Daidaitaccen Magani na Sharar da ke ɗauke da Cyanide a cikin aikace-aikacen Sodium Cyanide

Gabatarwa

Ana amfani da Sodium Cyanide sosai a masana'antu daban-daban kamar hakar ma'adinai, samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma hada sinadarai saboda kebantattun kaddarorin sinadarai. Duk da haka, amfani da Sodium Cyanide ba makawa yana haifar da sharar da ke dauke da cyanide , wanda ke haifar da barazana ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli idan ba a yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata ba. Cyanide yana da guba sosai kuma yana iya haifar da mummunar illa ga halittu koda a kananan adadi. Saboda haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a dauki hanyoyin da suka dace don magance wadannan sharar.

Hatsari na Sharar da ke ɗauke da Cyanide

Guba ga Mutane

Cyanide na iya shiga jikin mutum ta hanyar shakar numfashi, sha, ko haduwar fata. Da zarar cikin jiki, zai iya sauri daure zuwa cytochrome oxidase a cikin sel, yana hana numfashin salula kuma yana haifar da hypoxia nama. A lokuta masu tsanani, yana iya haifar da mutuwa da sauri. Ko da ƙananan bayyanar cututtuka na tsawon lokaci na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka kamar ciwon kai, juwa, rauni, kuma a wasu lokuta, matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullum.

Tasiri kan Dabbobin Ruwa

Cyanide yana da matukar guba ga rayuwar ruwa. Ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga, yana iya rushe ayyukan al'ada na kifaye, invertebrates, da sauran kwayoyin halitta na ruwa. Zai iya shafar numfashinsu, girma, haifuwa, da tsarin rigakafi. Misali, lokacin da adadin ion cyanide ya kasance 0.02 - 1.0 mg / L (a cikin awanni 24), kifi na iya mutuwa. Cyanide kuma na iya haifar da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsarin halittun ruwa ta hanyar rage bambancin halittu da rushe sarkar abinci.

Tasirin Tsirrai

Lokacin da tsire-tsire ke nunawa ga cyanide - dauke da sharar gida, zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban su da ci gaba. Yawan adadin cyanide na iya hana ci gaban tushen shuka, rage cin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma yana shafar photosynthesis. A yankunan noma, hakan na iya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da inganci. Bugu da kari, cyanide - dauke da ruwa mai datti da ake amfani da shi don ban ruwa na iya gurɓata ƙasa, yana shafar ingancin ƙasa da haɓakar amfanin gona na gaba.

Hanyoyin Magani don Sharar da ke ɗauke da Cyanide

Hanyar chlorination na alkaline

Ka'ida : Wannan hanyar tana daidaita pH na cyanide - wanda ke ɗauke da ruwan shara zuwa 8.5 - 9 sannan ta ƙara oxidants masu tushen chlorine. Oxidants masu tushen chlorine, kamar bleach (galibi NaClO) ko iskar chlorine (Cl₂, wanda ke narkewa a cikin ruwa don samar da HClO), suna amsawa da ions na cyanide (CN⁻). A mataki na farko, ana haɗa cyanide zuwa cyanate (CNO⁻), wanda ba shi da guba sosai. Ƙarin oxidation na iya canza cyanate zuwa Carbon dioxide (CO₂) da nitrogen (N₂). Ana iya bayyana halayen sinadarai kamar haka:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Amfani da Rashin Amfani : Hanyar sinadarin alkaline chlorine tana da sauƙin amfani kuma an yi amfani da ita sosai. Tana iya rage yawan sinadarin cyanide a cikin ruwan shara zuwa ƙaramin matakin da ya dace. Duk da haka, ta fi dacewa da magance ruwan shara tare da ƙarancin yawan cyanide. Idan yawan sinadarin cyanide ya yi yawa, za a buƙaci yawan sinadarin oxidants da ke tushen chlorine, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara farashin magani da kuma haifar da gurɓatattun abubuwa.

Hanyar Matsakaicin Hydrolysis

Ka'ida : A cikin wannan hanyar, ana sanya ruwan shara mai ɗauke da cyanide a cikin akwati mai rufewa. Ana ƙara alkaline, sannan a dumama ruwan shara kuma a matsa shi. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi, cyanide yana fuskantar halayen hydrolysis. Ion ɗin Cyanide suna amsawa da ƙwayoyin ruwa don samar da sodium formate mara guba (HCOONa) da ammonia (NH₃). Daidaiton halayen sinadarai shine:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Amfani da Rashin Amfani : Hanyar hydrolysis mai matsi tana da sauƙin daidaitawa da yawan cyanide a cikin ruwan shara. Hakanan tana iya sarrafa hadaddun cyanide. Aikin yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da tsarin amsawa. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar tana buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman don matsi da dumama, wanda ke sa tsarin gaba ɗaya ya zama mai rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, amfani da makamashi da saka hannun jari a kayan aiki suna da yawa, wanda ke haifar da tsadar magani mai yawa.

Hanyar Acidized

Ka'ida : A cikin hanyar da aka yi wa acid, ana ƙara sinadarin sulfuric acid zuwa cyanide - wanda ke ɗauke da ruwan shara don daidaita pH zuwa 2 - 3. A ƙarƙashin yanayin acid, cyanide a cikin ruwan shara yana amsawa don samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Tunda yawan iskar hydrogen cyanide ƙarami ne, kuma ta amfani da ƙa'idar daidaita matsin lamba ta iska, ana wucewa ta cikin ruwan shara don ɗaukar iskar hydrogen cyanide. Sannan za a iya shigar da iskar hydrogen cyanide da aka ɗauka cikin maganin alkali don sake amfani da ita. Babban tasirin sinadarai shine:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Amfani da Rashin Amfani : Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin wannan hanyar ita ce tana iya dawo da Sodium Cyanide , wanda ke da wani ƙimar tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar tana buƙatar kulawa sosai kan yanayin aiki. Iskar hydrogen cyanide tana da guba sosai, kuma duk wani zubewa yayin aikin na iya haifar da babbar barazana ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar matakan tsaro masu ƙarfi da rufe kayan aiki.

Hanyoyin Maganin Halittu

Ka'ida : Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon lalata cyanide. A cikin hanyoyin maganin halittu, ana amfani da takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta ko fungi don lalata cyanide a cikin sharar. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya amfani da cyanide a matsayin tushen carbon ko nitrogen ta hanyar jerin halayen enzymatic, suna canza shi zuwa abubuwa marasa guba kamar carbon dioxide, ruwa, da ammonia. Misali, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata cyanide na iya rushe cyanide zuwa mahaɗan da ba su da illa ta hanyar hanyoyin rayuwa.

Amfani da Rashin Amfani : Hanyoyin maganin halittu suna da kyau ga muhalli domin ba sa gabatar da adadi mai yawa na sinadarai masu guba. Suna iya zama masu inganci wajen magance sharar da ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu yawa, waɗanda ba su da yawa. Duk da haka, maganin halittu ya dogara sosai kan yanayin muhalli kamar zafin jiki, pH, da kasancewar wasu abubuwa. Idan yanayin bai dace ba, za a hana ayyukan ƙananan halittu, wanda hakan zai shafi tasirin maganin. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin maganin na iya zama mai jinkiri idan aka kwatanta da wasu hanyoyin sinadarai.

M - Magani na Cyanide - Yana Kunshe da Sharar gida

Don tsattsauran cyanide - mai ɗauke da sharar gida, kamar waɗanda daga wutsiyar ma'adinai ko ragowar masana'antu, hanyoyin jiyya suma suna da mahimmanci. Hanya ɗaya ta gama gari ita ce hana cyanide a cikin datti. Ana iya samun wannan ta ƙara wasu wakilai masu ɗaurewa ko stabilizers. Alal misali, ƙara siminti ko lemun tsami a cikin sharar gida na iya samar da ƙaƙƙarfan matrix wanda ke tattare da cyanide, yana rage yiwuwar leaching. Wata hanya kuma ita ce a yi amfani da reagents na sinadarai don amsawa tare da cyanide a cikin dattin datti, mai da shi zuwa abubuwan da ba su narkewa ko ƙasa da guba.

Abubuwan Bukatun Ka'idoji da La'akarin Tsaro

Abubuwan Bukatun Ka'ida

A cikin ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi game da jiyya da zubar da cyanide - mai ɗauke da sharar gida. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (USEPA) ta kafa takamaiman iyaka ga iyakar adadin cyanide a cikin ruwan sha (0.05 mg/L) da ruwan muhalli (0.20 mg/L). A cikin ruwan sharar masana'antu, ana kuma kayyade matsakaicin yawan taro na cyanide, yawanci kusan 0.50 mg/L. Ana buƙatar masana'antun da ke samar da cyanide - mai ɗauke da sharar gida don bin waɗannan ka'idoji. Dole ne su aiwatar da hanyoyin da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa ruwan sharar da aka zubar ko zubar da su ya dace da ƙayyadaddun ka'idoji. Rashin yin biyayya zai iya haifar da hukunci mai tsanani, gami da tara da yuwuwar rufe ayyuka.

La'akari da Lafiya

Lokacin sarrafa cyanide - mai ɗauke da sharar gida, aminci ya kamata koyaushe ya zama babban fifiko. Dole ne a samar da ma'aikatan da ke cikin aikin jiyya tare da kayan kariya masu dacewa (PPE). Wannan ya haɗa da na'urori masu cike da fuska don hana shakar iskar cyanide mai guba, sinadarai - masu juriya don kare fata daga haɗuwa da cyanide - mai ɗauke da abubuwa, safar hannu na roba, da takalman roba. Bugu da kari, wuraren aiki ya kamata su kasance da iskar iska don rage yawan iskar gas mai alaka da cyanide. Ya kamata a ba da horon tsaro na yau da kullun ga ma'aikata don tabbatar da cewa sun saba da hanyoyin da suka dace, matakan mayar da martani na gaggawa idan akwai zubewa ko zubewa, da yuwuwar haɗarin cyanide.

Kammalawa

Kulawa mai kyau ta cyanide - mai ɗauke da sharar da aka samar yayin amfani da sodium cyanide yana da mahimmanci don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Ta hanyar fahimtar haɗarin waɗannan sharar da kuma ɗaukar hanyoyin magani masu dacewa kamar alkaline chlorination, matsi hydrolysis, hanyar acidized, ko maganin halittu, za mu iya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da cyanide yadda ya kamata. Bin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idoji da tabbatar da aminci a cikin tsarin magani suma matakai ne masu mahimmanci wajen sarrafa sharar da ke ɗauke da cyanide. Ana buƙatar ci gaba da bincike da haɓakawa a wannan fanni don inganta fasahar magani, don sa su zama mafi inganci, inganci, da kuma dacewa da muhalli.