimbi ezicebile zensimbi. I-Simandou iron yaseGuinea - imayini ye-ore ingenye yamaphrojekthi amakhulu kakhulu futhi aphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni - amaphrojekthi ensimbi - ore. Insimbi yezinga eliphezulu yemayini, enesilinganiso sensimbi esingaphezu kuka-65%, ihehe ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kunamandla okuguqula umnotho waseGuinea futhi kube nomthelela emakethe yensimbi yomhlaba wonke.

4.2 Ukukhula Kwemboni Yezimayini e-Afrika

Eminyakeni yakamuva, imboni yezimayini e-Afrika ibilokhu ikhula ngendlela, njengoba amazwe amaningana ehamba phambili.

INingizimu Afrika, nemithombo yayo ecebile yemvelo, sekuyisikhathi eside ibamba iqhaza elikhulu embonini yezimayini emhlabeni wonke. Imboni yezimayini yakuleli ihlukene, njengoba ikhiqiza kakhulu amalahle, igolide, iplatinamu nezinye izimbiwa. INingizimu Afrika ingelinye lamazwe akhiqiza amalahle amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, elikhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-250 ngonyaka. Nakuba cishe amaphesenti angama-75 amalahle asetshenziswa ekhaya ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamandla ezicishe zibe ngama-80% zezwe, futhi ngaphezu kuka-90% wamalahle asetshenziswa kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika akhiqizwa eNingizimu Afrika. Ngo-2021, ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle eNingizimu Afrika kwakungama-exajoule angu-5.55, ukwehla cishe ngo-5% kunonyaka odlule. Naphezu kwalokhu kwehla, imboni yezimayini yamalahle yezwe isabalulekile.

Mayelana nokumbiwa kwegolide, iNingizimu Afrika inomlando omude futhi onezitezi. Ngaphambi kuka-2007, bekuyizwe elihamba phambili emhlabeni ngokukhiqiza igolide. Nokho, ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwemboni yezimayini eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhiqizwa kwehle kakhulu. Ngo-2022, iNingizimu Afrika yakhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-110 egolide. Kuleli lizwe kunezimayini zegolide ezinkulu nezijule kakhulu emhlabeni njengeSouth Deep gold mine, Kromdraai gold mine, Mponeng gold mine, East Rand gold mine kanye neTautona gold mine. Lezi zimayini zinezimo zokwakheka komhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bezimayini kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko eziphakeme.

Imboni yezimayini yaseGhana nayo ikhula ngokushesha. Izimayini zegolide ziyimbangela enkulu yezomnotho ezweni, zinegalelo elingaphezu kwama-40% esamba semali engenayo yazo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukukhiqizwa kwegolide kwezwe kuye kwanda kancane kancane eminyakeni edlule. Ukukhula kungase kubangelwe izici eziningana, okuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bezimayini obuthuthukisiwe, ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni ezivumayo. Isibonelo, uhulumeni usebenzise izinqubomgomo zokuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe emkhakheni wezimayini, ehlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezifana nekhefu lentela kanye nezinqubo zamalayisensi ezenziwe lula. Lokhu sekuholele ekungeneni kwezinkampani eziningi zezimayini zamazwe ngamazwe, ziletha ubuchwepheshe obuphambili nolwazi lokuphatha.

I-Mali ingelinye izwe lase-Afrika lapho imboni yezimayini ibone ukukhula okuphawulekayo. Igolide liwumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu wokuthekelisa eMali, obalwa ngaphezu kuka-80% wesamba sawo esithunyelwa ngaphandle ngo-2023. Izwe lilinganiselwa ukuthi linamathani angu-800 ensimbi yegolide, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-2 ensimbi, amathani angu-5,000 e-uranium, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-20 e-manganese, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4 e-lithium, kanye ne-limestone eyizigidi ezingu-10. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezimayini eMali akugcini nje ngokukhuphula imali engenayo yezwe yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kodwa kuphinde kwadala inqwaba yamathuba omsebenzi, kokubili ezimayini kanye nasezimbonini zezinsizakalo ezihlobene ezifana nezokuthutha kanye nokugcinwa kwemishini.

Ngaphezu kwalawa mazwe, amanye amazwe ase-Afrika afana neBurkina Faso, iTanzania, ne-Côte d'Ivoire nawo abona ukukhula emikhakheni yawo yezimayini. IBurkina Faso, isibonelo, yakha indawo yokuqala yokuhluza igolide ngo-2023, okulindeleke ukuthi ikhiqize cishe amakhilogremu angu-400 (amaphawundi angu-880) egolide ngosuku. Le ndawo yokucwenga ayigcini nje ngokwenza ngcono ikhono lezwe lokucubungula kanye nokwengeza inani ekukhiqizweni kwayo kwegolide kodwa futhi iqinisa isikhundla sayo embonini yegolide yomhlaba wonke - yezimayini.

4.3 Iqhaza Le-Sodium Cyanide Ezimayini

I-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile embonini yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, nokukhipha igolide kuyisibonelo esihle.

Inqubo yokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ukukhipha igolide ensimbi ibizwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation. Okokuqala, insimbi igaywa ibe yimpushana kusetshenziswa imishini yezimboni. Lokhu kwandisa indawo engaphezulu yensimbi, kuyenza ifinyeleleke kalula ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okulandelayo. Khona-ke, i-ore eyimpuphu yengezwa kusisombululo se-sodium - cyanide (NaCN). Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O = 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH. Kule ndlela yokusabela, ama-molecule egolide akha isibopho esiqinile ne-NaCN, enza inkimbinkimbi yegolide encibilikayo - i-cyanide, i-Na[Au(CN)₂]. Le nkimbinkimbi ivumela igolide ukuthi lincibilike esixazululweni, liyihlukanise nezinye izingxenye ze-ore.

Ngemva kokuba igolide selincibilikisiwe kusixazululo se-cyanide, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubuyisela igolide. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-zinc. I-Zinc ihlangana ne-golden - cyanide complex in the solution. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngu-2 [Au (CN)₂]⁻+Zn = 2Au + [Zn (CN)₄]²⁻. Ngalokhu kusabela, ama-molecule e-cyanide ahlukaniswa negolide, futhi igolide liguqulwa libuyele esimweni esiqinile, lilungele inqubo elandelayo ye-熔炼 (ukuncibilika). Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa, igolide eliqinile liyahlanjululwa futhi futhi lincibilikiswe ukuze kutholwe ama-ingots egolide ahlanzekile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekukhishweni kwegolide kwaziswa kakhulu ngoba kuthuthukisa kakhulu izinga lensimbi - lokuthola kabusha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, i-cyanidation ingakhipha ngempumelelo igolide kuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi, ebekade ethathwa njengengenamnotho kweyami. Lokhu akukhulisi nje inani eliphelele legolide elingatholakala ediphozini yensimbi enikeziwe kodwa futhi kwandisa isikhathi sokuphila sezimayini zegolide. Ngokuvumela ukumbiwa kwegolide ohlwini olubanzi lwensimbi, i-sodium - cyanide - cyanidation yenze umnikelo omkhulu embonini yezimayini yomhlaba wonke kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwegolide ezimakethe zomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide nakho kuza nezinselelo, njengobuthi bayo obuphezulu kanye nobungozi bemvelo obungase bube khona, obudinga ukuphepha okuqinile kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwayo emisebenzini yezimayini.

5. Imakethe yeSodium Cyanide e-Afrika5.1 Isimo Samanje Semakethe

Kusukela ngo-2024, imakethe ye-sodium cyanide e-Afrika ilinganiselwa ukuthi inenani lemakethe elilinganiselwa ku-2.5 billion wamadola aseMelika. Lesi sibalo sithonywa yizici ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imboni yezimayini ekhulayo esifundeni kanye nesidingo esikhulayo se-sodium cyanide kweminye imikhakha.

Mayelana nokukhiqiza, i-Afrika inomthamo omncane wokukhiqiza wasekhaya. Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa konyaka kwe-sodium cyanide e-Afrika kungamathani ayi-150,000. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi inani elilinganiselwe lezindawo zokukhiqiza zendawo kanye nemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi nephezulu - ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium - cyanide. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide e-Afrika kuphezulu kakhulu kunokukhiqizwa kwayo kwasekhaya. Ngo-2023, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide e-Afrika kwafinyelela cishe amathani angama-280,000. Igebe phakathi kokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa ligcwaliswa ngokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe okuvela emazweni anezinga elikhulu lokukhiqizwa kwe-sodium -cyanide, njenge-China, i-United States, namanye amazwe aseYurophu.

5.2 Isidingo Semakethe kanye Nezicelo

Indawo eyinhloko yesidingo se-sodium cyanide e-Afrika imboni yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ezimayini zegolide. Uma kubhekwa izinqolobane zegolide zase-Afrika kanye nokukhula okuphawulekayo kwemboni yezimayini zegolide emazweni afana neNingizimu Afrika, iGhana, iMali, neBurkina Faso, isidingo se-sodium cyanide kulo mkhakha sikhulu kakhulu. Ngo-2023, imboni yezimayini yabalelwa cishe ku-85% wesamba sokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika. Isibonelo, eGhana, ngemisebenzi yayo yokumba igolide ngezinga elikhulu, ukusetshenziswa konyaka kwe-sodium cyanide embonini yezimayini kucishe kube ngamathani angama-60,000. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini zegolide kubalulekile enqubweni yokukhipha, njengoba kwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwegolide nensimbi, njengoba kuchazwe enqubweni yokukhipha i-cyanidation ngaphambili.

Ngaphandle kwemboni yezimayini, i-sodium cyanide nayo inezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kweminye imikhakha. Embonini yamakhemikhali - synthesis, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa njenge-reagent ekukhiqizeni izinhlanganisela ezithile ze-organic. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ama-nitriles, okuyizinto ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwemithi nezibulala-zinambuzane. Nakuba imboni yamakhemikhali - synthesis e-Afrika ingathuthukisiwe njengakwezinye izifunda, isidingo se-sodium cyanide kule ndawo sikhula kancane kancane. Njengamanje, yenza cishe u-10% wesamba esiphelele sokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika.

Imboni ye-electroplating e-Afrika nayo isebenzisa i-sodium cyanide. Ezinqubweni ze-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokunamathela kwezingubo zensimbi. Nokho, ngenxa yobuthi be-sodium cyanide kanye nokwanda kokukhathazeka kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinqubo ze-non-cyanide electroplating nakho kuyakhula. Imboni ye-electroplating okwamanje ibamba cishe u-3% wokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika, futhi lesi silinganiso singashintsha esikhathini esizayo njengoba kwamukelwa ubuchwepheshe be-electroplating obuhambisana nemvelo.

Kukhona futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-niche ye-sodium cyanide ezimbonini ezinjengokwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali athile akhethekile. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, nakuba zizincane ngokwesilinganiso, zinesandla esidingweni sonke se-sodium cyanide e-Afrika, ebalelwa cishe ku-2% wesamba esisetshenziswayo.

5.3 Ukuhlaziywa Kokuhlinzekwa Kwempahla

I-Afrika inenani elilinganiselwe labakhiqizi be-sodium - cyanide basekhaya. Omunye wabakhiqizi bakuleli abaqavile yinkampani yaseNingizimu Afrika, enamandla okukhiqiza angamathani angu-30,000 ngonyaka. Le nkampani ikakhulukazi isebenzela imboni yezimayini yakuleli eNingizimu Afrika futhi inesabelo semakethe esingaba ngu-20% emakethe yase-Afrika ye-sodium - cyanide. Inqubo yokukhiqiza yenkampani isekelwe kunqubo ye-Andrussow, ngemizamo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya e-Afrika kusekude ukuhlangabezana nesidingo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kudlala indima ebalulekile emakethe yase-Afrika ye-sodium - cyanide. I-Afrika ithenga kwamanye amazwe inani elikhulu le-sodium cyanide kubahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe. I-China ingenye yabaphakeli abakhulu e-Afrika, ibalwa cishe ngama-40% wesamba sempahla ethengwayo. Abahlinzeki baseShayina, njenge-Hebei Chengxin Chemical, banomkhawulo wokuncintisana ngokwenani nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ubuchwepheshe babo bokukhiqiza obuthuthukisiwe namandla okukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu kubenza bakwazi ukunikeza i-sodium cyanide ngamanani aphansi kuyilapho begcina amazinga ekhwalithi ephezulu.

Abanye abahlinzeki ababalulekile e-Afrika bahlanganisa izinkampani ezivela e-United States naseYurophu. I-Cyanco evela e-United States kanye nezinye izinkampani zamakhemikhali zase-Europe zihlangene zenza cishe u-30% wesamba esiphelele esithengwa e-Afrika. Laba bahlinzeki baziwa ngobuchwepheshe babo bokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi eqinile - izinyathelo zokulawula. Bavame ukuhlinzeka nge-sodium cyanide enezidingo ezithile zokuhlanzeka kwezicelo eziphezulu ezimbonini zezimayini namakhemikhali - synthesis e-Afrika. I-10% esele yempahla ethengwayo evela kwamanye amazwe, njengeNingizimu Korea ne-Australia, izwe ngalinye linikela ngengxenye encane kodwa esemqoka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zemakethe yase-Afrika.

6. Izinselelo NamathubaIzinselelo ze-6.1

6.1.1 Izithiyo Zokulawula

I-Afrika, njengezwekazi elinamazwe ahlukahlukene nezifunda, inendawo yokulawula eyinkimbinkimbi ye-sodium cyanide. Amazwe ahlukene asungule uchungechunge lwemithetho eqinile mayelana nokusetshenziswa, ukuthuthwa, nokugcinwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Isibonelo, eNingizimu Afrika, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide embonini yezimayini kuqashwe ngeso elibukhali nguhulumeni. Izinkampani zezimayini kudingeka zithole izimvume ezikhethekile ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide, futhi lezi zimvume zikhishwa kuphela ngemva kokuhlolwa okuphelele kwezinhlelo zokuphatha ukuphepha kwenkampani, izindawo zokugcina, namandla okubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo.

Mayelana nezokuthutha, imithetho eqinile ilawula indlela yezokuthutha, izidingo zokupakisha, kanye neziqu zezisebenzi zezokuthutha. I-sodium cyanide kufanele ihanjiswe ngeziqukathi ezikhethekile ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha eziphezulu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Izimoto zokuhamba nazo kudingeka ukuthi zihlonyiswe ngemishini yokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo futhi zilandele imizila ethile yezokuthutha egwema izindawo eziminyene.

Le mithetho ibe nomthelela omkhulu emakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika. Okokuqala, ezinkampanini zezimayini, izidingo zokulawula izinga eliphezulu zisho ukunyuka kwezindleko zokusebenza. Kudingeka batshale imali ethe xaxa ezikhungweni zokuphepha, ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi, nasekulawuleni ukuthobela imithetho ukuze bahlangabezane namazinga okulawula. Lokhu kungase kuholele ekutheni izinkampani zezimayini ezincane neziphakathi nendawo zingakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko, ngaleyo ndlela zehlise isidingo sisonke se-sodium cyanide emakethe. Okwesibili, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula zingabangela ukubambezeleka kokunikezwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Isibonelo, inqubo yokuthola imvume ingase ithathe isikhathi eside, okungase kuphazamise isimiso esivamile sokukhiqiza sezinkampani zezimayini futhi kuthinte ikhono lazo lokuhlela nokusebenza.

6.1.2 Ukukhathazeka Ngemvelo

I-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungafanele nokulahlwa kungaholela ekungcoleni okukhulu kwemvelo. Enqubweni yezimayini, uma kukhona ukuvuza noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwe-sodium - cyanide - equkethe izixazululo, ingangcolisa umhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, nomoya. Lapho i-sodium cyanide ingena emanzini, ingancibilika ngokushesha futhi ikhulule ama-ion e-cyanide, anobuthi obudlulele ezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngisho nenani elincane le-sodium cyanide lingabangela ukufa kwezinhlanzi, izitshalo zasemanzini, nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo yemithombo yamanzi.

Ngo-2024, ingozi ehlobene nezimayini ezweni elithile lase-Afrika ehlanganisa i-sodium cyanide yaholela ekungcolisweni komfula oseduze. I-cyanide - amanzi angcolile abulala inqwaba yezinhlanzi emfuleni, futhi imboni yendawo yokudoba yathinteka kakhulu. Uhulumeni wasekhaya kwadingeka ukuthi atshale isamba esikhulu semithombo yamanzi emizamweni yokuqapha izinga lamanzi kanye nokubuyiselwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhathazeka kwemvelo kuholele ekwethulweni kwezidingo eziqinile zokuvikela imvelo. Izinkampani zezimayini manje kudingeka ukuthi zisebenzise imfucuza ethuthuke kakhulu - ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-sodium - cyanide - equkethe imfucuza iphathwa ngendlela efanele ngaphambi kokuthi ikhishwe. Kudingeka bafake amanzi angcolile - izindawo zokuhlanza ukuze bakhiphe ama-ion e-cyanide emanzini angcolile, futhi amanzi ahlanzekile kufanele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zemvelo ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe. Lezi zidingo zokuvikela imvelo zinyuse izindleko zokusebenza zezinkampani zezimayini. Kudingeka batshale imali ekuthengeni nasekusebenzeni izisetshenziswa ezithuthukisiwe zokuvikela imvelo, kanye nasocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinqubo zezimayini ezingayingeni imvelo. Lokhu, sekufake ingcindezi emakethe ye-sodium - cyanide, njengoba izinkampani zezimayini zingase ziqaphele kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zemvelo.

6.1.3 Ukuncintisana Kwezinye Ezihlukile

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nentuthuko ebalulekile ezindleleni zokukhipha igolide ezingezona ze-sodium - cyanide, ezibeka usongo emakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika. Enye indlela enjalo ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiosulfate ekukhishweni kwegolide. Izindlela zokukhipha ezisekelwe ku-Thiosulfate zinenzuzo yokuba nobuthi obuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezisekelwe ku-sodium - cyanide. Ziyakwazi futhi ukuhambisana nemvelo, njengoba zikhiqiza imfucuza encane eyingozi. Isibonelo, kwamanye amaphrojekthi wokuhlola - isikali emazweni ase-Afrika, i-thiosulfate iye yasetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe igolide ezinhlotsheni ezithile zensimbi, futhi imiphumela ibonise igolide eliphakeme kakhulu - amanani okuthola kabusha.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa izindlela ze-bio-leaching. Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukukhipha igolide ensimbi. I-Bio-leaching iyindlela eqhubekayo njengoba inganciki kumakhemikhali anobuthi njenge-sodium cyanide. Kungase futhi kuphumelele ekwelapheni ama-ore asezingeni eliphansi okunzima ukuwacubungula kusetshenziswa izindlela zendabuko. Nakuba i-bio-leaching isesigabeni sokuthuthuka nesokuhlola emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, amandla ayo okusetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu esikhathini esizayo awanakuzitshwa.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zindlela ezihlukile kube nomthelela emakethe ye-sodium - cyanide. Njengoba izinkampani zezimayini ziqaphela kakhudlwana izingozi zemvelo nezokuphepha ezihlobene ne-sodium cyanide, ziya ngokuya ziba nentshisekelo yokuhlola ezinye izindlela zokuyikhipha. Lokhu kungaholela ekwehleni kwesidingo se-sodium cyanide ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma izindleko - ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwezinye izindlela kuqhubeka nokuba ngcono, kancane kancane zingathatha indawo ye-sodium cyanide kwezinye zezezimayini zegolide e-Afrika.

6.2 Amathuba

6.2.1 Ukukhula Kwemisebenzi Yezimayini

Imboni yezimayini e-Afrika iya ngokuya ikhuphuka, futhi lokhu kukhula kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubekisele phambili isidingo se-sodium cyanide. Njengoba amazwe amaningi e-Afrika ehlola futhi ethuthukisa imithombo yawo yezimbiwa, izinga lemisebenzi yezimayini liyakhula. Isibonelo, eNtshonalanga Afrika, inani lemiklamo yezimayini zegolide emazweni afana neBurkina Faso neMali liyenyuka eminyakeni yamuva nje. Izimayini ezintsha ziyavulwa, futhi izimayini ezikhona zandisa umthamo wazo wokukhiqiza.

Ngokunwetshwa kwemisebenzi yezimayini, isidingo se-sodium cyanide, i-reagent eyinhloko enqubweni yokukhipha igolide, kungenzeka sikhule kakhulu. Izinkampani zezimayini zizodinga i-sodium cyanide eyengeziwe ukucubungula inani elikhulayo le-ore. Ukwengeza, njengoba ukuhlolwa kwamadiphozithi amasha amaminerali kuqhubeka, uma izimayini ezintsha sezifakwa ekukhiqizweni, isidingo se-sodium cyanide sizokhuphuka ngokufanele. Lokhu kukhula embonini yezimayini kunikeza indawo yemakethe ebanzi yemakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika, futhi abahlinzeki banethuba lokwandisa isabelo sabo semakethe ngokuhlangabezana nesidingo esandayo sezinkampani zezimayini.

6.2.2 Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-sodium - cyanide kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvikela imvelo kuletha amathuba amasha emakethe. Emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza ziyathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkampani zicwaninga futhi zisebenzisa ama-catalysts amasha kunqubo ye-Andrussow, engakhuphula isivuno se-sodium cyanide futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye namandla. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokwenza ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kube nezindleko ezithe xaxa - kuphumelele kodwa futhi kwenza abahlinzeki banikeze amanani ancintisanayo emakethe yase-Afrika.

Mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokuvikela imvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamanzi angcolile asebenza kahle kakhulu - ukwelashwa kanye nemfucuza - ubuchwepheshe bokuphatha imisebenzi ehlobene ne-sodium - cyanide - kubalulekile. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bungasiza izinkampani zezimayini ukuthi zihlangabezane kangcono nemithetho yezemvelo ngenkathi zisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokukhipha i-cyanide - ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile kunganciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium - cyanide ezimayini. Lokhu, nakho, kungadambisa ukukhathazeka kwezinkampani zezimayini mayelana nezindaba zemvelo futhi kuzikhuthaze ukuthi ziqhubeke nokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ekusebenzeni kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kungase futhi kuhehe ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kwamazwe ngamazwe emakethe yase-Afrika ye-sodium - cyanide, njengoba abatshalizimali bengase basekele amaphrojekthi asebenza kahle kwezomnotho kanye nemvelo.

6.2.3 Ubambiswano Oluhlelekile Nokutshalwa Kwezimali

Amakhulu amathuba okuba amabhizinisi aphesheya enze ubudlelwano obunesu nezinkampani zasekhaya zase-Afrika noma atshale izimali ngqo emakethe yase-Afrika ye-sodium - cyanide. Izinkampani zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe, ezinobuchwepheshe bazo obuphambili, ulwazi lokuphatha, namandla okukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu, zingasebenzisana nezinkampani zezimayini zasekhaya zase-Afrika. Isibonelo, umkhiqizi wamazwe ngamazwe we-sodium - cyanide angabambisana nenkampani yezimayini yakuleli eNingizimu Afrika. Inkampani yamazwe ngamazwe ingahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yezinga eliphezulu ye-sodium - cyanide, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuphambili, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi bendawo, kuyilapho inkampani yezimayini yasendaweni inganikeza ulwazi lwayo ngemakethe yendawo, ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zamaminerali, kanye namanethiwekhi amabhizinisi endawo asungulwe.

Ubambiswano olunjalo lungaletha izinzuzo eziningi. Bangasiza izinkampani zezimayini zendawo ukuthi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwazo kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, okuwusizo ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezimayini yendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zingakwazi ukwandisa isabelo sazo semakethe e-Afrika ngokusebenzisa lolu budlelwano. Ukwengeza, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamazwe ngamazwe kungasiza futhi ukwakha izindawo ezintsha zokukhiqiza i-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika, ukunciphisa ukuncika kwesifunda ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuqinisa uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngendawo. Lokhu kungadala amathuba emisebenzi engeziwe, kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wendawo, futhi kube negalelo ekukhuleni okuphelele kwemakethe yase-Afrika ye-sodium - cyanide.

7. Ikusasa le-Outlook7.1 Izilinganiso Zemakethe

Uma ubheka phambili, imakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo. Njengamanje inani elilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.5 zamadola aseMelika ngo-2024, kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele cishe ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.2 ngonyaka wezi-2030, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe (CAGR) esingaba ngu-4.2% ukusuka ku-2024 - 2030.

Lokhu kukhula kuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwemboni yezimayini e-Afrika. Njengoba imisebenzi yokuhlola nokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe yenziwa ezifundeni ezicebile zamaminerali zezwekazi, isidingo se-sodium cyanide ngegolide nezinye izinqubo zokukhipha izinsimbi zizokhula. Isibonelo, ngokutholwa kwamadiphozithi egolide amasha eNtshonalanga Afrika kanye nokwandiswa okuhleliwe kwezimayini ezikhona, isidingo se-sodium cyanide ukuze kucutshungulwe la matshe angase anyuke kancane kancane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba amazwe ase-Afrika elwela ukuthuthukisa izimboni zawo zokukhiqiza kanye namakhemikhali - synthesis, isidingo se-sodium cyanide ekusetshenzisweni okungezona ezezimayini kulindeleke ukuthi sibe nomthelela ekukhuleni kwemakethe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali wendawo - amakhono okuhlanganiswa, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni imithi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane, kuzodala amathuba amasha okusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide.

7.2 Intuthuko engaba khona

Izindawo Zokusebenza Ezintsha: Ngokuzayo, i-sodium cyanide ingathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ezimbonini ezisafufusa e-Afrika. Isibonelo, ngentshisekelo ekhulayo yokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphathelene nebhethri ezwenikazi, i-sodium cyanide ingase isetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni kwezinto ezithile zebhethri - ingxenye. Emkhakheni we-nanotechnology, nayo eqala ukuba namandla kwezinye izikhungo zocwaningo zase-Afrika, i-sodium cyanide ingase isetshenziswe ekulungiseni ama-nanomaterials anezakhiwo ezithile. Nakuba lezi zicelo zisesesigabeni sokuqala, zinamandla okuvula izimakethe ezintsha ze-sodium cyanide esikhathini eside.
Ukuthuthuka Kwezobuchwepheshe: Kukhona amathuba aphezulu okuphumelela kwezobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium - cyanide. Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ama-catalyst amasha noma izimo zokusabela zingathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ye-Andrussow noma ezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kungaholela ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza eziphansi, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu komkhiqizo, kanye nokuncipha komthelela wendawo. Mayelana nokusetshenziswa, ucwaningo lungase lugxile ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo ze-cyanidation ezisebenza kahle nezingangeni imvelo ezimayini. Isibonelo, izithasiselo ezintsha noma ukuguqulwa kwenqubo kungase kwethulwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga legolide - lokukhishwa kuyilapho kunciphisa inani le-sodium cyanide esetshenziswayo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza.
Izinguquko Zesakhiwo Semakethe: Ukwakheka kwemakethe yemakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika nakho kungashintsha. Njengoba izinkampani zasekhaya zase-Afrika zithola ulwazi oluthe xaxa namandla ezobuchwepheshe, zingase zikhulise umthamo wazo wokukhiqiza kanye nesabelo semakethe. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuthembela kakhulu kwezwekazi ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe. Ukwengeza, izinkampani eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe zingase zingene emakethe yase-Afrika ngokuhlanganyela noma ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile, okuholela ekwenyukeni kokuncintisana futhi okungenzeka kwehlise amanani kuyilapho kuthuthukiswa izinga lomkhiqizo namazinga esevisi. Ubambiswano lwamaqhinga phakathi kwabadlali basekhaya nabamazwe ngamazwe lungase luvame kakhulu, luvumele ukwabelana kobuchwepheshe, izinsiza, nokufinyelela ezimakethe, okuzolungisa kabusha isimo sokuncintisana semakethe yase-Afrika ye-sodium - cyanide.

8. IsiphethoSengiphetha, imakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika njengamanje isesimweni esiguqukayo, enakho kokubili izinselelo namathuba. Imakethe njengamanje inenani elilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.5 zamadola aseMelika ngo-2024, negebe elikhulu phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya nokusetshenziswa, okuholela ekuthembeleni kakhulu ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe.

Imvelo elawulayo e-Afrika ye-sodium cyanide iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iqinile, okukhuphule izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokuhlinzeka - ubunzima bochungechunge lwabadlali bemakethe. Ukukhathazeka ngemvelo okuhlobene nobuthi be-sodium cyanide nakho kuye kwafaka ingcindezi emakethe, njengoba izinkampani zezimayini zibhekene nezindleko eziphakeme zokuvikela imvelo kanye nezinyathelo zokwelashwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kwezinye izindlela zegolide - zokukhipha igolide kubeka engcupheni isidingo sesikhathi eside se-sodium cyanide.

Kodwa-ke, ikusasa lemakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika nayo inesithembiso esikhulu. Ukukhula kwemisebenzi yezimayini kuleli zwekazi, ikakhulukazi ezimayini zegolide, kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubekisele phambili isidingo se-sodium cyanide. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni nasekuvikeleni imvelo - ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela imvelo ingasiza ekunqobeni ezinye zezinselele zamanje, yenze ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kusebenze kahle futhi kuvikele imvelo. Ubambiswano olunamasu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali phakathi kwezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezasekhaya nakho kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemakethe, ukuqinisa uchungechunge lwempahla yasekhaya kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimakethe.

Sekukonke, imakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika inamandla amakhulu emakethe yomhlaba. Njengoba leli zwekazi liqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izimboni zalo ezisekelwe ezintweni zemvelo kanye nemikhakha yokukhiqiza, isidingo se-sodium cyanide kungenzeka sikhule. Ngamasu afanele okubhekana nezinselele nokusebenzisa amathuba, imakethe ye-sodium - cyanide e-Afrika ingaba negalelo elikhulu kumakhemikhali omhlaba - isimo sezimboni, okuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula komnotho nentuthuko esifundeni.