Waa maxay Waxyaabaha Kiimikada Sodium Cyanide loo isticmaali karaa in lagu diyaariyo?

sodium cyanide (NaCN) waa walxo kiimiko ah oo aad u sun ah laakiin muhiim ah. Waxay ka ciyaartaa door muhiim ah isku-dhafka noocyada kala duwan Kiimikada laga soosaaro sababtoo ah falcelinta kooxda cyanide (-CN). Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee kiimikada laga soo saaro ee lagu diyaarin karo iyadoo la isticmaalayo Sodium cyanide:

Soosaarayaasha Cyanide ee aan Organic

1.Ferrocyanides: Sodium cyanide waxay la falgashaa cusbada birta si ay u soo saarto ferroCyanides. Tusaale ahaan, falcelinta Sodium cyanide Sulfate-ka birta ah waxa uu dhalin karaa sodiyam ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Xaruntan waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa soo saarista midabada buluuga ah sida buluugga Prussian, sidoo kale waxay leedahay codsiyada warshadaha cuntada sida wakiilka anticaking ee cusbada. Falcelinta kiimikaad waxaa loo matalli karaa sida:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2.Cyanide Complexes of Metals: Sodium cyanide waxa uu samayn karaa dhismayaal leh ion bir ah oo badan. Marka la soo saaro dahabka iyo qalinka, tusaale ahaan, joogitaanka oksijiinta, dahabka iyo qalinka ayaa ka falcelisa sodium cyanide si loo sameeyo dhismooyin cyanide bir ah oo milma. Dahabka, falcelintu waa sida soo socota:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Dhismayaashan birta ah - cyanide-ka ayaa markaa si dheeraad ah loo farsameeyaa si loo helo biraha saafiga ah. Marka lagu daro dahabka iyo qalinka, sodium cyanide waxay sidoo kale samayn kartaa dhismo leh biraha sida copper, zinc, iyo nickel, kuwaas oo leh codsiyo elektirooni ah iyo warshado kale. Tusaale ahaan, korantada, dhismayaasha birta - cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida elektrolytes si loo hubiyo in si siman oo isku mid ah u dhigista birta ee substrate-ka.

Soosaarayaasha Cyanide ee Dabiiciga ah

1.Malonic Acid Derivatives: Sodium cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista malonic acid derivatives. Mid ka mid ah habka caadiga ah waa in laga falceliyo sodium cyanide leh chloroacetic acid si loo sameeyo cyanoacetic acid marka hore. falcelintu waa:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid ayaa markaa si dheeraad ah loo sifeyn karaa si loo soo saaro malonic acid esters, sida diethyl malonate. Ka-soo-saareyaasha asiidhka malonic waa aasaas-dhisyo muhiim u ah isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah, gaar ahaan isku-darka dawooyinka, dheeha, iyo dhadhanka. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa uumiga Knoevenagel iyo falcelinta kale si loo dhiso unugyo dabiici ah oo kakan.

2.Nitrile CompoundsSodium cyanide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in haloalkanes ama aryl halides loo rogo nitriles iyada oo loo marayo falcelinta beddelka nucleophilic. Tusaale ahaan, marka bromoethane ay la falgasho sodium cyanide, propionitrile ayaa la sameeyaa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles waa isku dhisyo kala duwan. Waa la hydrolyzed karaa si ay u sameeyaan karboksylic acids, lagu dhimo amines, ama loo isticmaalo in synthesis ee xeryahooda heterocyclic. Warshadaha dawooyinka, daroogooyin badan ayaa ka kooban kooxo firfircoon oo nitrile ah, iyo isticmaalka sodium cyanide ee isku dhafka nitriles waxay bixisaa waddo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta daawooyinkan.

3.Cyanohydrins: Aldehydes iyo ketones waxay ka falcelin karaan sodium cyanide iyadoo ay jirto joogitaanka kicinta acid si ay u sameeyaan cyanohydrins. Tusaale ahaan, falcelinta acetone ee leh sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Cyanohydrins waa dhexdhexaadiye faa'iido leh oo ku jira isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah. Waxay u sii rogi karaan kooxo kala duwan oo shaqeeya, sida karboksylic acids, amines, iyo alkohols, falcelin kiimikaad habboon. Isku-dubaridka qaar ka mid ah alaabooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dawooyinka, cyanohydrins waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan dhismaha kaarboon-lafoofka iyo soo bandhigida kooxaha shaqeeya.

4.Triazine Derivatives: Soo saarista xeryahooda sida melamine, sodium cyanide waxay ku lug yeelan kartaa shabakada falcelinta. Inkasta oo falcelinta tooska ah ay noqon karto mid adag oo badanaa ku lug leh tillaabooyin badan, kooxda cyanide ee ka socota sodium cyanide waxay gacan ka geysataa samaynta qaabka giraanta triazine. Melamine waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa soo saarista caagadaha, xabagta, iyo dahaarka. Tusaale kale waa isku dhafka cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), kaas oo ah dhexdhexaad muhiim u ah soo saarista herbicides, sunta cayayaanka, iyo midabada falcelinta. Isku-dubaridka koloridhida cyanuric ee sodium cyanide sida caadiga ah waxa ay ku lug leedahay falcelin taxane ah oo ay ku jiraan kolorination of cyanide - horudhacyada la xidhiidha.

5.Asiidhyada Amino Acids iyo Asiidhkooda: Qaar ka mid ah waddooyinka synthetic ee amino acids, sodium cyanide waa la isticmaali karaa. Tusaale ahaan, isku-darka Strecker ee amino acids, aldehyde ama ketone waxay la falgalaan ammonia iyo sodium cyanide si ay u sameeyaan dhexdhexaad aminonitrile ah, ka dibna hydrolyzed si ay u dhigmaan amino acid. Laga bilaabo aldehyde RCHO, falcelintu waa sida soo socota:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Amino acids waa unugyada dhismaha ee borotiinnada waxayna leeyihiin codsiyo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan cuntada, daawooyinka, iyo warshadaha qurxinta.

Waa in la caddeeyo in sunta sare ee sodium cyanide awgeed, tallaabooyinka badbaadada adag iyo hababka maaraynta waa in la raaco inta lagu guda jiro isticmaalka diyaarinta waxyaabahan kiimikada ah si loo hubiyo badbaadada shaqaalaha iyo deegaanka.