Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sodium Cyanide mu Pharmaceutical and Organic Synthesis

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), mankhwala opangidwa ndi inorganic, ngakhale ali ndi poizoni wambiri, amatenga gawo lalikulu pamafakitale ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza ntchito zake mu pharmaceutical and Organic kaphatikizidwe, kuwonetsa kufunika kwake ndi machitidwe omwe amatenga nawo mbali.

Ntchito mu Pharmaceutical Synthesis

Kaphatikizidwe wa Mankhwala Odziwika

1. Penicillin

Cyanide mankhwala, kuphatikizapo Sodium cyanide, amakhudzidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala ena a penicillin. Muzovuta zamagulu angapo a penicillin, machitidwe ena amafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwamagulu enaake ogwira ntchito. Sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambitsa gulu la cyanide (-CN) muzinthu zazikulu zapakatikati. Gulu la cyanideli limatha kusinthidwanso kudzera mu hydrolysis, kuchepetsa, kapena kusintha kwamankhwala ena kuti apange ma cell omwe amafunidwa omwe ndi ofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa antibacterial wa penicillin.

2. vitamini B6

Kaphatikizidwe ka vitamini B6 kumagwiritsanso ntchito Sodium Cyanide m'njira zina zopangira. Gulu la cyanide lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi sodium cyanide atha kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono ndikusintha kwamagulu. Mwachitsanzo, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga pyridine mphete, khalidwe la vitamini B6. Kupyolera muzinthu zingapo monga kuwonjezereka kwa nucleophilic ndi kuchotseratu, cyanide - yomwe ili ndi apakatikati imatha kusinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kukhala chinthu chomaliza cha vitamini B6 ndi dongosolo lolondola la stereochemistry ndi gulu logwira ntchito.

3. kupatsidwa folic acid

Mu synthesis wa kupatsidwa folic acid, sodium cyanide angagwiritsidwe ntchito kaphatikizidwe wa sub - mayunitsi. Folic acid imakhala ndi mphete ya pteridine, para-aminobenzoic acid, ndi glutamic acid moieties. Sodium cyanide imatha kuphatikizidwa muzochita zomwe zimapanga kapena kusintha mawonekedwe a magawowa. Mwachitsanzo, popanga mphete ya pteridine, ma cyanide-based reaction atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa nayitrogeni - yomwe ili ndi magulu ogwira ntchito, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi chilengedwe chonse cha folic acid.

4. Kafeini

Kaphatikizidwe ka caffeine kungaphatikizepo sodium cyanide mu njira zina zopangira. Mapangidwe a methylxanthine a caffeine amatha kupangidwa kudzera muzotsatira zingapo kuyambira pamayendedwe osavuta. Sodium cyanide imatha kutenga nawo gawo pazochita zomwe zimabweretsa magulu ogwira ntchito pamalo enaake pamapangidwe a mphete, omwe amapangidwa ndi methylated ndikusinthidwanso kuti apange caffeine. Magulu ogwira ntchito opangidwa ndi cyanide amatha kukhala ngati zomangira zofunika popanga molekyulu ya caffeine.

Kaphatikizidwe ka Pharmaceutical Intermediates

1. Amino Acids mu Pharmaceuticals

Ma amino acid ndizomwe zimapangira mankhwala ambiri. Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma amino acid ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu kaphatikizidwe ka Strecker, aldehyde kapena ketone imakhudzidwa ndi ammonia ndi sodium cyanide kupanga α - amino nitrile. α - amino nitrile imatha kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed kuti ipange ma amino acid ofanana. Izi zimapereka njira yosunthika yopangira ma amino acid omwe si achilengedwe komanso achilengedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, kaya ngati zosakaniza zopangira mankhwala (APIs) okha kapena ngati zopatsirana zofunika kwambiri za mamolekyu amankhwala ovuta kwambiri.

2. Zapakati pa Mankhwala Oletsa Khansa

Mu chitukuko cha mankhwala anticancer, sodium cyanide angagwiritsidwe ntchito synthesis enieni intermediates. Mankhwala ena oletsa khansa amakhala ndi mamolekyu ovuta omwe amafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu a nitrile pamalo olondola. Sodium cyanide ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa magulu a nitrile, omwe amatha kusinthidwa kukhala magulu ena ogwira ntchito monga ma amides, carboxylic acid, kapena amines kudzera pamachitidwe okhazikika amankhwala. Magulu ogwira ntchitowa ndi ofunikira kuti mankhwalawa agwirizane ndi mamolekyu omwe amawatsata m'maselo a khansa, monga ma enzymes kapena ma receptor omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa maselo ndi kuchulukana.

Mapulogalamu mu Organic Synthesis

Kuyamba kwa Magulu a Cyanide

1. Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide ndi reagent wamba popanga nitriles. Mu organic chemistry, pamene alkyl halide imachita ndi sodium cyanide mu polar aprotic zosungunulira monga dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) kapena dimethylformamide (DMF), zomwe zimatsatira m'malo mwa nucleophilic bimolecular mechanism. Mwachitsanzo, ethyl bromide imakhudzidwa ndi sodium cyanide mu DMSO kupanga ethyl cyanide, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti propionitrile. Nitriles ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mu kaphatikizidwe ka organic. Atha kusinthidwa kukhala ma carboxylic acid kudzera mu hydrolysis, kuchepetsedwa kupanga ma amines oyambira, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a heterocyclic.

2. Onunkhira Nitrile kaphatikizidwe

Sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito popanga nitriles onunkhira. Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa aryl halides ndi sodium cyanide zimakhala zovuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe zili ndi alkyl halides chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa aryl halides. Komabe, pazifukwa zina, monga kugwiritsa ntchito chothandizira mkuwa chomwe chimadziwika kuti Rosenmund - von Braun reaction, aryl nitriles ikhoza kupangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, bromobenzene imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa copper(I) cyanide mu DMF kupanga benzonitrile.

Kaphatikizidwe ka Complex Organic Molecules

1. Kuphatikizika kwa Heterocyclic Compounds

Sodium cyanide nthawi zambiri imatenga nawo mbali popanga mankhwala a heterocyclic, omwe amapezeka kwambiri muzinthu zachilengedwe, mankhwala, ndi zinthu zina. Pakupanga ma pyrimidines, gulu la mankhwala a heterocyclic omwe ali ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri zamoyo, sodium cyanide imatha kutenga nawo mbali muzochita zomwe zimamanga kapangidwe ka mphete ya pyrimidine. Njira imodzi yotereyi ndi pamene 1,3 - diCarbonYl compound imakumana ndi urea ndi sodium cyanide pansi pa zinthu zoyambira. Gulu la cyanide limaphatikizidwa mu reaction intermediate, ndipo kudzera mu zochitika zingapo za cyclization ndi emission, mphete ya pyrimidine imapangidwa.

2. Kaphatikizidwe ka Natural Product - ngati mamolekyulu

Mu kaphatikizidwe ka mamolekyu ovuta omwe amafanana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamasitepe ofunikira kuyambitsa magulu ogwira ntchito kapena kupanga ma carbon - carbon bonds. Mwachitsanzo, pakuphatikizika kwa ma alkaloid ena, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambitsa gulu la nitrile pamalo enaake mkati mwa molekyulu. Gulu la nitrile litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochita ngati Grignard - machitidwe amtundu kuti apange ma carbon - carbon bonds kapena kusinthidwa kukhala magulu ena ogwira ntchito, kulola kuti pang'onopang'ono pomanga kapangidwe kazinthu zachilengedwe.

Zilingaliro Za Chitetezo

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Imatha kutulutsa ma cyanide ions mu njira, yomwe imatha kumangirira ku iron(III) mu cytochrome c oxidase m'maselo, kuletsa kupuma kwa ma cell ndikupangitsa kufa mwachangu kwa cell. Chifukwa chake, pamagwiritsidwe aliwonse okhudzana ndi sodium cyanide, malamulo okhwima otetezedwa ayenera kutsatiridwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo kunyamula m'miyendo yolowera mpweya wabwino, kuvala zida zodzitetezera zoyenera monga magolovesi, magalasi, zovala zodzitchinjiriza, komanso kukhala ndi mapulani oyenerera pakagwa ngozi. Kuonjezera apo, zinyalala zomwe zili ndi sodium cyanide ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino kuti zisawononge chilengedwe.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale ili ndi kawopsedwe kwambiri, ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala ndi organic. Imathandiza kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, mankhwala intermediates, ndi zovuta organic mamolekyu. Pomvetsetsa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso kutsatira njira zotetezeka, akatswiri azamankhwala amatha kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide kupanga mankhwala atsopano, zida, ndi zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali. Komabe, kuyesayesa kukupanganso njira zina, zopanda poizoni zomwe zimadalira pa sodium cyanide kuti achepetse zoopsa zomwe zingachitike.