Ubwino Wazinthu ndi Miyezo Yachitetezo cha Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi poizoni wambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, monga kuchotsa golide mumigodi, electroplating, ndi synthesis mankhwala. Popeza ake kwambiri kawopsedwe, okhwima khalidwe ndi Miyezo yachitetezo ziyenera kutsatiridwa mu magawo onse okhudzidwa Sodium cyanide, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kusunga, mayendedwe, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mwatsatanetsatane za khalidwe la mankhwala ndi miyezo ya chitetezo cha Sodium Cyanide.

I. Miyezo Yamtengo Wapatali

1. Zofunikira Zachiyero

• Industrial - Gulu Lolimba Sodium Cyanide: Malinga ndi zofunikira za dziko ndi mayiko (monga muyezo ku China), chiyero cholimba sodium cyanide ntchito mafakitale ali ndi makalasi osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili pamwamba - kalasi ziyenera kufika 98.0% kapena kupitirira apo, pamene za mankhwala oyenerera ziyenera kukhala osachepera 87.0%. Kuyeretsedwa kwakukulu kwa sodium cyanide ndikofunikira kwa mafakitale monga kuchotsa golide. Pochita migodi golide, apamwamba - oyera sodium cyanide amatha kuchita bwino ndi golide - wokhala ndi ores, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa m'zigawo ndikuchepetsa zonyansa zosafunikira pakulekanitsa kotsatira.

• Industrial - Gawo la Sodium Cyanide Solution: Pamayankho a sodium cyanide, ndende yake iyeneranso kukwaniritsa miyezo yeniyeni. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide mu yankho kumafotokozedwa momveka bwino molingana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito. Njira yothetsera vutoli iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino, yopanda mtundu kapena yachikasu pang'ono yamadzimadzi popanda zonyansa zooneka.

2. Kuletsa Chidetso

• Zosapanga Mantha:

• Zinthu za carbonate: Kuchuluka kwa sodium CarbonKudya mu sodium cyanide kumayendetsedwa mosamala. Mu sodium cyanide yolimba, kuchuluka kwa sodium carbonate m'magawo osiyanasiyana kumayendetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri, sichiyenera kupitirira 0.5%, mu chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri, sichiyenera kupitirira 2.0%, ndipo mu chinthu choyenerera, sichiyenera kupitirira 3.0%. Kaboneti wochuluka ungakhudze momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito m'njira zina zamankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu electroplating, ikhoza kusokoneza kuyika kwa ayoni achitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale wosanjikiza wosagwirizana wa electroplated.

• Zinthu za hydroxide: Zomwe zili mu sodium hydroxide zilinso ndi malire. Mu sodium cyanide yolimba, zomwe zili mu sodium hydroxide m'makalasi osiyanasiyana zimasiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pamwamba - kalasi mankhwala sayenera kupitirira 0.5%, choyamba - kalasi mankhwala osapitirira 1.0%, ndi oyenerera mankhwala osapitirira 1.5%. Kuchuluka kwa sodium hydroxide kumatha kusintha pH mtengo wa machitidwe, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kupita patsogolo kwa machitidwe ena omwe amafunikira mtundu wina wa pH.

• Zowonongeka Zachilengedwe: Zonyansa zakuthupi monga zakuthupi ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa. Ngakhale zomwe zololeka ndizochepa, mawonekedwe ochulukirapo amatha kusokoneza machitidwe ena amankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, muzochitika zina za kaphatikizidwe ka organic, formate amatha kutenga nawo mbali pazotsatira, kuchepetsa zokolola ndi kuyera kwa zomwe mukufuna.

3. Katundu Wathupi

• Solid Sodium Cyanide: Sodium cyanide yolimba iyenera kukhala mu mawonekedwe a zotupa zoyera kapena zamtundu pang'ono kapena crystalline particles. Maonekedwe ake ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha khalidwe la mankhwala. Kupatuka kwa mtundu kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumatha kuwonetsa zovuta monga kuipitsidwa kapena kupangika kosayenera.

• Sodium Cyanide Solution: Yankho liyenera kukhala lowonekera, lopanda chipwirikiti kapena mvula. Turbidity kapena mpweya kungakhale chizindikiro cha zochita mankhwala mu njira yothetsera, monga mapangidwe insoluble mchere chifukwa cha zochita ndi zosafunika mu mlengalenga kapena chidebe zipangizo, zomwe zingakhudze ntchito yankho mu ntchito zothandiza.

II. Miyezo Yachitetezo

1. Kutsata Kovomerezeka

• Malamulo a Dziko ndi Padziko Lonse:

• Ku United States: Bungwe la Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima okhudzana ndi malire okhudzana ndi chitetezo komanso njira zotetezera cyanides. Mwachitsanzo, malire ovomerezeka a cyanide owulutsidwa mumpweya wapantchito amayikidwa kuti ateteze ogwira ntchito kuti asavutike kwambiri.

• Mu European Union: Lamulo la REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) limalamulira kagwiritsidwe ntchito kotetezeka kwa zinthu zowopsa monga sodium cyanide. Zimafunika makampani kulembetsa ndikupereka zambiri za katundu, ntchito, ndi chitetezo chokhudzana ndi sodium cyanide.

• Ku China: The "Regulation on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals" amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pazinthu zonse zogwirira ntchito ya sodium cyanide, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kusunga, kuyendetsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Mabizinesi ayenera kutsatira malamulowa kuti atsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito komanso chilengedwe.

• Zilolezo ndi Chilolezo: Mabungwe onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kupanga, kusungirako, kuyendetsa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide akuyenera kupeza zilolezo ndi zilolezo zofunikira molingana ndi malamulo amderalo. Zilolezozi zimaperekedwa potengera kuwunika kozama kwa malo ndi magwiridwe antchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe.

2. Kusamala zachitetezo mu magawo osiyanasiyana

• yosungirako:

• Kusankha Kwadera: Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo odzipatulira, mpweya wabwino, komanso malo ozizira. Malo osungira ayenera kukhala kutali ndi magwero a kutentha, kuyatsa, ndi zinthu zosagwirizana. Iyeneranso kukhala m'dera lomwe anthu osaloledwa safikako mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, kusunga sodium cyanide pafupi ndi zidulo ndikoopsa kwambiri chifukwa kumatha kupanga mpweya wapoizoni kwambiri komanso woyaka moto wa hydrogen cyanide.

• Zofunikira za Container: Zimbiri zoyenerera - zotengera zosamva komanso zomata mwamphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pazitsulo zolimba za sodium cyanide, ng'oma zachitsulo zokhala ndi mipanda kapena zotengera zapulasitiki zokhala ndi zivindikiro zotetezedwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamayankho a sodium cyanide, akasinja osungira ayenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri zamchere, monga magiredi ena azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kapena akasinja apadera okhala ndi pulasitiki. Zotengera zonse ziyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino kuti "poizoni" ndi "sodium cyanide," komanso zizindikiro zowopsa.

• Zosunga: Malo osungiramo ayenera kukhala owuma, chifukwa chinyezi chikhoza kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa sodium cyanide ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Chinyezi chocheperako m'malo osungiramo nthawi zambiri chimayenera kukhala chochepera 80%. Mpweya wabwino ndi wofunikanso kuti muteteze kuchulukidwa kwa mpweya uliwonse womwe ungathe kutuluka.

• thiransipoti:

• CD: Zonyamula zonyamulira sodium cyanide ziyenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zokhwima. Choyikapo chakunja chiyenera kukhala cholimba mokwanira kuti chisasunthike bwino panthawi yoyendetsa ndikuteteza chidebe chamkati kuti chisawonongeke. Zotengera zamkati ziyenera kutayikira - zowona komanso zosindikizidwa bwino. Pakatunduyo ayeneranso kulembedwa momveka bwino ndi dzina la mankhwala, machenjezo owopsa, ndi zidziwitso zolumikizana nazo mwadzidzidzi.

• Magalimoto Oyendera: Magalimoto apadera onyamula mankhwala owopsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Magalimoto amenewa ayenera kukhala ndi zida zotayira, zida zothandizira pakachitika ngozi, komanso mpweya wokwanira. Ayeneranso kusonyeza zizindikiro zochenjeza za ngozi zoyenera malinga ndi malamulo a zamayendedwe.

• Maphunziro Oyendetsa: Madalaivala onyamula sodium cyanide ayenera kukhala ophunzitsidwa bwino momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zowopsa. Ayenera kudziwa bwino za sodium cyanide, njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi pakatayika kapena ngozi, komanso malamulo oyendetsera kayendetsedwe kake.

• Kukonzekera Njira: Njira yoyendera iyenera kukonzedweratu kuti tipewe madera odzaza, malo okhalamo, ndi malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha ngozi. Akuluakulu am'deralo ayenera kudziwitsidwa za kayendedwe ka sodium cyanide, makamaka podutsa m'malo ovuta.

• Kusamalira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito:

• Zida Zodzitetezera (PPE):

• Chitetezo cha Kumapuma: Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala chitetezo choyenera kupuma. Munthawi yabwinobwino, chopumira chathunthu cha nkhope chokhala ndi fyuluta ya mpweya wabwino kwambiri komanso canister yovomerezeka yoteteza cyanide imafunika. M'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kapena ngati munthu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, zida zopumira zokha zingakhale zofunikira.

• Chitetezo cha M'maso: Magalasi osamva mankhwala kapena chishango cha kumaso chiyenera kuvalidwa kuteteza maso ku splashes kapena fumbi la sodium cyanide.

• Chitetezo cha Khungu: Magolovesi osatha opangidwa ndi zinthu monga mphira wa butyl kapena nitrile, pamodzi ndi zotchingira zosagwira mankhwala kapena ma apuloni, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti PPE ili bwino komanso ikukwanira bwino.

• Kukhazikitsa Malo Ogwirira Ntchito:

• magawanidwe: Malo ogwirira ntchito omwe sodium cyanide imayendetsedwa ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri. Akhazikike makina a mpweya wabwino wa utsi kuti azitha kugwira utsi kapena fumbi lililonse lotuluka pogwira. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza zomwe zili mumlengalenga ndikuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito.

• Zida Zoyankhira Mwadzidzidzi: Malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi zipangizo zothandizira mwadzidzidzi monga malo osamba m'maso ndi madzi otetezera. Akakumana mwangozi ndi sodium cyanide, ogwira ntchito amatha kutsuka malo omwe akhudzidwawo mwachangu kuti achepetse kuwonongeka.

3. Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi ndi Kutaya

• Mapulani Angozi: Makampani omwe akugwira ntchito ya sodium cyanide ayenera kupanga mapulani adzidzidzi. Mapulaniwa ayenera kukhala ndi ndondomeko zothana ndi kutaya, kutayikira, moto, ndi kuwonetseredwa mwangozi. Kuyeserera kwadzidzidzi pafupipafupi kuyenera kuchitidwa pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito akudziwa bwino njira zoyankhira.

• Kutaya ndi Kutaya Kuyankha: Pamene sodium cyanide itayika kapena kutayikira, kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kumafunika. Malowa atsekedwe, ndipo anthu osaloledwa atulutsidwe. Anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino ovala PPE yoyenera ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyamwa kuti asatayike. Sodium cyanide yotayidwa iyenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikutayidwa moyenera malinga ndi malamulo oyenera.

• Yankho la Moto: Popeza sodium cyanide imatha kutulutsa mpweya wapoizoni wa haidrojeni cyanide ikayaka moto, ozimitsa moto ayenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera zotetezera kupuma komanso zida zozimira moto. Madzi, mchenga, kapena zowuma - zozimitsira moto za ufa zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzimitsa moto, koma chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti tipewe kufalikira kwa zinthu zoopsa.

• Kutaya Kutaya: Zinyalala zomwe zili ndi sodium cyanide ziyenera kutayidwa bwino. Siyenera kutulutsidwa m'chilengedwe popanda chithandizo. Njira zochiritsira zingaphatikizepo makutidwe ndi okosijeni wamankhwala kapena njira zina zovomerezeka zosinthira cyanide yapoizoni kukhala zinthu zosavulaza kwambiri asanatayidwe.

Pomaliza, miyezo yamtundu wazinthu komanso chitetezo cha sodium cyanide ndiyofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ndi oopsa kwambiri. Potsatira mosamalitsa miyezo imeneyi, titha kuteteza thanzi la anthu, chilengedwe, komanso kupita patsogolo kwabwino kwa mafakitale.