Sodium Cyanide: Cov Khoom, Kev Nyab Xeeb, thiab Kev Ntsuas Kev Nyab Xeeb

Introduction

sodium cyanide (NaCN) yog ib qho inorganic compound uas plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov xwm txheej muaj kuab lom heev xav tau kev tuav nruj thiab kev nyab xeeb raws tu qauv. Kab lus no tshawb txog cov khoom, kev siv, thiab tej yam kev phom sij cuam tshuam nrog Sodium cyanide.

Tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev

Chemical Formula thiab Structure

Sodium cyanide muaj cov tshuaj formula NaCN. Nws yog ib qho ionic compound uas muaj sodium cation (Na⁺) thiab cyanide anion (CN⁻). Hauv cov qauv siv lead ua, cov sodium thiab cyanide ions tau teeb tsa hauv ib lub lattice zoo ib yam li sodium chloride. Lub carbon Cov atom hauv pawg cyanide tsim cov triple bond nrog cov nitrogen atom, muab CN⁻ ion nws cov yam ntxwv reactivity.

lub cev Yam ntxwv

• tsos: Sodium cyanide feem ntau tshwm li dawb, crystalline khoom lossis hmoov.

• Cov ntxhiab tsw: Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv qhuav, nws yog feem ntau odorless. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws hnov ​​​​mob nrog dej hauv huab cua lossis dej, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov pa roj hydrogen cyanide (HCN), uas muaj faus, almond - zoo li tsw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem tshawb pom qhov tsis hnov ​​​​tsw ntawm hydrogen cyanide, vim tias muaj peev xwm ua tau yog kev txiav txim ntawm caj ces.

• Melting thiab Boiling Points: Nws muaj qhov siab melting point ntawm 563.7 ° C thiab boiling point ntawm 1496 ° C.

• solubility: Sodium cyanide yog soluble hauv dej heev. Qhov tseeb, 38.9 grams NaCN tuaj yeem yaj hauv 100 milliliters dej ntawm 20 ° C. Nws kuj yog soluble hauv lwm cov kuab tshuaj polar xws li ammonia, ethanol, thiab methanol.

Tshuaj Reactivity

• Hydrolysis: Sodium cyanide yog ntsev ntawm ib qho tsis muaj zog acid, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv dej, nws nkag mus rau hydrolysis, tsim hydrogen cyanide gas. Cov tshuaj sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem tshwm sim txawm tias huab cua noo noo, ua kom muaj zog Sodium Cyanide lub peev xwm ntawm cov pa roj toxic tso tawm.

• Acid Reactions: Nws reacts nkag nrog acids. Piv txwv li, thaum sodium cyanide reacts nrog sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), cov tshuaj nram qab no tshwm sim: 2NaCN + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2HCN. Kev tso tawm cov pa roj hydrogen cyanide hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no yog qhov txaus ntshai heev vim nws cov tshuaj toxicity siab.

• Hlau Complex tsim: Sodium cyanide muaj zog affinity rau hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen thiab dej, nws muaj peev xwm yaj precious hlau zoo li kub thiab nyiaj. Rau kub, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Cov cuab yeej no tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam mining rau kev rho tawm kub.

Kev npaj

Kev lag luam, sodium cyanide yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen cyanide (HCN) nrog sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Cov tshuaj sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog: HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Hydrogen cyanide tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, xws li cov txheej txheem Andrussow, uas koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), thiab oxygen (O₂) tshaj platinum - rhodium catalyst ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.

siv

Mining Kev lag luam

Ib qho ntawm cov kev siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm sodium cyanide yog nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm ntawm kub thiab lwm yam hlau zoo nkauj los ntawm ore. Cov txheej txheem, hu ua Cyanidation, suav nrog kev siv cov tshuaj sodium cyanide kom yaj kub thiab nyiaj los ntawm lawv cov ore. Cov hlau yaj tom qab ntawd rov qab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg. Txoj kev no tau siv dav vim nws qhov ua tau zoo thiab tus nqi qis hauv kev rho tawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm qib qis ores.

Chemical Manufacturing

Sodium cyanide ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau hom tshuaj sib txuas. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm nitriles, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub tsev blocks nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua tshuaj, agrochemical, thiab polymer industries. Piv txwv li, nws yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj cyanuric chloride, uas yog siv ntxiv hauv kev tsim tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab textile dyes.

Electroplating

Hauv kev lag luam electroplating, sodium cyanide yog siv nyob rau hauv ib co plating da dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau plating hlau xws li tooj liab, nyiaj, thiab kub. Nws pab nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm ib tug uniform thiab adherent hlau txheej ntawm lub substrate. Lub cyanide ions nyob rau hauv lub plating da dej complex nrog cov hlau ions, pab txhawb lub deposition ntawm ib tug du thiab txawm hlau txheej.

Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Kev Nyab Xeeb

Toxicity Mechanism

Sodium cyanide yog tshuaj lom heev. Thaum noj, nqus, los yog nqus los ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nws dissociates tso tawm cyanide ions (CN⁻). Cov cyanide ions khi rau cov hlau (III) hauv cytochrome c oxidase, ib qho enzyme hauv mitochondria ntawm cov hlwb. Qhov kev khi no inhibits lub enzyme txoj haujlwm, tiv thaiv kev hloov ntawm electrons hauv cov saw hlau thauj khoom. Yog li ntawd, cov hlwb tsis tuaj yeem siv cov pa oxygen zoo, ua rau lub xeev ntawm cellular asphyxiation. Txawm tias me me ntawm sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.

Cov teebmeem tshwm sim

• Txhuam: Kev noj tshuaj sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob tshwm sim sai. Cov tsos mob thawj zaug tuaj yeem suav nrog kub hnyiab hauv qhov ncauj thiab caj pas, ua raws li xeev siab, ntuav, mob plab, thiab raws plab. Raws li cov tshuaj lom mus ntxiv, tej zaum yuav ua rau ua pa nyuaj, lub plawv dhia ceev los yog tsis meej, kiv taub hau, mob taub hau, thiab tsis meej pem. Cov mob hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau qaug dab peg, tsis nco qab, thiab tuag hauv feeb mus rau teev.

• Inhalation: Kev nqus cov pa hydrogen cyanide, uas tuaj yeem tso tawm los ntawm sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv muaj cov dej noo los yog acids, kuj yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev nqus pa tuaj yeem suav nrog kev ua pa ntawm lub ntsws, hnoos, ua tsis taus pa, hauv siab nruj, thiab hnov ​​​​tsw. Kev nqus pa siab heev tuaj yeem ua rau ua pa ntes thiab tuag sai.

• Daim tawv nqaij thiab Qhov Muag: Kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau khaus thiab hlawv rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag. Kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntev los yog dav tuaj yeem tso cai rau cov cyanide nqus mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, ua rau muaj kab mob lom.

Cov teebmeem tshwm sim ntev

Kev cuam tshuam ntev ntawm sodium cyanide tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim tab sis tseem tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev noj qab haus huv. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob xws li qaug zog, qaug zog, mob taub hau, teeb meem nco, thiab kev puas tsuaj rau cov thyroid caj pas. Kev kis mus ntev kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov kab mob neurological thiab tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov hlab plawv thiab cov hlab ntsws.

Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm

cia

Sodium cyanide yuav tsum muab cia rau hauv qhov chaw txias, qhuav, zoo-ventilated cheeb tsam kom deb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tshav kub, ignition, thiab ya raws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm cov kua qaub, oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, thiab lwm yam khoom tsis sib xws. Cov thawv ntim khoom yuav tsum tau muab kaw kom nruj thiab ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tiv taus corrosion los ntawm sodium cyanide, xws li high-density polyethylene lossis steel. Lub chaw cia khoom yuav tsum tau cim kom meej nrog cov cim ceeb toom tsim nyog, thiab kev nkag mus yuav tsum txwv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tso cai nkaus xwb.

Tsheb thauj mus los

Thaum thauj sodium cyanide, cov kev cai nruj yuav tsum tau ua raws. Nws raug cais raws li cov khoom siv phom sij, thiab nws txoj kev thauj mus los yog raws li kev cai thauj mus los thoob ntiaj teb thiab hauv tebchaws. Cov thawv uas siv rau kev thauj mus los yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li cov qauv tsim thiab kev tsim kho tshwj xeeb kom tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob tawg. Thaum lub sij hawm kev thauj mus los, cov khoom siv yuav tsum raug tiv thaiv los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab kev sib cuag nrog lwm yam khoom tsis sib xws. Cov phiaj xwm teb xwm txheej kub ntxhov thiab cov khoom siv nchuav yuav tsum muaj thaum lub caij tsheb thauj mus los thaum muaj xwm txheej.

Kev Siv Ceeb Toom

• Cov Khoom Siv Tiv Thaiv Tus Kheej (PPE): Cov neeg ua haujlwm tuav cov tshuaj sodium cyanide yuav tsum hnav PPE tsim nyog, suav nrog cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv tshuaj, tsom iav kev nyab xeeb lossis cov ntaub thaiv npog ntsej muag, khaub ncaws tiv thaiv, thiab tiv thaiv ua pa. Cov cuab yeej ua pa ntawm tus kheej (SCBA) yuav tsum tau siv thaum muaj qhov tshwm sim siab, xws li thaum lub sij hawm cov lus teb los yog hauv qhov chaw tsis zoo.

• Engineering Controls: Cov chaw ua haujlwm uas siv sodium cyanide yuav tsum muaj lub tshuab ua pa kom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj cov pa roj hydrogen cyanide. Kev tso pa tawm hauv zos yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas sodium cyanide raug tswj lossis ua tiav kom ntes tau cov pa tawm. Tag nrho cov cuab yeej siv los tuav cov sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau tsim los txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau thiab nchuav.

• Kev cob qhia thiab kev teb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev: Cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tuav cov tshuaj sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau txais kev cob qhia dav dav txog nws cov khoom, kev phom sij, cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov lus teb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Cov phiaj xwm teb xwm txheej kub ntxhov yuav tsum nyob hauv qhov chaw, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau kawm ua ntej - kev pab cuam rau cov tshuaj lom cyanide, suav nrog kev tswj hwm tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tias muaj. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas muaj nchuav los yog tso tawm, cov txheej txheem tswj kom tsim nyog thiab ntxuav yuav tsum tau ua raws li tam sim ntawd txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom lom.

xaus

Sodium cyanide, txawm hais tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntau daim ntawv thov kev lag luam, yog cov khoom txaus ntshai heev vim nws cov tshuaj lom heev. Kev nkag siab txog nws cov khoom, kev siv, thiab kev phom sij yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab ib puag ncig. Los ntawm kev ua raws li kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ntsuas nruj, cov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog sodium cyanide tuaj yeem txo qis, tso cai rau nws siv txuas ntxiv hauv kev lag luam uas nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ceev faj tsis tu ncua thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb yog tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.