Ukusetshenziswa Kwesayensi Kwesodium Cyanide Ngaphandle Kokulimaza Imvelo

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide, inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enefomula ye-NaCN, isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele. Kodwa-ke, yaziwa nangobuthi bayo obuphezulu, okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuphephile kanye nomthelela ongaba khona endaweni ezungezile. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlola ukuthi kanjani I-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ngokwesayensi ukunciphisa ubungozi futhi ivimbele noma yikuphi ukulimala kwemvelo.

Izakhiwo kanye nezicelo ze-Sodium Cyanide

Impahla yezolimo

I-sodium cyaide iqinile emhlophe, eyicrystalline encibilika kakhulu emanzini. Iqukethe i-cyanide ion (CN-), enesibopho sobuthi bayo. Lapho kukhona ama-acids, I-Sodium Cyanide ingakhulula igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, into eguquguqukayo neyingozi kakhulu.

Izicelo zezezimboni

1.Imboni Yezimayini

• Emkhakheni wezimayini zegolide, i-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhishweni kwegolide etsheni. Inqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation noma i-cyanide leaching, bekuyitheknoloji yokukhipha igolide kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Isixazululo esincibilikisiwe se-sodium cyanide, ngokuvamile esukela ku-100 ppm kuya ku-500 ppm (0.01% kuya ku-0.05% cyanide), sisetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa igolide ngokukhetha ore. Izinqubo ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ezisebenzisa i-cyanide ukuthola igolide ukuleaching kwenqwaba nokugaya (okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi yi-carbon - in - leach, CIL). Nakuba kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo olunzulu, asikho esinye isithako samakhemikhali esiye satholakala sifana nezimfanelo zezomnotho nezemvelo ze-cyanide ekubuyiseleni insimbi eyigugu. Izimayini, njengengxenye yezenzo zazo ezingcono kakhulu, zisebenzisa i-cyanide encane ngangokunokwenzeka ngezizathu zemvelo, ukuphepha, kanye nezomnotho. Ngemva kokuba igolide selincibilikile, izixazululo ziphinde zicutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide, elibe selincibilikiswa libe yigolide legolide.

2.Electroplating Industry

• E-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenqubo yokucwenga. Inganciphisa i-anode polarization, iqinisekise ukuqedwa okuvamile kwe-anode. Lokhu kusiza ukuzinzisa isisombululo se-plating futhi kwandise i-cathode polarization, okuholela kungqimba lwe-plating olufana kakhulu.

3.I-Chemical Synthesis

• I-sodium cyanide iyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqiza amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinto ezingaphili ezibalulekile ama-cyanides njenge-prussiate ephuzi yesoda, iprussiate ephuzi yepotash, i-potassium cyanide, i-zinc cyanide, i-barium cyanide, i-cuprous cyanide, i-sodium thiocyanate, ne-potassium thiocyanate. Embonini yamakhemikhali e-organic, isetshenziselwa ukwenza amakhompiyutha afana ne-cyanoacetic acid, i-malononitrile, i-methionine, i-cyanobenzyl, ne-cyanuric chloride.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesayensi Ye-Sodium Cyanide

Ukuphatha Okuphephile Emsebenzini

1.Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi

• Bonke abasebenzi abaphatha i-sodium cyanide kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele nokukhethekile. Kufanele bazazi kahle izici ze-sodium cyanide, okuhlanganisa ubuthi bayo, izingozi ezingaba khona, nezinqubo zokuphepha. Ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake izici ezifana nokugcinwa okufanele, ezokuthutha, kanye nezimpendulo eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma kuvuza. Ngokwesibonelo, kudingeka bazi ukuthi i-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile, enomoya omuhle, kude nemithombo yokushisa, amalangabi nama-asidi.

2.Izilawuli Zobunjiniyela

• Izindawo zokusebenza lapho kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide kufanele kube nezilawuli eziqinile zobunjiniyela ezikhona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokukhipha umoya eyanele ukuze kususwe noma iyiphi intuthu engaba yingozi noma amagesi. Isibonelo, emisebenzini yezimayini zegolide lapho kusetshenziswa khona izixazululo ze-cyanide, izindawo zokucwilisa kufanele zifakwe amasistimu okungenisa umoya anamandla ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, engakhiqizwa uma i-cyanide ihlangana nama-asidi. Amasistimu okungenisa umoya kufanele agcinwe njalo futhi aqashwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwawo ngendlela efanele.

3.Izisetshenziswa Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu (PPE)

• Abasebenzi abaphatha i-sodium cyanide kufanele bahlale begqoke i-PPE efanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amagilavu ​​amelana namakhemikhali, izingubo zokuzivikela, nokuvikela ukuphefumula. Ezindaweni lapho kunobungozi bokuchayeka ku-cyanide esemoyeni, abasebenzi kufanele basebenzise imishini yokuphefumula enezihlungi ezifanele. Isibonelo, ezikhungweni ze-electroplating, abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke amasudi okuzivikela omzimba aphelele enziwe ngezinto ezingenakunyakaziswa kuzixazululo ze-sodium cyanide ukuvimbela ukuthintana kwesikhumba.

Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo

1.Izimpendulo Zekhemikhali Eziqondile

• Ezimbonini ezifana nezimayini zegolide, ukukhulisa inqubo ye-cyanidation kubalulekile. Lokhu kuhilela ukulawula ngokucophelela ukugcwala kwesisombululo se-sodium cyanide, i-pH yendawo yokusabela, kanye nesikhathi sokuphendula. Ngokulungisa kahle le mingcele, inani le-sodium cyanide elisetshenzisiwe lingancishiswa ngenkathi lisazuza ukukhishwa kwegolide okuphumelelayo. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimayini zegolide zesimanje, amasistimu okuqapha athuthukisiwe asetshenziswa ukulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo nokulungisa i-pH yesisombululo se-cyanide leaching. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabela kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo kakhulu, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-sodium cyanide.

2.Ukugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha

• Ezinqubweni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokuphinda kusetshenziswe ikhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimayini zegolide, ngemva kokuba igolide selikhishiwe, izixazululo eziqukethe i-cyanide eyinsalela zingelashwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ukuze kubuyiselwe i-cyanide. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokushintshisana kwe-ion kanye nokuhlunga kwe-membrane kungasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa i-cyanide kwezinye izingxenye zesixazululo, okuvumele ukuthi iphinde isetshenziswe emisebenzini elandelayo yokuleaching. Lokhu akunciphisi nje kuphela izindleko zokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kodwa futhi kunciphisa inani lemfucuza ekhiqizwayo.

Ukuvimbela Umthelela Wemvelo

Ukwelashwa Kwezinsalela kanye Nezixazululo Zemfucuza

1.Ukucekelwa phansi kweCyanide kumaTailings

• Embonini yezimayini, ama-tailings slurries nezisombululo eziqukethe izinto ezicwilisiwe, amanzi, ne-cyanide esele zidinga ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuphuma. Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezehlukene zamakhemikhali nezomzimba ukunciphisa noma ukususa i-cyanide esele ohlelweni lokuncibilika kwegolide. Enye indlela evamile ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen peroxide, engakwazi ukukhipha i-cyanide emikhiqizweni engenabuthi. Kwezinye izimo, izindlela zokwelapha eziphilayo zingasetshenziswa, lapho ama-microorganisms athile asetshenziselwa ukudiliza i-cyanide. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amagciwane ayakwazi ukugawula i-cyanide futhi ayiguqule ibe izinto eziyingozi kangako.

2.Ukuthobela Umthetho

• Imithetho yendawo, yesifunda, kanye nekazwelonke idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhawuleleni inani nokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide engakhishelwa endaweni ezungezile. Le mithethonqubo iyahlukahluka ngokwendawo kodwa ngokuvamile idinga ukulawula okuqinile kokulahlwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza. Isibonelo, ezifundeni eziningi, ukugcwala okuphezulu okuvunyelwe kwe-cyanide ekukhishweni kwe-tailings kusethwa kumazinga aphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ebangeni lezingxenye ezi-0.2 kuye kwezingu-0.5 ngesigidi (ppm) noma 0.00002% kuya ku-0.00005% we-cyanide. Izimayini nezinye izimboni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufanele zihambisane nale mithetho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Ukuqapha kanye Nokulungiselela Isimo Esiphuthumayo

1.Ukuqapha Imvelo

• Ukuqapha kwemvelo okuvamile nokubanzi kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe noma yikuphi ukukhululwa kwe-sodium cyanide endaweni ezungezile. Ezindaweni lapho kunezimboni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide, kungase kumiswe iziteshi zokuqapha ukuze kulinganiswe ukugcwala kwe-cyanide emoyeni, emanzini nasenhlabathini. Isibonelo, endaweni yezimayini, amasampula amanzi avela emifuleni eseduze nemifudlana angahlolwa njalo ukuze athole okuqukethwe yi-cyanide. Uma kutholwa noma yimaphi amazinga angajwayelekile, isinyathelo esisheshayo singathathwa ukuze kutholakale umthombo wokungcola futhi kuvinjwe ukulimala okwengeziwe kwemvelo.

2.Izinhlelo Zokusabela Ezimeni Eziphuthumayo

• Izimboni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufanele zibe nezinhlelo zokusabela eziphuthumayo ezithuthukiswe kahle. Lezi zinhlelo kufanele ziveze izinqubo zokubhekana nokuchitheka, ukuvuza, noma ezinye izingozi ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide. Esimeni sokuchitheka, izinyathelo ezifanele zokuvimbela kufanele zithathwe ngokushesha, njengokusebenzisa izinto ezimuncayo ukuze kufakwe ingxube ye-cyanide echithekile. Amaqembu ezimo eziphuthumayo kufanele aqeqeshelwe ukubhekana nezimo ezinjalo, futhi kufanele abe nokufinyelela kumishini edingekayo namakhemikhali okunciphisa nokuhlanza i-sodium cyanide echithekile. Isibonelo, uma kwenzeka kuchitheka ngezinga elikhulu, i-hydrogen peroxide noma amanye ama-agent anciphisa amandla angasetshenziswa ukusabela ngokushesha nge-cyanide futhi anciphise ubuthi bayo.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide iyikhemikhali ebalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ubuthi bayo obuphezulu budinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela nangesayensi ukuvimbela ukulimala kwemvelo. Ngokulandela izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile, ukwenza ngcono izinqubo zezimboni, ukuphatha imfucuza ngempumelelo, nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqapha eziphelele nezimpendulo eziphuthumayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kungenziwa kuphephe futhi kungabi nemvelo. Lokhu akuqinisekisi kuphela ukusebenza okusimeme kwezimboni ezithembele ku-sodium cyanide kodwa futhi kuvikela i-ecosystem nempilo yomphakathi.