Waa maxay Waxyaabaha Kiimikada Sodium Cyanide loo isticmaali karaa in lagu diyaariyo?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) waa walax kiimiko ceeriin ah oo aad u sun badan laakiin muhiim ah. Waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa isku-darka noocyada kala duwan ee kiimikooyinka laga sameeyay sababtoo ah fal-celinta kooxda cyanide (-CN). Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee kiimikada laga sameeyay ee lagu diyaarin karo Sodium cyanide :

Soosaarayaasha Cyanide ee aan Organic

1.Ferro cyanides : Sodium cyanide wuxuu la falgalaa cusbada birta si uu u soo saaro ferro Cyanides . Tusaale ahaan, falgalka Sodium Cyanide oo leh ferrous sulfate wuxuu soo saari karaa sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Isku-darkaan waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa soo saarista midabada buluugga ah sida buluugga Prussian, wuxuuna sidoo kale ku leeyahay warshadaha cuntada codsi ahaan wakiil ka hortagga dubista milixda. Falgalka kiimikada waxaa lagu matali karaa sidan:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. Isku-dhafka Cyanide ee Birta : Sodium cyanide wuxuu samayn karaa isku-dhafan oo leh ayoonno bir ah oo badan. Tusaale ahaan, marka la soo saarayo dahabka iyo lacagta, marka ay joogaan oksijiin, dahabka iyo lacagta waxay la falgalaan sodium cyanide si ay u sameeyaan isku-dhafan cyanide bir ah oo milma. Dahabka, falcelintu waa sidan soo socota:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Dhismayaashan birta ah - cyanide-ka ayaa markaa si dheeraad ah loo farsameeyaa si loo helo biraha saafiga ah. Marka lagu daro dahabka iyo qalinka, sodium cyanide waxay sidoo kale samayn kartaa dhismo leh biraha sida copper, zinc, iyo nickel, kuwaas oo leh codsiyo elektirooni ah iyo warshado kale. Tusaale ahaan, korantada, dhismayaasha birta - cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida elektrolytes si loo hubiyo in si siman oo isku mid ah u dhigista birta ee substrate-ka.

Soosaarayaasha Cyanide ee Dabiiciga ah

1. Waxyaabaha laga soo saaro Malonic Acid : Sodium cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa isku-darka walxaha laga soo saaro malonic acid. Hal hab oo caadi ah ayaa ah in la falgalo sodium cyanide oo leh chloroacetic acid si marka hore loo sameeyo cyanoacetic acid. Falgalku waa:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid ayaa markaa si dheeraad ah loo sifeyn karaa si loo soo saaro malonic acid esters, sida diethyl malonate. Ka-soo-saareyaasha asiidhka malonic waa aasaas-dhisyo muhiim u ah isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah, gaar ahaan isku-darka dawooyinka, dheeha, iyo dhadhanka. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa uumiga Knoevenagel iyo falcelinta kale si loo dhiso unugyo dabiici ah oo kakan.

2. Isku-dhafka Nitrile : Sodium cyanide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in haloalkanes ama aryl halides loogu beddelo nitriles iyada oo loo marayo falcelinta beddelka nucleophilic. Tusaale ahaan, marka bromoethane uu la falgalo sodium cyanide, propionitrile ayaa la sameeyaa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles waa isku dhisyo kala duwan. Waa la hydrolyzed karaa si ay u sameeyaan karboksylic acids, lagu dhimo amines, ama loo isticmaalo in synthesis ee xeryahooda heterocyclic. Warshadaha dawooyinka, daroogooyin badan ayaa ka kooban kooxo firfircoon oo nitrile ah, iyo isticmaalka sodium cyanide ee isku dhafka nitriles waxay bixisaa waddo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta daawooyinkan.

3.Cyanohydrins : Aldehydes iyo ketone-yadu waxay la falgeli karaan sodium cyanide iyadoo ay joogaan kiciye aashito ah si ay u sameeyaan cyanohydrins. Tusaale ahaan, falcelinta acetone oo leh sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Cyanohydrins waa dhexdhexaadiye faa'iido leh oo ku jira isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah. Waxay u sii rogi karaan kooxo kala duwan oo shaqeeya, sida karboksylic acids, amines, iyo alkohols, falcelin kiimikaad habboon. Isku-dubaridka qaar ka mid ah alaabooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dawooyinka, cyanohydrins waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan dhismaha kaarboon-lafoofka iyo soo bandhigida kooxaha shaqeeya.

4. Waxyaabaha Ka Soo Baxay Triazine : Soo saarista iskudhisyada sida melamine, sodium cyanide waxay ku lug yeelan kartaa shabakadda falcelinta. Inkasta oo falcelinta tooska ah ay noqon karto mid adag oo badanaa ku lug leh tallaabooyin badan, kooxda cyanide ee ka timid sodium cyanide waxay gacan ka geysataa sameynta qaab-dhismeedka giraanta triazine. Melamine waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa soo saarista balaastikada, dhejisyada, iyo dahaarka. Tusaale kale waa isku-darka cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), kaas oo ah dhexdhexaad muhiim ah oo ku jira soo saarista sunta cayayaanka, sunta cayayaanka, iyo midabaynta falgalka. Isku-darka cyanuric chloride ee ka timid sodium cyanide wuxuu caadi ahaan ku lug leeyahay taxane falcelin ah oo ay ku jiraan koloriin ku darista waxyaabaha la xiriira cyanide.

5. Amino Acids iyo Waxyaabaha ay ka soo baxaan : Qaar ka mid ah waddooyinka synthetic-ga ah ee amino acids-ka, sodium cyanide ayaa loo isticmaali karaa. Tusaale ahaan, isku-darka Strecker ee amino acids-ka, aldehyde ama ketone waxay la falgashaa ammonia iyo sodium cyanide si ay u sameeyaan dhexdhexaad aminonitrile ah, kaas oo markaa lagu shubo amino acid-ka u dhigma. Laga bilaabo aldehyde RCHO, falcelintu waa sidan soo socota:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Amino acids waa unugyada dhismaha ee borotiinnada waxayna leeyihiin codsiyo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan cuntada, daawooyinka, iyo warshadaha qurxinta.

Waa in la caddeeyo in sunta sare ee sodium cyanide awgeed, tallaabooyinka badbaadada adag iyo hababka maaraynta waa in la raaco inta lagu guda jiro isticmaalka diyaarinta waxyaabahan kiimikada ah si loo hubiyo badbaadada shaqaalaha iyo deegaanka.