Ukulawula Izimo Zokusabela Ekuhlanzeni Amanzi Angcolile e-Cyanide

Isingeniso

I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa ezinqubweni ezehlukene zezimboni ezifana nokucwenga kwensimbi, ikesi lensimbi - ukuqina, kanye nokucwengwa kwensimbi yegolide nesiliva. Ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu be I-Cyanide, okungase kube yingozi ezintweni eziphilayo ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, ukuphathwa kahle kwamanzi anjalo angcolile kubaluleke kakhulu. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokusebenza ngempumelelo ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide ukulawulwa okunembile kwezimo zokusabela. Lesi sihloko sizocubungula izimo eziyinhloko zokusabela nokuthi ungazilawula kanjani ngesikhathi sokwelashwa i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile.

Ukulawulwa kwe-pH

Ukubaluleka Ezinqubweni Zokwelashwa Ezihlukene

1.Inqubo Ye-Alkaline Chlorination

• I-alkaline chlorination iyindlela evamile yokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile e-cyanide, futhi ukulawula i-pH kudlala indima ebalulekile. Ukusabela kokwelashwa kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezimbili. Esigabeni sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate nge-sodium hypochlorite noma inhlanganisela yegesi ye-chlorine ne-sodium hydroxide. Ibanga le-pH elilungile lalesi sigaba sokuqala se-oxidation ngokuvamile liphakathi kuka-10 no-11. Uma i-pH iphansi kakhulu, ishintsha ibe ne-asidi, ukusabela kungase kukhiqize i-cyanogen chloride enobuthi, edala ingozi enkulu. Isibonelo, uma i-pH yehla ngaphansi kuka-8. lo mkhiqizo oyingozi ungakheka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, izinga lokusabela lizokwehla kakhulu. Amanani e-pH aphezulu angathinta ukunyibilika nokusebenza kabusha kwama-reactants, okwenza inqubo ye-oxidation ingasebenzi kahle.

2.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Indlela

• Ekuphathweni kwe-hydrogen peroxide - okusekelwe ku-cyanide emanzini angcolile, ububanzi be-pH obufanele ngokuvamile buphakathi kuka-9 no-11. Ngale ndlela, i-hydrogen peroxide iyabola phambi kwe-catalyst (njengosawoti wensimbi) ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-radicals e-hydroxyl asebenza kakhulu akhipha i-cyanide. I-pH ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu ikhuthaza ukubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide kanye nokwakheka kwalawa ma-radicals abalulekile. Uma i-pH ingaphandle kwalolu hlu, ukubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide kuzovinjelwa, kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kwe-oxidation iyonke.

3.Inqubo Ye-Biodegradation

• Ukuze kucekelwe phansi i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile, lapho ama-microorganisms ehlukanisa i-cyanide ibe izinto ezingenabungozi, i-pH idinga ukugcinwa phakathi kuka-6.5 no-8.5. Ama-microorganisms anebanga le-pH elifanele lemisebenzi yawo ye-metabolic. Uma i-pH ine-acidic kakhulu noma i-alkaline kakhulu, ingashintsha ama-enzyme abandakanyeka ku-cyanide - izindlela ezilimazayo ze-metabolic yamagciwane. Isibonelo, uma i-pH yehla ngaphansi kuka-6.5. ama-cyanide amaningi - amagciwane ehlisa isithunzi azothola ukwehla kwezinga lokukhula kwawo kanye nekhono elehlisa isithunzi se-cyanide.

Izindlela zokulungisa i-pH

Ukulawula i-pH, izinto ezifanele ezine-asidi noma ezine-alkaline zengezwa emanzini angcolile. Ama-asidi avamile asetshenziswa ahlanganisa i-sulfuric acid ne-hydrochloric acid, kuyilapho ama-alkali avamile i-sodium hydroxide ne-calcium hydroxide. Inani le-asidi noma i-alkali elizongezwa libalwa ngokusekelwe ku-pH yokuqala yamanzi angcolile kanye ne-pH eqondiwe yenqubo ethile yokwelapha. Ukulinganisa kwe-pH okunembile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izinzwa ze-pH, futhi amasistimu wokudosa azenzakalelayo angasetshenziswa ukwengeza amakhemikhali adingekayo ngokunembile.

Temperature Control

Umthelela Ezilinganisweni Zokusabela

I-1.I-Alkaline Chlorination kanye ne-Hydrogen Peroxide Izindlela

• Ngokuvamile, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kungasheshisa amazinga okusabela kukho kokubili i-alkaline chlorination kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide - ukwelashwa okusekelwe. Nokho, izinga lokushisa lidinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela. Ku-alkaline chlorination, izinga lokushisa elilungile liphakathi kuka-20 - 30°C. Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu, izinga lokusabela lizohamba kancane, okuholela ekufakweni kwe-oxidation engaphelele ye-cyanide. Isibonelo, emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-15°C, ukusabela phakathi kwe-cyanide ne-sodium hypochlorite kuzothatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukufinyelela ekuqedeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, esimweni se-alkaline chlorination, igesi ye-chlorine ingase iphume esixazululweni, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-agent oxidizing. Ngendlela ye-hydrogen peroxide, amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-35°C angabangela ukubola ngokushesha kwe-hydrogen peroxide, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwegesi ye-oxygen esikhundleni se-hydroxyl radicals efunwayo ye-cyanide oxidation.

2.Inqubo Ye-Biodegradation

• Ku-biodegradation ye-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile, izinga lokushisa elifanele lama-cyanide amaningi - ama-microorganisms ehlisa isithunzi ngu-20 - 35°C. Amazinga okushisa angaphandle kwalolu banga angaba nomthelela omkhulu emsebenzini wama-microorganisms. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi (ngaphansi kuka-20 ° C), izinga lokugaya ama-microorganisms liyancipha, futhi angeke akwazi ukuphula kahle i-cyanide. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu (ngaphezu kuka-35°C) angalimaza ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana nama-enzyme ezinambuzane ezincane, okuholela ekufeni kwamangqamuzana kanye nokulahlekelwa amandla awo okwehlisa i-cyanide.

Amasu Okulawula Izinga lokushisa

Ukugcina izinga lokushisa elifanele, izinhlelo zokushisisa noma zokupholisa zingafakwa kuma-reactors okuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Ukushisa, amasistimu okushisa asekelwe ku-steam noma ama-heater kagesi angasetshenziswa. Ekupholiseni, amanzi - izishintshi zokushisa ezipholile noma umoya - ama-condenser apholile angasetshenziswa. Izinga lokushisa libhekwa ngokuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa izinzwa zokushisa, futhi amasistimu okushisa noma okupholisa ayalungiswa ngokufanele ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele lenqubo yokwelapha.

I-Oxidant Dosage Control

Ukunquma Inani Elilungile

1.I-Alkaline Chlorination

• Ku-alkaline chlorination, inani le-oxidant (i-sodium hypochlorite noma igesi ye-chlorine) libalwa ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwe-stoichiometry nge-cyanide. Empeleni, i-oxidant eyeqile, ngokuvamile eyi-10 - 20% ngaphezu kwenani lethiyori, kuvame ukungezwa. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-cyanide i-oxidation ephelele, njengoba kungase kube nezinye izinto emanzini angcolile ezingadla i-oxidant. Uma umthamo we-oxidant uphansi kakhulu, i-cyanide ngeke ifakwe i-oxidized ngokuphelele, futhi amanzi angcolile asetshenzisiwe asengaqukatha amazinga aphezulu e-cyanide enobuthi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umthamo uphezulu kakhulu, awugcini nje ngokunyusa izindleko zokwelashwa kodwa futhi ungaholela ekwakhekeni kwemikhiqizo engafunwa - njengemikhiqizo eyingozi yokubulala amagciwane lapho i-chlorine eningi isabela nezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile.

2.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Indlela

• Endleleni yokwelapha nge-hydrogen peroxide, umthamo ophelele we-hydrogen peroxide unqunywa ngokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri. Umthamo uncike ezintweni ezifana nokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kokuqala emanzini angcolile, ukuba khona kwezinye izinto eziphazamisayo, kanye nohlobo lwe-catalyst esetshenzisiwe. Ngokufanayo ne-alkaline chlorination, inani elinganele le-hydrogen peroxide lizoholela ekufakweni kwe-cyanide okungaphelele. Kodwa-ke, inani eleqile le-hydrogen peroxide lingabangela ukubola kwama-radicals e-hydroxyl akhiqizwe, kwehlise ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa kukonke futhi kwenyuse izindleko.

I-Dosage Control Equipment

Ukuze ulawule ngokunembile umthamo we-oxidant, amaphampu amamitha avame ukusetshenziswa. Lawa maphampu angaletha ngokunembile umthamo odingekayo wesixazululo se-oxidant ku-reactor yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile. Amasistimu okulawula azenzakalelayo angahlanganiswa namaphampu okulinganisa, alungisa umthamo ngokusekelwe ekuqashweni kwesikhathi sangempela kokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile noma ukuqhubeka kokusabela kwe-oxidation (njengokulinganisa kwe-ORP, okuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva).

I-Oxidation - Ukulawula Amandla Okunciphisa (ORP).

Iqhaza Ekuqapheni Inqubekelaphambili Yokusabela

1.I-Alkaline Chlorination

• Enqubweni ye-alkaline chlorination, ukuqapha kwe-ORP kubalulekile ukuze kulandelelwe ukuqhubeka kokusabela kwe-oxidation. Njengoba i-oxidation ye-cyanide ibe yi-cyanate bese kuba nokuphuma kwe-cyanate okwengeziwe ezintweni ezingenangozi kwenzeka, inani le-ORP lamanzi angcolile liyashintsha. Esigabeni sokuqala se-oxidation ye-cyanide ibe yi-cyanate, i-ORP ivamise ukukhuphuka. Ibanga le-ORP eliqondiwe kulesi sigaba licishe libe ngu-300 - 500 mV (kuya ngezimo ezithile zokusabela). Uma i-ORP ifinyelela kulobu bubanzi, ikhombisa ukuthi i-oxidation yesiteji sokuqala isiseduze nokuqedwa. Esigabeni sesibili - i-oxidation ye-cyanate iye ezintweni ezingenabungozi, i-ORP iyanda futhi, futhi ububanzi obuqondiwe ngokuvamile buba ngu-600 - 700 mV. Ngokuqapha i-ORP, ama-opharetha angakwazi ukunquma ukuthi kufanele bayeke nini ukwengeza i-oxidant, baqinisekise ukuthi ukusabela sekuphelile ngaphandle kokukhipha amanzi angcolile noma ukumosha i-oxidant.

2.I-Hydrogen Peroxide Indlela

• Ekwelapheni okusekelwe kwi-hydrogen peroxide, i-ORP iphinde isebenze njengenkomba ebalulekile yenqubekelaphambili yokusabela. I-ORP yokuqala ye-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile iphansi kakhulu. Njengoba i-hydrogen peroxide yengezwa kanye nokusabela kwe-oxidation kuqhubeka, i-ORP iyakhula. Ibanga le-ORP eliqondiwe lokwelashwa kwe-hydrogen peroxide emanzini angcolile e-cyanide ngokuvamile liba phakathi kuka-400 - 500 mV. Uma i-ORP ifinyelela leli nani, iphakamisa ukuthi i-cyanide ifakwe i-oxidized ngendlela engelona ubuthi.

I-ORP Monitoring and Control Systems

Izinzwa ze-ORP zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha ngokuqhubekayo inani le-ORP lamanzi angcolile ku-reactor yokwelapha. Lezi zinzwa zixhunywe kusistimu yokulawula engahlelwa ukuze ilungise ukungezwa kwe-oxidant. Isibonelo, uma i-ORP ingaphansi kwebanga eliqondiwe, isistimu yokulawula ingakhuphula umthamo we-oxidant (njenge-hydrogen peroxide noma i-sodium hypochlorite) engezwa emanzini angcolile. Ngokuphambene, uma i-ORP yeqa ibanga eliqondiwe, isistimu yokulawula inganciphisa noma imise ukungezwa kwe-oxidant.

Isiphetho

Ukulawula izimo zokusabela ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile e-cyanide kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo nokuphephile kwala manzi angcolile anobuthi obukhulu. Ukulawulwa okunembile kwe-pH, izinga lokushisa, umthamo we-oxidant, ne-ORP kungaqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokwelapha iguqula ngempumelelo i-cyanide ibe izinto ezinobuthi obuncane noma ezingenabo ubuthi. Ngokuphatha ngokucophelela lezi zimo zokusabela, izimboni azikwazi nje kuphela ukuhlangabezana nemithetho yezemvelo kodwa futhi zandise izindleko - ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zazo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile e-cyanide. Ukuqapha nokulungiswa okuvamile kwale mingcele kuyadingeka ukuze kuhambisane nokuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwamanzi angcolile kanye nezimo zokusebenza zemishini yokwelapha.