Persulfate Oxidation bakeng sa Phekolo ea Metsi a Litšila ea Cyanide: Thuto e Feletseng

Selelekela

Cyanide, motsoako o chefo haholo, e sebelisoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa indasteri joalo ka ho polata ka motlakase, ho merafo le ho qeta tšepe. Ka lebaka leo, ho hlahisoa metsi a litšila a mangata a nang le cyanide , e leng tšokelo e kholo tikolohong le bophelong ba batho. Mekhoa ea setso ea kalafo ea metsi a litšila ea Cyanide , joalo ka alkaline chlorination, e na le mathata a 'maloa. Tsena li kenyelletsa ho thehoa ha lihlahisoa tse chefo, tšebeliso e phahameng ea lik'hemik'hale, le bokhoni bo tlase ba ho tlosa metsoako ea tšepe-cyanide. Ka lebaka leo, ho na le tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea mahlale a kalafo a sebetsang hantle le a mosa tikolohong.

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation (AOPs) e hlahile e le mekhoa e meng e tšepisang ea ho phekola metsi a litšila a cyanide. Har'a tsena, mokhoa oa oxidation oa Persulfate o hohetse tlhokomelo e kholo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba oona bo matla ba oxidation, ho sebetsa ha pH ka bophara, le ts'ebetso e bonolo. Sengoliloeng sena sa blog se ikemiselitse ho fana ka kakaretso e felletseng ea mokhoa oa oxidation oa persulfate bakeng sa kalafo ea metsi a litšila a cyanide, ho akaretsa mokhoa oa ona, lintlha tse susumetsang, le lits'ebetso tse sebetsang.

Mechanism ea Persulfate Oxidation

Persulfate, e teng e le peroxydisulfate (PDS) kapa peroxymonosulfate (PMS), e ka sebelisoa ka mekhoa e fapaneng, joalo ka mocheso, leseli la UV, litšepe tsa phetoho, kapa alkalinity, ho hlahisa li-radicals tse sebetsang haholo tsa sulfate. Li-radicals tsena tsa sulfate li na le bokhoni bo phahameng ba oxidation, e li nolofalletsang ho hlahisa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lintho tse silafatsang tsa organic le inorganic, ho kenyeletsoa cyanide.

Mokhoa oa karabelo ea oxidation ea persulfate ea cyanide o rarahane mme o kenyelletsa mehato e mengata. Ka kakaretso, li-radicals tsa sulfate li sebetsana le li-ion tsa cyanide ho etsa cyanate e le sehlahisoa sa bohareng. Joale cyanate e ka tšeloa oxidized hape kapa ea hydrolyzed ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse sa chefo, joalo ka nitrate, ammonium, le nitrogen gas. Litsela tse ikhethileng tsa karabelo li fapana ho latela maemo a karabelo joalo ka pH, mocheso, le boteng ba lintho tse ling. Sebakeng sa acidic, karabelo e latela tatellano e itseng, ha ka mokhoa oa mantlha, mokhoa oa ho arabela o fetoha, 'me li-radicals tsa hydroxyl le tsona li ka nka karolo ts'ebetsong ea oxidation. Li-radicals tsa Hydroxyl li ka hlahisoa ho tsoa karabelong ea li-radicals tsa sulfate ka metsi kapa ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea persulfate ka alkalinity, mme karabelo ea bona ka cyanide ke tsela ea bohlokoa ea ho tlosa cyanide.

Lintho Tse Susumetsang

1. Persulfate Concentration

Bongata ba persulfate ke ntlha ea bohlokoa e amang katleho ea kalafo ea metsi a litšila a cyanide. Ka kakaretso, ho eketsa litekanyetso tsa persulfate ho ka ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea li-radicals tsa sulfate, ka hona, ho khothalletsa oxidation ea cyanide. Leha ho le joalo, persulfate e feteletseng e ka lebisa tlhokomelong ea ho itima lintho tsa sulfate radicals, ho fokotsa ts'ebetso e akaretsang ea oxidation. Ho feta moo, khatello e phahameng ea persulfate e ka eketsa litšenyehelo tsa kalafo mme ea baka mathata a ka bang teng tikolohong ka lebaka la masala a sulfate metsing a hloekisitsoeng. Ka hona, motsoako o loketseng oa sulfate o tlameha ho khethoa ka liteko tse thehiloeng ho litšobotsi tsa metsi a litšila.

2. pH Boleng

PH ea metsi a litšila e ama haholo ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea persulfate. Maemo a fapaneng a pH a ka ama ts'ebetso ea persulfate, mefuta le ts'ebetso ea li-radicals tse hlahisitsoeng, le mofuta oa cyanide. Maemong a acidic, sulfate radicals ke mofuta o ka sehloohong o sebetsang 'me o bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng ho cyanide. Ha pH e ntse e eketseha, karolo ea hydroxyl radicals e hlahisoang ke karabelo ea sulfate radicals ka metsi kapa ts'ebetsong ea persulfate ka alkalinity ea phahama. Maemong a alkaline, hydroxyl radicals e ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ho oxidation ea cyanide. Leha ho le joalo, boleng ba pH bo phahameng haholo kapa bo tlase bo ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe karabelong. Ka mohlala, ka pH e tlaase haholo, botsitso ba persulfate bo ka 'na ba ameha, ha pH e le holimo haholo, ho qhibiliha ha li-ion tse ling tsa tšepe metsing a litšila ho ka fetoha, e leng se ka amang ts'ebetso ea persulfate le ts'ebetso ea oxidation.

3. Mocheso

Mocheso o ka potlakisa ts'ebetso ea persulfate le sekhahla sa karabelo lipakeng tsa radicals le cyanide. Lithempereichara tse phahameng hangata li lebisa tlhahisong e potlakileng ea li-radicals tsa sulfate le oxidation e sebetsang ea cyanide. Leha ho le joalo, ho eketsa mocheso ho hloka matla a eketsehileng a matla, a phahamisang litšenyehelo tsa phekolo. Ho feta moo, haeba mocheso o phahame haholo, o ka baka ho bola ha persulfate le litlamorao tse ling tse sa batleheng. Ka hona, ha u khetha mocheso o nepahetseng oa karabelo, ho tlameha ho ba le tekano pakeng tsa katleho ea phekolo le tšebeliso ea matla.

4. Ho ba teng ha Metal Ions

Li-ion tsa tšepe tse fumanehang hangata metsing a litšila a liindasteri, joalo ka Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, le Ni²⁺, li ka ba le litlamorao tse fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea oxidation ea persulfate. Li-ion tse ling tsa tšepe, joalo ka Cu²⁺, li ka sebetsa e le lintho tse thusang ho kenya tšebetsong persulfate, tsa hlahisa li-radicals tse ngata tsa sulfate le ho ntlafatsa ho ntšoa ha cyanide. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-ion tse ling tsa tšepe li ka etsa li-complexes tse nang le cyanide, tse etsang hore e tsitse le ho ba thata ho oxidize. Ho feta moo, li-ion tsa tšepe li ka boela tsa kenya letsoho liketsong tsa mahlakoreng a nang le persulfate kapa radicals, tse amang tsela e akaretsang ea karabelo le katleho. Ho utloisisa karolo ea li-ion tsa tšepe tsamaisong ea oxidation ea persulfate ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kalafo ea cyanide - e nang le metsi a litšila.

5. Nako ea ho itšoara

Nako e lekaneng ea karabelo ea hlokahala ho netefatsa oxidation e felletseng ea cyanide. Ha karabelo e ntse e tsoela pele, mahloriso a cyanide a fokotseha butle-butle. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a nako e itseng, sekhahla sa karabelo se ka fokotseha ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha li-reactants kapa ho bokella lihlahisoa tsa karabelo. Nako e nepahetseng ea karabelo e ipapisitse le lintlha tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa kholiso ea pele ea cyanide, maemo a karabelo (joalo ka khatello ea persulfate, pH le mocheso), le mofuta oa matrix a metsi a litšila. Linako tse atolositsoeng tsa karabelo ha se kamehla li bakang keketseho e leka-lekaneng ea ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa cyanide hape li ka lebisa ho eketseha ha tšebeliso ea matla le litšenyehelo tsa kalafo.

Likopo ho Liindasteri tse fapaneng

1. Indasteri ea Electroplating

Ts'ebetsong ea electroplating, cyanide e atisa ho sebelisoa ho netefatsa boleng ba tšepe ea tšepe. Metsi a litšila a hlahisoang ke electroplating a na le likarolo tse ngata tsa cyanide le metal - cyanide complexes. Persulfate oxidation e bontšitse bokhoni bo boholo ba ho phekola metsi a litšila a cyanide ea electroplating. Mohlala, liphuputso li bonts'itse hore boteng ba palo e nepahetseng ea Cu²⁺ (e le activator) le peroxydisulfate, ho fihla ho 99% ea cyanide e ka tlosoa nakong ea metsotso e 20. Mokhoa ona o ka senya tšepe - li-cyanide complexes le ho fetola cyanide hore e be lintho tse nang le chefo e fokolang, ho finyella litekanyetso tse thata tsa ho ntša metsi bakeng sa metsi a litšila a electroplating.

2. Indasteri ea Meepo

Indasteri ea merafo, haholo-holo merafo ea khauta, e hlahisa palo e kholo ea cyanide - e nang le metsi a litšila le masalla. Cyanide e sebelisoa ha ho ntšoa khauta ho etsa khauta e qhibilihang - cyanide complexes. Persulfate - mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation e ka sebelisoa ho hloekisa metsi a litšila le masala. Mohlala, ha ho phekoloa masala a khauta a cyanide, ho ithutoe ultrasonic - activated persulfate oxidation. Ka ho sebelisa 2.0 wt.% potassium persulfate pH 10.0 metsotso e 60, katleho ea ho tlosa cyanide e ka fihla ho 53.47%. Ka ts'ebetso ea mocheso ho 60 ° C, katleho e eketseha ho 62.18%, 'me tlas'a ts'ebetso ea ultrasonic ka matla a 100%, katleho ea ho tlosa e ka fihla holimo ho 74.76%. Ka mor'a hore ultrasonic - activated persulfate - e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation phekolo, cyanide content ka toxic leaching tharollo ea masala a ka finyella maemo a naha, ho bontša ho khoneha ha mokhoa ona indastering ea merafo.

3. Metal Finishing Industry

Ka indasteri ea ho qeta tšepe, cyanide e sebelisoa mekhoeng e fapaneng ea phekolo ea holim'a metsi. Cyanide e hlahisoang - e nang le metsi a litšila e hloka ho hloekisoa hantle ho qoba tšilafalo ea tikoloho. Persulfate oxidation e ka kopanngoa le mekhoa ea phekolo ea metsi a litšila ea limela tse qetellang ka tšepe. Ka ho ntlafatsa maemo a karabelo, joalo ka ho lokisa mahloriso a persulfate, pH, le nako ea karabelo, ho tlosoa ha cyanide ho ka fihlelleha. Sena ha se thuse feela indasteri ea ho qeta tšepe ho latela melao ea tikoloho empa hape e fokotsa likotsi tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng tse amanang le ho tsoa ha cyanide.

Case Studies

Taba ea 1: Phekolo ea Metsi a litšila a Sebele a Electroplating

Ho ile ha etsoa boithuto ka metsi a litšila a 'nete a electroplating a nang le cyanide, a a phekola ka ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea persulfate. Ha ho ne ho eketsoa tekanyo e itseng ea persulfate, palo e khōlō ea cyanide metsing a litšila e ne e ka ntšoa ka ho feletseng nakong ea metsotso e 20. Liphetho tsa liteko tse ngata li bonts'itse hore li-radicals tsa hydroxyl le sulfate radicals li ne li ikarabella bakeng sa ho tlosoa ha cyanide, 'me menehelo ea bona e ne e tšoana. Cynate le nitrite li ile tsa fumanoa e le tsona tse ka sehloohong - lihlahisoa. Boithuto bona bo bonts'itse katleho ea oxidation ea persulfate ho alafa metsi a litšila a 'nete a lefats'e a electroplating cyanide.

Taba ea 2: Phekolo ea Masala a Cyanide ea Khauta

Ts'ebetsong ea merafo ea khauta, masala a khauta a cyanide a ile a phekoloa ka persulfate - ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation. Masala a ne a e-na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa cyanide tse neng li hloka ho fokotsoa ho finyella litekanyetso tsa ho lahla. Ka liteko, ho ile ha fumanoa hore ka ho sebelisa potassium persulfate le ho ntlafatsa maemo a karabelo, ho kenyelletsa pH, mocheso, le mekhoa ea ts'ebetso (e kang ultrasonic activation), litaba tsa cyanide ka tharollo e chefo ea leaching ea masalla e ka fokotseha haholo. Ka mor'a hore ultrasonic - activated persulfate - e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation phekolo, cyanide content ka toxic leaching solution kopana le maemo a naha ea Chaena. Nyeoe ena e bonts'a ts'ebeliso e atlehileng ea oxidation ea persulfate ho phekola masala a khauta a cyanide, ho fana ka tharollo e sebetsang bakeng sa ho lahla litšila tsa merafo ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng.

Mathata le Maikutlo a Bokamoso

1. Mathata

• Katleho ea litšenyehelo : Leha ho oxidation ea persulfate ho bontša bokhoni bo boholo ba ho phekola metsi a litšila a cyanide, litšenyehelo tsa persulfate le matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso (joalo ka ts'ebetso ea mocheso kapa ea ultrasound) li ka ba holimo haholo. Ho hlahisa mekhoa e metle ea ho hlahisa le ho kenya tšebetsong persulfate hoa hlokahala ho etsa hore theknoloji ena e sebetse haholoanyane.

• Ho rarahana ha Matrix ea Metsi a Litšila : Cyanide ea indasteri - e nang le metsi a litšila hangata e na le motsoako o rarahaneng oa lintho tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa li-ion tse fapaneng tsa tšepe, metsoako ea lintho tse phelang le letsoai. Likarolo tsena li ka sebelisana le persulfate le radicals, e leng se amang mokhoa oa karabelo le katleho. Ho utloisisa le ho laola likamano tsena tse rarahaneng ke phephetso lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang.

• Persulfate e setseng le lihlahisoa tse setseng : Persulfate e setseng metsing a phekotsoeng e ka baka mathata a tikoloho, 'me lihlahisoa tse ling tse setseng, tse kang nitrite, le tsona li ka hloka ho phekoloa ho fihlela maemo a thata ka ho fetisisa a tikoloho. Ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea ho tlosa persulfate e setseng ka katleho le ho laola ho thehoa ha lihlahisoa tse kotsi tse setseng ke sebaka sa bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling.

2. Menahano ea Bokamoso

• Mekhoa e Mecha ea ho Kenya Ts'ebetsong : Lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele mekhoa e mecha le e sebetsang haholoanyane ea ho kenya ts'ebetsong bakeng sa persulfate. Mohlala, ho sebelisa li-catalyst tse ncha joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa nanomaterial kapa li-framework tsa tšepe - organic (MOFs) ho kenya ts'ebetsong persulfate ho ka fana ka sekhahla se phahameng sa karabelo le khetho. Ho feta moo, ho hlahloba motsoako oa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho kenya ts'ebetsong, joalo ka ho sebelisa mocheso le catalyst ka nako e le 'ngoe, ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho kenya persulfate.

• Kopanyo le Mahlale a Mang a Kalafo : Ho kopanya oxidation ea persulfate le mahlale a mang a kalafo, joalo ka kalafo ea baeloji, ho sefa lera, kapa ho monya metsi, ho ka fihlella litlamorao tse betere tsa kalafo ka kakaretso. Mohlala, ho phekola pele ho kalafo ka oxidation ea persulfate ho qhaqha metsoako e rarahaneng ea cyanide ho ka etsa hore metsi a litšila a lokele kalafo e latelang ea baeloji.

• Tlhokomelo le Ntlafatso ea Ts'ebetso Sebakeng : Nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea ho lekola sebakeng bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea persulfate, joalo ka ho lemoha ka nako ea sebele mahloriso a maholo le lihlahisoa tsa ho senyeha ha cyanide, e ka thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo tsoelo-pele ea karabelo le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kalafo. Sena se ka lebisa lits'ebetsong tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila tsa cyanide tse sebetsang hantle le tse tšepahalang haholoanyane.

Qetellong, mokhoa oa persulfate oxidation o bontša tšepiso e kholo ea phekolo ea cyanide - e nang le metsi a litšila. Ka lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le nts'etsopele ea ho rarolla mathata a teng, theknoloji ena e na le monyetla oa ho ba mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho hloekisa metsi a litšila a cyanide liindastering tse sa tšoaneng, ho kenya letsoho ho sireletsa tikoloho le nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng.