Codsiyada Kala Duwan ee Sodium Cyanide ee ku jira Dabiiciga Dabiiciga ah

Hordhac

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), oo leh qaacidada kiimikada ee NaCN, waa budo cad oo crystalline ah oo aad ugu milma biyaha waxayna leedahay ur yar oo qadhaadh oo yicib ah. Sababtoo ah falcelinteeda sare, waxay heshay isticmaal ballaaran oo ku saabsan falgallo isku-darka dabiiciga ah oo ballaaran . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa muhiim in la ogaado in sodium cyanide uu yahay mid aad u sun ah waana in si taxaddar leh loo maareeyaa oo si adag loo waafajiyaa hab-raacyada badbaadada. Maqaalkani wuxuu sahaminayaa codsiyada kala duwan ee Sodium Cyanide ee isku-darka dabiiciga ah.

Codsiyada ku jira Synthesis organic

Falcelinta Strecker

Mid ka mid ah codsiyada ugu caansan ee Sodium cyanide ee isku-darka dabiiciga ah waa falgalka Strecker. Falgalkani waa hab awood badan oo loogu talagalay isku-darka α - amino acids. Falgalka Strecker, aldehyde ama ketone wuxuu la falgalaa ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) iyo sodium cyanide. Habka falgalka guud waa sidan soo socota:

1. Marka hore, aldehyde ama ketone waxay la falgashaa ammonia (oo laga sameeyay - situ laga soo bilaabo ammonium chloride) si ay u samayso imine. Kooxda Carbon yl ee aldehyde ama ketone waa la sii daayaa, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid electrophilic badan. Kadib, ammonia waxay weerartaa kaarboonka carbonyl ee protonated, ka dibna deprotonation si ay u samayso imine.

2. Marka xigta, cyanide ion (CN⁻) ee ka yimaada sodium cyanide wuxuu u dhaqmaa sidii nucleophile wuxuuna weeraraa kaarboonka imine. Tani waxay samaysaa α-amino nitrile dhexdhexaad ah.

3. Ugu dambeyntii, hydrolysis of α-nitrile amino hoos xaaladaha acidic ama aasaasiga ah waxay soo saartaa α-amino acid u dhigma.

Falcelinta Strecker waxay bixisaa hab toos ah oo lagu soo bandhigo kooxda amino iyo kooxda karboksyl labadaba (ka dib hydrolysis of the nitrile) oo ku dul atom kaarboon hal, kaas oo muhiim u ah isku dhafka amino acids, dhismooyinka borotiinnada. Tusaale ahaan, marka formaldehyde (HCHO) ay la falgasho ammonium chloride iyo sodium cyanide, oo ay ku xigto hydrolysis, glycine (NH₂CH₂COOH), amino acid ugu fudud, ayaa la heli karaa.

Diyaarinta Nitriles

Sodium cyanide waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa diyaarinta nitriles. Dareen-celinta beddelka, alkyl halides (sida methyl bromide, CH₃Br) waxay la falgalaan sodium cyanide ee dareeraha aprotic polar sida dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ama acetone. Dareen-celinta waxay ku socotaa habka SN2, halkaasoo ion cyanide uu weeraray atamka kaarboon ee ku xiran halogen. Atomka halogen waa la barakiciyey, waxaana la sameeyay nitrile alkyl ah. Tusaale ahaan:

CH₃Br + NaCN → CH₃CN + NaBr

Nitriles Aryl sidoo kale waxaa lagu soo saari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo sodium cyanide xaaladaha qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan, marxaladaha kala-guurka qaarkood - birta - falcelinta catalyzed, aryl halides waxay ka falcelin kartaa sodium cyanide iyadoo ay jirto joogitaanka kicinta sida copper (I) cyanide (CuCN) ama kicinta palladium. Dareen-celintani waxay u oggolaanaysaa soo-bandhigidda - kooxda shaqada ee CN ee giraanta udgoonka, taas oo faa'iido u leh isku-darka daawooyinka kala duwan, agrochemicals, iyo midabyo.

Uumiga Benzoin

Uumiga benzoin waa falcelin kale oo muhiim ah halkaas oo sodium cyanide ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan. Dareen-celintan, aldehydes caraf udgoon (aldehydes oo leh giraan udgoon, sida benzaldehyde, C₆H₅CHO) waxay ka falceliyaan joogitaanka qaddarka xad-dhaafka ah ee sodium cyanide ee xalka khamriga. Habka falcelinta waxay ku lug leedahay tallaabooyinka soo socda:

1. Ionka cyanide wuxuu marka hore ku daraa kaarboonyl kaarboon ee benzaldehyde, isagoo u dhaqmaya sidii nucleophile. Alaabtan dheeriga ah waa cyanohydrin - sida dhexdhexaad ah.

2. Kharashka taban ee atamka oksijiinta ee cyanohydrin - sida dhexdhexaadiyaha ayaa markaa weerari kara kaarboonka kaarboon ee molecule kale ee benzaldehyde.

3. Ka dib dhowr tillaabo wareejinta proton iyo ciribtirka ion cyanide, benzoin (α - hydroxy - ketone) ayaa la sameeyay.

Uumiga benzoin waxa uu bixiyaa hab lagu sameeyo kaarboon cusub - bond carbon u dhexeeya laba aldehyde molecules, taas oo qiimo leh in synthesize of maaddooyinka organic kakan kakan. In kasta oo sannadihii la soo dhaafay, dadaallo la sameeyay si loogu beddelo sodium cyanide oo leh waxyaabo badan oo deegaanka u wanaagsan sida cusbada thiazolium ama fitamiin B, habka dhaqameed ee loo isticmaalo sodium cyanide ayaa weli ku habboon xaaladaha qaarkood.

Dareen-celinta Ku-darka ee Isku-dhafka Aan Dhanayn

Sodium cyanide waxa kale oo ay ka qayb qaadan kartaa falcelinta dheeraadka ah ee xeryahooda aan saturated ahayn. Tusaale ahaan, marka ay jirto wax-qabad, waxay ku dari kartaa α,β - xeryahooda kaarboonyl aan saturated ahayn (sida acrolein, CH₂=CHCHO). Dareen-celinta waxay raacdaa habka isku-darka ee Michael-nooca, halkaasoo ion-cyanide uu weerarayo β-kaarboon ee α,β--kaarboonyl-ka aan saturated. Dareen-celintan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo bandhigo koox cyanomethyl (-CH₂CN) nidaamka aan saturated ahayn, kaas oo loo beddeli karo kooxo kale oo shaqeynaya. Tusaale ahaan, sheyga ka soo baxa waa la hydrolyzed si loo sameeyo karboksilic acid ama la yareeyo si ay u sameeyaan amin.

Tixgalinta Nabdoonaanta

Sida hore loo sheegay, sodium cyanide waa mid aad u sun ah. Neefsashada, nuugista, ama taabashada maqaarka ee sodium cyanide waxay noqon kartaa dhimasho. Waxay la falgashaa asiidh si ay u soo saarto hydrogen cyanide (HCN), oo ah gaas aad u sun ah. Markaad la tacaalayso sodium cyanide, tillaabooyinka badbaadada ee soo socda waa in si adag loogu hoggaansamo:

1. Ku isticmaal daboolka qiiqa hawo-mareenka ah si aad uga hortagto dhisidda gaasaska sunta ah.

2. Xiro qalabka ilaalinta shakhsi ahaaneed ee habboon, oo ay ku jiraan galoofyada, muraayadaha indhaha, iyo jaakad shaybaadhka. Xaaladaha qaarkood, waxaa laga yaabaa in loo baahdo qalab neefsasho.

3. Ku kaydi sodium cyanide meel ammaan ah, oo calaamadeysan oo ka fog asiidhka iyo kiimikooyinka kale ee falcelinta.

4. Hayso qorshooyin iyo qalab ku habboon wax ka qabashada xaaladaha degdegga ah haddii ay dhacdo daadad ama shilal.

Ugu Dambeyn

Sodium cyanide waa reagent wax ku ool ah oo muhiim u ah isku dhafka dabiiciga ah. Waxay awood u siinaysaa samaynta kooxo kala duwan oo hawleed muhiim ah sida amino acids, nitriles, iyo α-hydroxy- ketones, waxayna ka qaybqaataa kaarboon muhiim ah - bond carbon - samaynta falcelin. In kasta oo ay suntu tahay, marka si taxaddar leh loo maareeyo oo loo hoggaansamo qawaaniinta badbaadada, waxay sii ahaanaysaa qalab lagama maarmaan u ah qalabka kimistaha synthetic ee loogu talagalay diyaarinta noocyo badan oo xeryahooda dabiiciga ah, laga bilaabo dawooyinka ilaa kiimikooyinka wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadaallada cilmi-baarista ee socda ayaa diiradda lagu saarayaa horumarinta beddelka, habab badbaado leh si loo gaaro yoolal isku mid ah.