Kuopsa kwa Sodium Cyanide ku Chilengedwe ndi Njira Zotetezera

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale angapo, kuphatikiza migodi ya golide ndi siliva, electroplating, ndi organic synthesis. Zake zapadera mankhwala zimatha kukhala reagent yofunika kwambiri munjira zina zamakampani. Komabe, kusagwira bwino, kusunga, kapena kutaya Sodium cyanide Zitha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zachilengedwe, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri dothi, madzi, komanso mpweya wabwino. Kumvetsetsa ziwopsezozi ndikukhazikitsa njira zotetezera ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusunga chilengedwe komanso moyo wamunthu.

Katundu ndi Magwero a Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi yoyera, yolimba ya crystalline yomwe imawonetsa kusungunuka kwakukulu m'madzi. Ili ndi fungo lonunkhira la amondi, ngakhale kuti si aliyense amene angamve kununkhira uku. M'makampani, amadyedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu migodi ya golide ndi siliva, njira ya cyanidation imagwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide kusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku miyala. Izi zimaphatikizapo kupanga zitsulo zosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Makampani opanga ma electroplating amaugwiritsa ntchito kuyika chitsulo chochepa kwambiri pamagulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo imakhala ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuphatikiza zinthu zambiri zama organic mumakampani opanga mankhwala. Tsoka ilo, kutaya mwangozi panthawi yoyendetsa kapena kupanga, kachitidwe kosayenera kataya zinyalala, ndi kudontha kochokera kumalo osungiramo zinthu ndizofala zomwe sodium cyanide akhoza kumasulidwa ku chilengedwe.

Zowopsa Zachilengedwe

Zotsatira pa Dothi

1.Effect pa Soil Microorganisms

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tanthaka ndi "injiniya" wa chilengedwe cha nthaka, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga chonde m'nthaka, kuthandizira kuyendetsa njinga zamafuta, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti nthaka yathanzi. Sodium cyanide, ngakhale m'nthaka yotsika kwambiri, imatha kukhala ngati choletsa champhamvu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ikhoza kusokoneza kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kachakudya ka mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi tizilombo tina tating’ono tothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena okonza nayitrogeni, omwe ali ndi udindo wotembenuza nayitrogeni wa mumlengalenga kukhala mawonekedwe ofikira ku zomera, amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yokonza nayitrogeni yomwe imasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi cyanide. Kusokoneza kwa nayitrogeni kumeneku kumatha kupangitsa kuchepa kwa chonde m'nthaka pakapita nthawi. Pakuchulukirachulukira, cyanide imatha kupha tizirombo tambiri tadothi, kuchepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikusokoneza kusakhazikika kwachilengedwe m'nthaka.

2.Kusintha kwa Mapangidwe a Dothi ndi Kupezeka kwa Chakudya Chakudya

Cyanide imatha kumangika ndi zitsulo ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'nthaka, kupanga zinthu zokhazikika. Kumanga kumeneku kungapangitse kuti zakudya zofunika monga chitsulo, zinki, ndi mkuwa zisafike ku zomera. Komanso, cyanide ikakumana ndi zigawo za dothi, imatha kuyambitsa kusintha kwa nthaka pH. Kusintha kwa pH uku, kumakhudzanso kusungunuka ndi kupezeka kwa zakudya zina. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina, kusintha kwa pH kwa cyanide kungayambitse mvula ya phosphorous, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asapezeke potengera mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, cyanide imatha kusokoneza momwe nthaka ikuphatikiza. Kuphatikizika kwa nthaka yathanzi ndikofunikira kuti madzi alowerere, kulowa mizu, komanso mpweya wabwino wa nthaka. Dothi likasokonezedwa, dothi limakhala lolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asayende bwino komanso kuti mizu ya zomera ikhale yochepa.

3.Kudetsedwa kwa Dothi ndi Kutalika - Kulimbikira Kwanthawi

Sodium cyanide ikalowa m'nthaka, kulimbikira kwake kumadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Nthawi zina, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mankhwala amatha kuwononga cyanide pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, m'nthaka ya anaerobic kapena acidic kwambiri, yomwe si yabwino kuwonongeka, cyanide imatha kudziunjikira m'nthaka. Kulimbikira kwa nthawi yayitali kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti nthaka ikhoza kukhala yoipitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri, kuyika chiwopsezo ku kukula kwa mbewu ndi zamoyo zokhala m'nthaka. Komanso, dothi loipitsidwa limatha kukhala gwero lachiwiri la kuipitsidwa. Cyanide imatha kulowa m'madzi apansi kapena kutengeka ndi kusefukira kwamadzi, kufalitsa kuipitsidwako kumadera oyandikana nawo.

Kuipitsa madzi

Kusungunuka kwambiri kwa sodium cyanide m'madzi kumapangitsa kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Ikatulutsidwa m'madzi am'madzi monga mitsinje, nyanja, kapena mitsinje, imasungunuka ndikugawanika kukhala ma cyanide ions. Ngakhale pamalo otsika kwambiri, cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi amphibians ndizowopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha cyanide. Cyanide ikhoza kusokoneza machitidwe awo opuma, kulepheretsa kutengeka kwa mpweya. Zotsatira zake, nsomba zimatha kuchepa kusambira, kuletsa kuberekana, ndipo zikavuta kwambiri, kufa kwa anthu ambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ndende zotsika monga 5 - 7.2 micrograms pa lita imodzi ya free cyanide akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa nsomba, ndi milingo pamwamba 200 micrograms pa lita ndi mofulumira poizoni kwa mitundu yambiri ya nsomba. Zamoyo zopanda msana zimasonyezanso zotsatira zosaopsa zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri za cyanide ndi zotsatira zakupha pazigawo zokwera pang'ono. Komanso, cyanide imatha kuwononga madzi apansi panthaka, omwe ndi gwero lalikulu la madzi akumwa m'madera ambiri. Ngati cyanide - madzi apansi oipitsidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakumwa, amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la munthu, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro monga mutu, chizungulire, nseru, komanso nthawi zambiri, imfa.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya

Pamene sodium cyanide ikakhudzana ndi ma acid, mchere wa asidi, madzi, chinyezi, kapena Carbon Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, ukhoza kupanga mpweya woopsa kwambiri komanso woyaka (HCN). Mpweya uwu ukhoza kutulutsidwa mumlengalenga, makamaka m'mafakitale komwe kutayikira mwangozi kapena kusamalidwa bwino. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi woopsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu ndi nyama amatha kuupuma mosavuta. Kupuma mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ngakhale pang'ono kungayambitse mavuto azaumoyo nthawi yomweyo, kuphatikizapo kupuma movutikira, kupuma mofulumira, mutu, chizungulire, ndipo mukakumana ndi mpweya wambiri, ukhoza kuchititsa kuti kupuma kusiye kupuma komanso kufa. Kuwonjezera pa zoopsa zathanzi, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ungathandizenso kuipitsa mpweya m'dera lozungulira, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya komanso kusokoneza ubwino wa chilengedwe chonse.

Njira Zotetezera

Chitetezo Pantchito

1.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Chitetezo cha Kumapuma: M'malo omwe sodium cyanide imapezeka ndi kotheka, monga popanga, mayendedwe, kapena ngati kutha kutayikira, ogwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi chitetezo choyenera kupuma. Zida zopumira zokha (SCBAs) zimalimbikitsidwa paziwopsezo zazikulu, popeza zimapereka gwero lodalirika la mpweya wabwino, kuteteza bwino kutulutsa mpweya wa cyanide - wokhala ndi fumbi kapena gasi. Pazochitika zochepa kwambiri, zopumira zoyeretsera mpweya zokhala ndi zosefera zapadera zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zichotse zinthu za cyanide zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma kugwira ntchito kwawo kumadalira kwambiri kukwanira koyenera komanso kukhulupirika kwa fyuluta.

• Kuteteza Khungu ndi Maso: Sodium cyanide imatha kupsa kwambiri mukakhudza khungu ndi maso. Chifukwa chake, ogwira ntchito amayenera kuvala nthawi zonse ma suti osagwirizana ndi mankhwala, kuphatikiza magolovesi ndi nsapato. Magalasi achitetezo kapena zishango zakumaso ndizofunikira kuti muteteze maso ku splashes kapena fumbi lililonse. Zovala zodzitchinjirizazi ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizingalowerere ku sodium cyanide kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chokwanira.

• Zida Zina Zoteteza: Kuwonjezera pa chitetezo cha kupuma, khungu, ndi maso, ogwira ntchito ayeneranso kuvala zipewa zolimba m'madera omwe ali ndi chiopsezo cha kugwa kwa zinthu ndi chitetezo choyenera cha makutu ngati akugwira ntchito m'malo aphokoso okhudzana ndi maopaleshoni a sodium cyanide.

2.Njira Zotetezera Pantchito

• yosungirako: Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo osungiramo odzipereka, olowera mpweya wabwino, komanso okhoma omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi mankhwala ena, makamaka omwe amatha kuchita nawo. Zotengerazo ziyenera kutsekedwa mwamphamvu ndi kumangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri ndi sodium cyanide, monga high - density polyethylene kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zolemba zomveka bwino pazotengerazo ziyenera kuwonetsa zomwe zili mkati, zoopsa, ndi malangizo oyendetsera. Malo osungira akuyeneranso kukhala ndi zosungiramo zotayira, monga ma dikes kapena ma tray, kuti ateteze kufalikira kwa sodium cyanide yomwe yatha.

• Kasamalidwe Njira: Kusamalira konse kwa sodium cyanide kuyenera kuchitidwa pamalo olamulidwa motsatira njira zokhazikika zogwirira ntchito. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuphunzitsidwa njira zoyenera zonyamulira, kuthira, ndi kusamutsa kuti achepetse chiopsezo cha kutaya kapena kuphulika. Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito sodium cyanide ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizimayaka kuti zisamayaka zosakaniza zilizonse zomwe zitha kuyaka. Mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito chilichonse, zida ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndikuchotsedwa kuti muchotse zotsalira za sodium cyanide.

• magawanidwe: Kupuma kokwanira n'kofunika kwambiri kuntchito komwe kuli sodium cyanide. Makina olowera mpweya wotuluka m'derali akhazikike pamalo omwe angathe kutulutsa, monga potsegula zotengera kapena popanga. Mpweya wabwino m'malo onse ogwirira ntchito uyeneranso kukhala wokwanira kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino komanso kusungunula tinthu tambiri ta sodium cyanide kapena nthunzi. Kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa mpweya pamalo ogwirira ntchito ndikofunikira kuti muwonetsetse kuti mawonekedwe owonekera amakhalabe m'malire ovomerezeka.

3. Maphunziro a Anthu

• Kudziwitsa Zowopsa: Ogwira ntchito onse omwe angakumane ndi sodium cyanide, kuphatikizapo omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yopangira, kuyendetsa, kusunga, ndi kuyankha mwadzidzidzi, ayenera kulandira maphunziro okhudzana ndi zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mankhwalawa. Izi zikuphatikizapo kumvetsetsa kawopsedwe kake, njira zomwe zingatheke (kupuma, kumeza, ndi kukhudza khungu), ndi zizindikiro za poizoni wa cyanide.

• Kusamalira ndi Kusunga Motetezeka: Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuphunzitsidwa kagwiridwe koyenera ndi kasungidwe monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Ayeneranso kukhala odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera komanso momwe angachitire ndikuzimitsa. Maphunziro akuyenera kukhala ndi ziwonetsero zogwira ntchito ndi manja - pazochitika zowonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ali ndi chidaliro pa luso lawo logwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mosamala.

• Maphunziro Oyankha Mwadzidzidzi: Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa njira zothetsera vuto ladzidzidzi, kuphatikizapo momwe angadziwire zizindikiro za sodium cyanide yotayira kapena kuwonetseredwa, momwe angayambitsire chithandizo chadzidzidzi, ndi momwe angachitire chithandizo choyamba pakachitika poizoni wa cyanide. Kuyeserera kokhazikika kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti ayese ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo loyankhira mwadzidzidzi.

Njira Zadzidzidzi

1.Incident Response

• Kudzipatula ndi Kusamutsidwa: Pamene sodium cyanide yatsikira kapena kutayika, malo omwe akhudzidwawo ayenera kupatulidwa nthawi yomweyo kuti apewe kufalikira kwa mankhwala oopsa. Njira zopulumutsira anthu ziyenera kuyambika nthawi yomweyo, ndipo onse osafunikira asunthidwe kupita kutali ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Njira zopulumukiramo ziyenera kukhala zodziwika bwino kwa ogwira ntchito.

• Kusunga ndi KuyeretsaMagulu apadera okhala ndi zida zoyenera zodzitetezera komanso zida zoyankhira zomwe zatayikira ziyenera kuyikidwa kuti zithetse kutayikirako. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyamwitsa, monga Carbon Woyendetsa kapena vermiculite, kuti munyowe madzi a sodium cyanide. Sodium cyanide yolimba ikhoza kutsukidwa mosamala ndikuyikidwa m'zidebe zotsekedwa kuti zitayidwe bwino. Pambuyo poti madzi atayika, malowo ayenera kutsukidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito zotsukira zoyenera komanso njira zochotsera zotsalira za sodium cyanide.

• Chidziwitso: Pakachitika vuto la sodium cyanide, akuluakulu oyenerera, monga mabungwe oteteza chilengedwe, madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, ndi magulu oyankha mwadzidzidzi, ayenera kudziwitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Kulankhulana pa nthawi yake n'kofunika kwambiri pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti kuyankha kogwirizana ndi kothandiza kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe ndi thanzi.

2.Kuchiza Cyanide - Muli Zinyalala

• Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination: Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kusintha pH ya cyanide - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa kufika pa 8.5 - 9 ndikuwonjezera ma chlorine - based oxidants. Ma okosijeni opangidwa ndi klorini, monga bulichi (makamaka NaClO) kapena mpweya wa chlorine (Cl₂, womwe umasungunuka m'madzi kupanga HClO), umachita ndi ayoni a cyanide (CN⁻). Pachiyambi choyamba, cyanide imakhala ndi oxidized to cyanate (CNO⁻), yomwe imakhala yochepa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kumatha kusintha cyanate kukhala mpweya woipa (CO₂) ndi nayitrogeni (N₂). Njirayi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo imatha kuchepetsa bwino cyanide yomwe ili m'madzi otayira kukhala otsika kwambiri. Komabe, ndiyoyeneranso kuthira madzi oyipa okhala ndi ma cyanide ochepa. Madzi owonongeka a cyanide ochuluka angafunike kuchuluka kwa okosijeni opangidwa ndi klorini, kuonjezera mtengo wamankhwala komanso kutulutsa zina zowononga.

• Pressurizing Hydrolysis Njira: Mwa njira iyi, cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa imayikidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Alkali amawonjezeredwa, ndiyeno madzi onyansa amatenthedwa ndi kukakamizidwa. Pazifukwa izi, cyanide amakumana ndi hydrolysis reaction. Ma cyanide ions amachita ndi mamolekyu amadzi kuti apange non-toxic sodium formate (HCOONA) ndi ammonia (NH₃). Njirayi imakhala ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira ndipo imatha kuthana ndi zovuta za cyanide. Komabe, pamafunika zida zapadera za pressurization ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndondomekoyi ikhale yovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kugulitsa zida zamagetsi kumabweretsanso ndalama zambiri zochizira.

• Njira ya Acidized: Mu njira ya acidized, sulfuric acid imawonjezeredwa ku cyanide - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi otayira kuti asinthe pH mpaka 2 - 3. Pansi pa acidic acid, cyanide m'madzi onyansa amachitira kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Popeza kachulukidwe ka mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi wocheperako, mpweya umadutsa m'madzi otayidwa kuti utulutse mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, ndiyeno mpweyawo umalowetsedwa mu njira ya alkali kuti ubwezerenso. Ubwino wina wa njirayi ndi kuchira kwa sodium cyanide, yomwe ili ndi phindu linalake lazachuma. Komabe, pamafunika kuwongolera mosamalitsa magwiridwe antchito chifukwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi wowopsa kwambiri. Kutayikira kulikonse panthawiyi kumatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu, zomwe zimafunikira njira zachitetezo chapamwamba komanso kusindikiza zida.

• Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe: Tizilombo tating’onoting’ono timatha kuwola cyanide. Mu njira zochizira zamoyo, mabakiteriya kapena mafangasi enieni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga cyanide mu zinyalala. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni kapena nayitrogeni kudzera muzochita zingapo za enzymatic, ndikuzisintha kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi ammonia. Tizilombo njira mankhwala ndi ndi zachilengedwe wochezeka monga iwo sayambitsa ambiri reagents mankhwala. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwamankhwala kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga kutentha, pH, ndi kupezeka kwa zoipitsa zina.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, imakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe. Zotsatira zake pa nthaka, madzi, ndi mpweya zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira za nthawi yayitali komanso zofikira patali pazachilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Komabe, kupyolera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zotetezera chitetezo kuntchito, ndondomeko zogwira mtima zadzidzidzi, ndi njira zoyenera zothandizira cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala, tikhoza kuchepetsa ziopsezozi. Ndi udindo wa mafakitale, akuluakulu oyang'anira, ndi anthu onse kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala a sodium cyanide akusungidwa bwino, kusungidwa, ndi kutaya kuti ateteze chilengedwe chathu ndikuteteza mibadwo yamtsogolo.