Ngaba ulwazi lwakho lwe-sodium cyanide lubanzi?

I-Sodium cyanide , enefomyula yeekhemikhali i-NaCN, yikhompawundi enika ingqwalasela enkulu ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okwahlukeneyo, kunye nobuthi obuphezulu. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuboneleleni ngenkcazo eneenkcukacha ze- Sodium cyanide , liphonononga ulwakhiwo lwayo, iimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali, iindlela zokuvelisa, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nezinto ezinxulumene noko ezichaphazela ukhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ulwakhiwo lweMichiza kunye neePropati

I-sodium cyanide yi-ionic compound eyenziwe yi-sodium cations (Na+) kunye ne-cyanide anions (CN-). I-cyanide ion inesakhiwo esithe ngqo, kunye ne- Carbon atom ebotshelelwe kathathu kwi-nitrogen atom. Esi sakhiwo sinefuthe kwindlela esebenza ngayo i-compound kunye ne-toxicity.

Properties Properties

• Inkangeleko : Ngokwesiqhelo, iSodium Cyanide izibonakalisa njenge-crystalline solid emhlophe, kodwa inokufumaneka kwimo yomgubo okanye i-lump.

• Ukunyibilika : Inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, malunga ne-400 grams iyakwazi ukunyibilika kwilitha enye yamanzi kwi-25°C. Oku kunyibilika okuphezulu kuyenza ibe luncedo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, kodwa ikwaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokuchitheka ngengozi kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga.

• Amanqaku okunyibilika nokubila : I-sodium cyanide ineqondo lokunyibilika eliphezulu eliyi-563.7°C kunye neqondo lokubila eliyi-1496°C, nto leyo ebonisa amandla eebhondi ze-ionic ezibamba i-compound kunye.

• Uxinano : Uxinano lwayo lumalunga ne-1.6 grams nge-cubic centimeter nganye, lukhulu kunolo lwamanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inyibilike kwizisombululo zamanzi.

Iimpawu zeMichiza

• Isiseko : I-sodium cyanide sisiseko esomeleleyo ngokulinganayo. Xa ikwisisombululo samanzi, idlula kwi-hydrolysis. Le nkqubo ivelisa ii-hydroxide ions (OH-), nto leyo eyenza isisombululo sibe yi-alkaline.

• Ukusebenza kwakhona ngeeMetals : Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ze- sodium cyanide kukunamathela kwayo kakhulu kwiimetals. Kwimizi-mveliso efana nokumbiwa kwegolide , xa kukho ioksijini namanzi, i-sodium cyanide isabela negolide. Le mpendulo yenza i-complex ye-soluble gold cyanide, evumela ukukhutshwa kwegolide kwiintsimbi.

• I-Reaction with Acids : I-Sodium cyanide isabela ngamandla kwii-asidi ukuze ivelise i-hydrogen cyanide, igesi enobuthi kakhulu. Nee-asidi ezibuthathaka zinokubangela le mpendulo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide ngononophelo olukhulu malunga nezinto ezine-asidi.

• Iimpendulo ze-Oxidation kunye neReduction : I-Sodium cyanide inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ze-oxidation kunye neReduction. Iiarhente ze-oxidizing ezinamandla zinokuyi-oxidation ibe zizinto ezingenabungozi kangako, ngelixa phantsi kweemeko ezithile, inokusebenza njengearhente yokunciphisa kwiimpendulo zeekhemikhali.

Iindlela zeMveliso

Ukuveliswa kwe-sodium cyanide kubandakanya iinkqubo ezininzi zeekhemikhali, kunye nenkqubo ye-Andrussow kunye nenkqubo yeCasner eyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu.

Inkqubo yaseAndrussow

Le yindlela esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso yokuvelisa i-sodium cyanide. Ibandakanya ukusabela imethane, ammonia, kunye neoksijini phezu kweplatinam catalyst kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, malunga ne 1000°C. Isiphumo se-hydrogen cyanide emva koko idibana nesodium hydroxide ukuze yenze isodium cyanide.

Inkqubo yeCanner

Kwinkqubo yeCasner, i-amide yesodium isabela kunye nekhabhoni kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, malunga ne-800 - 1000 ° C, ukuvelisa i-sodium cyanide kunye negesi ye-hydrogen. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ayisetyenziswanga ngokuqhelekileyo kule mihla kuba ifuna amandla amaninzi kwaye ivelisa imveliso enobunyulu obuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yeAndrussow.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide

Isodium cyanide inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kuwo wonke amashishini ahlukeneyo, ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa zekhemikhali.

IGolide kunye neSilver Mining

Olunye lolona setyenziso lubalulekileyo lwesodium cyanide kukukhupha igolide nesilivere kwi-ores. Inkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation, ibandakanya ukunyibilikisa iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwisisombululo sesodium cyanide xa kukho ioksijini. Oku kubumba i-soluble metal cyanide complexes ezinokwahlulwa kwintsimbi ekrwada kwaye iqhubekeke nokusetyenzwa ukuze ifumane igolide esulungekileyo okanye isilivere. I-Cyanidation isebenza kakhulu ekukhupheni isinyithi esixabisekileyo kwi-ore yomgangatho ophantsi, oko kuyenza ibe bubuchule obubalulekileyo kwishishini lemigodi.

Imichiza yokuHlanganisa

Isodium cyanide sisixhobo sokwakha esibalulekileyo ekudityanisweni kweekhompawundi zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. Isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-nitriles, ezisebenza njengeziphakathi ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yamayeza, iiplastiki, kunye neentsinga zokwenziwa. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-synthesis ye-acrylonitrile, i-monomer ephambili yokwenza iifayili ze-polyacrylonitrile ezisetyenziselwa iingubo kunye nokuveliswa kwe-carbon fiber, i-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-reactant.

I-Electroplating

Kwishishini le-Electroplating , i-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa kwezinye iibhafu zokuplata ukuphucula umgangatho kunye nokunamathela kweengubo zesinyithi. Inceda ekubekeni iintsimbi ezifana nobhedu, isilivere, kunye negolide kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugqityweni okufanayo nokuhlala ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobuthi bayo, iinkqubo zokuplata ezingezizo ze-cyanide ziyaphuhliswa kwaye ziyasetyenziswa.

Abalawuli berhorho

I-sodium cyanide isetyenziswe njenge-rodenticide kunye ne-insecticide kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ubutyhefu bayo obuphezulu buyenza isebenze ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo. Kodwa amazwe amaninzi akuthintele ukusetyenziswa kwayo kule ndawo ngenxa yeengozi ezinokubakho kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Izicelo zeLabhoratri

Kwizicwangciso zebhubhoratri, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziswa njenge-reagent kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwi-organic synthesis ukwazisa iqela le-cyanide (-CN) kwiikhompawundi ze-organic, ezinokuthi ziphinde ziguqulwe ukuze zenze uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso.

IiNgqwalasela zetyhefu kunye noKhuseleko

Isodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye ibeka imingcipheko ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ityhefu Mechanism

Xa i-sodium cyanide ingena emzimbeni, idiliza ukukhulula i-cyanide ions (CN-). Ezi ion zibophelela kwiathom yentsimbi kwicytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebandakanyekayo kwikhonkco lothutho lwe-electron yeseli. Oku kubopha kuthintela umsebenzi we-enzyme, ukuthintela iiseli ekusebenziseni ioksijini ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli azikwazi ukuvelisa amandla ngokuphefumla kwe-aerobic, okukhokelela ekufeni kweeseli kwaye, kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufa kwento ephilayo.

Iindlela zokuSebenza

• Ukuphefumla : Ukuphefumla uthuli okanye umsi we-sodium cyanide kunokubangela iziphumo ezinobungozi ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba kuphefumlwa kancinci kunokuba yingozi ebomini.

• Ukuginya : Ukuginya i-sodium cyanide kuyingozi kakhulu. Idosi encinci kakhulu, edla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-50 - 100 milligrams kumntu omdala oqhelekileyo, inokubulala.

• Ukudibana kwesikhumba : Ukudibana kwesikhumba ne-sodium cyanide kunokuvumela ukuba le nto ingene emzimbeni, ingakumbi ukuba kukho amanxeba okanye imivumbo. Ukudibana kwesikhumba ixesha elide okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwesikhumba, ukutsha, kunye nobuthi emzimbeni.

Iimpawu zePoisoning

Iimpawu zetyhefu yesodium cyanide zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela kunye nobungakanani bokuvezwa. Iimpawu zakwangoko zisenokuquka intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthathaka, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, nokuziva sixinene esifubeni. Iimpawu eziphambili zinokuba kukuxhuzula, ukulahlekelwa zingqondo, ukungaphumeleli kokuphefumla, kunye nokubanjwa kwentliziyo. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, ukufa kunokuthi kwenzeke kwimizuzu embalwa emva kokuba sesichengeni.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko

Ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko kufuneka alandelwe xa uphatha i-sodium cyanide. Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekuphatheni, ekugcinweni, okanye ekuthuthweni kwayo kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olucokisekileyo kwiipropati zayo, iingozi, kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo. Abasebenzi bafanele banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kuquka iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza, iiglasi, izixhobo zokuphefumla nempahla yokuzikhusela. Iindawo ekusetyenzwa kuzo kufuneka zifakwe umoya ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuphefumla umsi okanye uthuli. I-sodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwindawo epholileyo ngaphandle kwe-acids, i-oxidizing agents, kunye nezinye izinto ezingahambelaniyo. Kwimeko yokuchitheka, ukunyanzeliswa okufanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokucoca kufuneka ziqhutywe ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ukukhutshwa komsi onobungozi. Izibonelelo ezisebenzisayo okanye ezigcina i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zibe nezicwangciso ezibanzi zokuphendula unxunguphalo, kubandakanywa neenkqubo zokujongana nokuchitheka, ukuvezwa, kunye nongxamiseko lwezonyango. Iikiti zoncedo lokuqala kunye ne-antidotes, ezifana ne-hydroxocobalamin okanye i-sodium nitrite/i-sodium thiosulfate, kufuneka zifumaneke lula ukunyanga ityhefu ye-cyanide.

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

Ukukhutshwa kwe-sodium cyanide kwindawo engqongileyo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi. Ukuba ingena emanzini, inokuba yingozi kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini. Iiyoni zecyanide ziyityhefu kwiintlanzi, kwizilwanyana ezingenamqolo, nakwezinye izinto eziphila emanzini, nto leyo ephazamisa inkqubo yendalo yasemanzini. Ukongezelela, xa i<em>sodium cyanide igaywa emanzini, inokuvelisa igesi yehydrogen cyanide, enokungena kwiatmosfera ize ibe negalelo kungcoliseko lomoya. Ukuchitheka kwesodium cyanide emhlabeni kunokungcolisa umhlaba, kuwenze ungafaneleki ukukhula kwezityalo. Icyanide inokubophelela kumasuntswana omhlaba kwaye inokuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo engqongileyo, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zomhlaba kunye nobukho bemicroorganisms ezinokuwuqhekeza. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, xa i-sodium cyanide idibana neeasidi okanye ukufuma emoyeni, inokukhupha igesi yehydrogen cyanide, isingcolisi somoya esinetyhefu eninzi enokwenzakalisa abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezikufutshane.

isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide yikhompawundi eneempawu zeekhemikhali ezizodwa ezenza ukuba zibe luncedo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ubutyhefu bayo obugqithisileyo kunye nokubakho kokwenzakala kwemekobume akunakungahoywa. Kubalulekile kuwo onke amashishini asebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ukuphumeza amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko ukukhusela abasebenzi, uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iinzame eziqhubekayo kufuneka zenziwe ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela kunye neekhompawundi ezinokufikelela kwiinjongo ezifanayo zoshishino ngaphandle kweengozi ezinxulumene ne-sodium cyanide. Ngokuqonda iimpawu zayo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye neengozi, sinokusebenzela ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zayo ezingalunganga ngelixa sisebenzisa iimpawu zayo zexabiso xa kuyimfuneko.