Kuchiza kwa Cyanide Yoopsa Kwambiri - Yokhala Ndi Zinyalala Zamadzimadzi

Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zakumwa zonyansa ndi zapoizoni kwambiri ndipo zimawopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Choncho, kusamalira bwino zakumwa zotayidwa zotere n’kofunika kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza njira zingapo zothandizira anthu omwe ali ndi poizoni kwambiri cyanide - okhala ndi zakumwa zotayira.

1. Njira za Oxidation Chemical

1.1 Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination

• Mfundo: Mu malo okhala ndi alkaline, zinthu zamphamvu zopangitsa kuti oksidi monga mpweya wa chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, kapena calcium hypochlorite zimawonjezedwa ku cyanide - madzi otayira zinyalala. Ma hypochlorite ions amachitapo kanthu ndi ma cyanide ions mu njira ziwiri. Choyamba, cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala cyanate, kenako imasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga Carbon mpweya wa kaboni ndi nayitrogeni.

• Njira ikuyenda:

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• PH Kusintha: Yambani ndikuwonjezera sodium hydroxide ku cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi otayira kuti muyike mtengo wa pH pakati pa 10 - 11.

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• Kuwonjezera Oxidant: Pang'onopang'ono fotokozani kuchuluka koyenera kwa okosijeni wosankhidwa, monga sodium hypochlorite solution. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wofunikira kumadalira kuchuluka kwa cyanide mumadzi otayira. Onetsetsani mosalekeza panthawi yowonjezera kuti muwonetsetse kusakaniza.

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• Kuchita ndi Kuwunika: Lolani zomwe zikuchitikazo zipitirire kwa maola angapo ndikuyang'ana nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa cyanide mumadzi otayira ponseponse. Njira zowunikira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide - maelekitirodi enieni kapena njira za colorimetric.

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• Neutralization ndi Kutaya: Zomwe zimachitikazo zikatha ndipo ndende ya cyanide ikukumana ndi muyezo wotuluka (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 0.5 mg/L m'madera ambiri), sinthani pH yamadzi otayira kukhala osalowerera ndale (pH = 6 - 9) ndi asidi yoyenera ngati sulfuric acid, ndiyeno mutulutse.

1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Njira

• Mfundo: Hydrogen peroxide ndi amphamvu oxidizing wothandizira. Pamaso pa chothandizira monga ma ion amkuwa, amatha kutulutsa ayoni a cyanide mumadzi otayira, kusintha cyanide kukhala nayitrogeni wopanda poizoni ndi carbon dioxide.

• Njira ikuyenda:

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• PH Kusintha: Sinthani pH mtengo wa cyanide - wokhala ndi zotayira zamadzimadzi kukhala acidic osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri kuzungulira pH = 3 - 5, chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide amakhala othandiza kwambiri pakakhala acidic.

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• Catalyst ndi Hydrogen Peroxide Addition: Onjezani pang'ono chothandizira, mwachitsanzo, mkuwa wa sulfate, kumadzi otayika, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono onjezerani yankho la hydrogen peroxide. Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide kuwonjezeredwa kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuti cyanide ikhale yokwanira. Popeza anachita ndi exothermic, tcherani khutu kulamulira anachita kutentha kupewa kutenthedwa.

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• Kuchita ndi Kupatukana: Pambuyo powonjezera kumalizidwa, lolani kuti zomwe zikuchitika ziyendere kwakanthawi. Kenako, pangani zolimba - kulekanitsa kwamadzimadzi, monga kudzera mu sedimentation kapena kusefera, kuchotsa zinthu zilizonse zomwe zagwa, monga ma hydroxides achitsulo ngati pali ayoni zitsulo zolemera mumadzi otaya.

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• Post - chithandizo: Wodwala kwambiri amatha kuthandizidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kutsatsa kapena kupatukana kwa membrane, kuti awonetsetse kuti madzi omaliza amakwaniritsa miyezo yoyenera.

1.3 Njira ya Ozone Oxidation

• Mfundo: Ozoni ndi chinthu champhamvu chotulutsa okosijeni chokhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kotulutsa okosijeni. Ikalowetsedwa mu cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zakumwa zonyansa, imakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi ayoni a cyanide, ndikuyiyika kuzinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbonate ndi nayitrogeni. Dongosolo la machitidwe ndizovuta ndipo zingaphatikizepo zinthu zapakatikati. Kukhalapo kwa zitsulo zopangira zitsulo, monga mkuwa ndi ma magnesium ayoni, kumatha kufulumizitsa zomwe zimachitika.

• Njira ikuyenda:

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• Waste Liquid Pretreatment: Choyamba, chotsani zonyansa zazikulu - tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zolimba zokhazikika mu cyanide - zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi otayirira posefera kapena kusefa. Izi zimalepheretsa kutsekeka kwa zida zopangira ozoni ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zomwe zikuchitika zikuyenda bwino.

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• Chiyambi cha Ozone ndi Chiyambi: Gwiritsani ntchito jenereta ya ozoni kuti mupange mpweya wa ozone, womwe umalowetsedwa mumadzi otayira kudzera pa chipangizo chogawa gasi. Kuchuluka kwa ozone komwe kumayambitsa kuyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide komanso kuchuluka kwamadzi otayira.

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• Kuchita ndi Kuwunika: Chitani zomwezo mu tanki yotsekedwa kwa nthawi inayake. Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira mu nthawi yeniyeni pamene mukuyankha. Nthawi yochitira nthawi imakhala yaifupi kuposa njira zina zamakutidwe ndi okosijeni, komabe zimatengera momwe zimatayira zinyalala.

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• Chithandizo cha Utsi: Pambuyo pazimenezi, madzi amadzimadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito angafunikire chithandizo chowonjezera, monga kusintha pH mtengo ndikuchotsa ozoni iliyonse yotsalira - yokhudzana ndi - mankhwala, kuti akwaniritse miyezo yotulutsidwa.

2. Thupi - Mankhwala Njira

2.1 Njira Yosinthira Ion

• Mfundo: Ma ion apadera - ma resin osinthanitsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma resinswa ali ndi magulu ogwira ntchito omwe amatha kusankha ma cyanide ions kapena zitsulo - cyanide complexes mumadzi otayira. Mwachitsanzo, ma anion - resins osinthanitsa amatha kusinthanitsa ma anion awo ndi cyanide ions mu yankho.

• Njira ikuyenda:

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• Kusankha utomoni ndi Kukonzekera: Sankhani ion yoyenera - kusinthana utomoni kutengera mawonekedwe a cyanide - okhala ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi, monga mtundu wazitsulo - ma cyanide complexes omwe alipo. Sungani utomoni powatsuka ndi asidi ndi alkali solution kuti mutsegule ntchito yake yosinthira.

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• Column Packing: Longetsani utomoni wokonzedweratu mu gawo la ion - kusinthana.

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• Kudutsa kwa Zinyalala zamadzimadzi: Pang'onopang'ono perekani cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi otayika kudzera mugawo la ion - kusinthana. Yesetsani kuthamanga kuti muwonetsetse nthawi yokwanira yolumikizana pakati pa madzi otayira ndi utomoni.

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• Kusintha kwa Resin: Utomoni ukakhala kuti watulutsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide, uyenera kupangidwanso. Njira yokonzanso nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira yobwezeretsanso, monga asidi amphamvu kapena njira yamphamvu yoyambira, kuchotsa ayoni adsorbed cyanide mu utomoni. Utomoni wopangidwanso ukhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.

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• Chithandizo cha Regeneration Liquid: Madzi osinthika, omwe amakhala ndi cyanide wambiri, amafunikira chithandizo chowonjezera, nthawi zambiri kudzera mwa njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala tafotokozera pamwambapa, kutembenuza cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni.

2.2 Njira ya Adsorption

• Mfundo: Zokometsera monga Carbon Woyendetsa ndi zeolite zili ndi malo akuluakulu apadera komanso mphamvu yamphamvu yothira madzi. Zitha kuyamwa ma ayoni a cyanide ndi zinthu zina zodetsa mumadzimadzi otayira kudzera mu kuyamwa kwa thupi, monga mphamvu za van der Waals, ndi kuyamwa kwa mankhwala, monga kupanga ma bond a mankhwala ndi magulu ogwira ntchito pamwamba. Mpweya woyatsidwa, makamaka, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yayikulu yothira madzi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.

• Njira ikuyenda:

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• Kusankhidwa kwa Adsorbent ndi Pretreatment: Sankhani adsorbent yoyenera malinga ndi mtundu wa zotayidwa zamadzimadzi. Mwachitsanzo, granular activated carbon nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza anthu akuluakulu, pamene mpweya wa ufa ukhoza kukhala woyenera pamankhwala ang'onoang'ono kapena apamwamba kwambiri. Pretreat the adsorbent ndi kutsuka ndi kuyanika kuchotsa zonyansa.

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• Njira ya Adsorption: Onjezani adsorbent ku cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi ndikugwedeza mosalekeza kuti muwonjezere malo olumikizana pakati pa adsorbent ndi madzi otaya. Nthawi yotsatsa imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi mtundu wa adsorbent, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mphindi zingapo mpaka maola angapo.

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• Kupatukana: Kutsatsa kukatha, patulani adsorbent kuchokera kumadzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kusefera kapena sedimentation.

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• Adsorbent Regeneration: Mofanana ndi ion - resin exchange, adsorbent yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ikhoza kusinthidwanso. Kwa activated carbon, njira zotsitsimutsa zimaphatikizapo kusinthika kwamafuta (kuwotcha mpweya wotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri kuti muwononge zinthu zomwe zimadsorbed) ndi kusinthika kwa mankhwala (pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira mankhwala kuti agwirizane ndi zinthu zomwe zimadsorbed).

3. Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe

• Mfundo: Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kuwononga cyanide. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timagwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni, nayitrogeni, kapena mphamvu pazachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena amatha kusintha cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga ammonia ndi mpweya woipa kudzera m'magulu angapo a ma enzymatic reaction. Njira yonseyi imakhudza kagayidwe kazinthu zazing'onoting'ono, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta cyanide titha kukhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za kagayidwe kachakudya.

• Njira ikuyenda:

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• Kusankha ndi Kulima kwa Microorganism: Sankhani tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta cyanide, zomwe titha kuzipatula kumadera achilengedwe monga dothi kapena malo oyeretsera madzi oyipa. Limbitsani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu labotale kuti mupeze mlingo wokwanira wa inoculum ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Malo olima ayenera kukhala ndi zakudya zoyenera kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizikula.

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• Kukonzekera kwa Reactor: Khazikitsani makina ochitira zinthu mwachilengedwe, monga choyatsira matope kapena choyatsira biofilm. Mu adamulowetsa sludge riyakitala, ndi tizilombo ndi mu inaimitsidwa boma mu zinyalala riyakitala, pamene mu biofilm riyakitala, tizilombo timagwiritsa ntchito olimba thandizo pamwamba kupanga biofilm.

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• Chithandizo cha Zinyalala zamadzimadzi: Yambitsani cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zinyalala mu makina opangira mankhwala. Yang'anirani malo achilengedwe mu riyakitala, kuphatikiza kutentha (nthawi zambiri mozungulira 25 - 35 ° C), pH (nthawi zambiri mozungulira 7 - 8), ndi mpweya wosungunuka, kuti mupange malo oyenera okhala ndi tizilombo.

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• Kuyang'anira ndi Kuwongolera: Nthawi zonse kuwunika ndende ya cyanide ndi zina zogwirizana magawo mu zinyalala zamadzimadzi pa ndondomeko ya mankhwala. Kusintha zikhalidwe ntchito riyakitala mwamsanga malinga ndi zotsatira polojekiti kuonetsetsa khola ntchito dongosolo kwachilengedwenso mankhwala.

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• Chithandizo cha Utsi: Pambuyo pa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, madzi otayira amatha kukhalabe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tinthu tating'ono ta organic. Kuchiza kwina, monga kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga kuwala kwa ultraviolet kapena kuwonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo) ndi kusefera, kungakhale kofunikira kuti mukwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa.

4. Kuganizira mu Chithandizo

• Safety Choyamba: Cyanide - yomwe imakhala ndi zakumwa zonyansa ndi zapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zonse zothandizira ziyenera kuchitikira pamalo opuma mpweya wabwino, makamaka mu fume hood. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera zoyenera, kuphatikiza magolovesi othina, magalasi, ndi zida zotetezera kupuma.

• Kutsimikiza Kokhazikika Kokhazikika: Pamaso mankhwala molondola kuyeza ndende ya cyanide mu zinyalala zamadzimadzi. Izi ndizofunikira posankha njira yoyenera yochizira ndikuzindikira mlingo wa othandizira.

• Chithandizo Chophatikiza: Nthawi zambiri, njira imodzi yochiritsira ikhoza kukhala yosakwanira kukwaniritsa miyezo yotulutsidwa. Choncho, ganizirani kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala okosijeni ndi chithandizo chachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumatha kupeza zotsatira zabwino zamankhwala.

• Mphamvu Zachilengedwe: Posankha njira zochiritsira ndi othandizira, ganizirani momwe angakhudzire chilengedwe. Sankhani njira ndi othandizira omwe ndi ochezeka ndi chilengedwe komanso omwe amatulutsa kuipitsidwa kochepa.

• Kutsata Malamulo: Onetsetsani kuti njira yopangira mankhwala ndi mtundu womaliza wa utsi zikugwirizana ndi malamulo okhudza chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Nthawi zonse muziyang'anira ndikufotokozera zotsatira za chithandizo kumadipatimenti oyenera oteteza chilengedwe.

Pomaliza, mankhwala a poizoni cyanide - munali zinyalala zamadzimadzi kumafuna mwatsatanetsatane zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Posankha njira yoyenera yochizira ndikutsata mosamalitsa njira zogwirira ntchito, titha kuchepetsa kawopsedwe ka cyanide - okhala ndi zakumwa zonyansa ndikuteteza chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.