Sodium Cyanide: Chemical Properties ndi Reaction Mechanisms

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale komanso chitetezo chachikulu chifukwa cha poizoni kwambiri. Kumvetsa zake Chemical katundu ndi njira zochitira zinthu ndizofunikira pakusamalira bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupereka chidule cha mawonekedwe a mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimachitika Sodium cyanide.

Ma Chemical Properties a Sodium Cyanide

Kuwoneka Kwawo

Sodium cyanide ndi woyera, crystalline olimba kutentha firiji. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo wa cubic ndipo nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati yaing'ono, yopanda fungo (youma) granules kapena ufa. Komabe, ikakumana ndi chinyezi kapena asidi, imatha kutulutsa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe uli ndi fungo lodziwika bwino la amondi. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti si aliyense amene angazindikire fungo ili, chifukwa luso la kununkhiza limadziwika ndi majini.

Kutupa

NaCN imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Ikasungunuka m'madzi, imasiyanitsidwa kukhala sodium ions (Na⁺) ndi cyanide ions (CN⁻) molingana ndi equation iyi:

NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Kusungunuka kwakukulu kumeneku m'madzi kumapangitsa kukhala kowopsa kwa chilengedwe chifukwa kumatha kuipitsa magwero amadzi mosavuta. Amasungunukanso mu zosungunulira za polar organic monga methanol ndi ethanol.

Kukhazikika

Sodium cyanide imakhala yokhazikika bwino nthawi zonse. Komabe, imakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, chinyezi, ndi ma acid. Ikatenthedwa, imatha kuwola, kutulutsa mpweya woopsa kwambiri wa hydrogen cyanide. Pakakhala ma acid, ngakhale ma acid ofooka monga Carbonasidi wa ic (wopangidwa pamene carbon dioxide isungunuka m'madzi), zotsatirazi zimachitika:-NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Zimenezi zikusonyeza kufunika kosunga zinthu Sodium Cyanide m'malo owuma, ozizira kutali ndi zinthu za acidic.

Njira Zochitira za Sodium Cyanide

Kuchita ndi Zitsulo

Sodium cyanide imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga ma complexes ndi zitsulo. Chimodzi mwazogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikuchotsa golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku ores awo pantchito yamigodi. Pamaso pa oxygen ndi madzi, sodium cyanide imakhudzidwa ndi golide (Au) mu ore kupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complex. Zomwe zimachitika zonse zitha kuyimiridwa motere:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Pochita izi, ma cyanide ions amalumikizana ndi maatomu agolide, kutembenuza golide wosasungunuka mu ore kukhala chinthu chosungunuka chomwe chimatha kupatukana mosavuta ndi mwala wotsala ndi zonyansa zina. Kachitidwe kameneka kamakhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa golide ndi okosijeni, kutsatiridwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa golide wopangidwa ndi okosijeni ndi ayoni a cyanide.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Cyanide ions (CN⁻) ndi nucleophiles amphamvu. Mu organic chemistry, amatha kutenga nawo gawo pazosintha za nucleophilic. Mwachitsanzo, pamene alkyl halide (R - X, pomwe R ndi gulu la alkyl ndi X ndi halogen) imachita ndi sodium cyanide mu aprotic solvent monga dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), zotsatirazi zimachitika:RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

Cyanide ion imaukira atomu ya kaboni yolumikizidwa ku halogen, ndikuchotsa atomu ya halogen m'malo mwake. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma nitriles, omwe ndi ofunikira pakati pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagulu monga ma carboxylic acid, ma amines, ndi mankhwala a heterocyclic.

Kuchita ndi Madzi (Hydrolysis)

Monga tanena kale, sodium cyanide imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi mu hydrolysis reaction. Pamaso pa madzi, ion cyanide imatha kuvomereza pulotoni kuchokera m'madzi kupanga ma hydrogen cyanide ndi ayoni a hydroxide:CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Dongosolo la hydrolysis limasinthidwa, ndipo malo omwe amafanana amatengera zinthu monga pH ndi kutentha. M'mayankho a acidic, mgwirizano umasinthira ku mapangidwe a mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, pomwe munjira zoyambira, ion cyanide imakhalabe mu mawonekedwe ake anionic.