Sodium Cyanide: Mankhwala Ofunika Kwambiri Pamakampani

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lazachilengedwe m'malo ambiri opangira mankhwala. Ndi mankhwala ake apadera, imagwira ntchito yosasinthika m'magawo ambiri amakampani. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za katundu, ntchito, kupanga, ndi chitetezo cha Sodium cyanide, pofuna kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira cha mankhwala ofunikirawa.

Makhalidwe a Sodium Cyanide

Zida zakuthupi

Sodium cyanide imawoneka ngati zolimba za crystalline zoyera, zotupa, kapena ufa. Ndi hygroscopic ndipo ali ndi fungo lopweteka la amondi. Ndiwosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, ndipo pafupifupi 0.4 makilogalamu olimba Sodium Cyanide amatha kusungunuka mu 1 kg yamadzi pa 30 ° C. Ilinso ndi kusungunuka kwa ethanol. Pagululi ali ndi kulemera kwa molekyulu ya 49.007 g/mol, malo osungunuka a 564 ° C, ndi malo otentha a 1469 ° C, ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi ya 0.1 kPa pa 800 ° C.

Zakudya Zamakono

Sodium cyanide ndi maziko amphamvu - mchere wochepa wa asidi. Yake amadzimadzi njira akhoza crystallize kupanga sodium cyanide ma hydrate okhala ndi mamolekyu amodzi kapena awiri amadzi pansi pa 1.34 ° C. Kutentha kukadutsa 34.7 ° C, kumataya madzi a crystallization ndipo kumakhala mchere wa anhydrous. Imakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi zidulo, ngakhale zofooka kwambiri zidulo. Zitsulo monga chitsulo, nthaka, faifi tambala, mkuwa, cobalt, siliva, ndi cadmium zimatha kusungunuka mu sodium cyanide solutions, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zofananira. cyanides. Pamaso pa mpweya, imatha kusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva kupanga mchere wovuta. Sizogwirizana ndi zidulo ndipo zimatha kuchita ndi mpweya woipa. Mumlengalenga kapena m'madzi, imatha kuwola. Ukatenthedwa pamaso pa mpweya, umatulutsa mpweya wapoizoni monga hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ndi nitrogen oxides. Imachita mwankhanza ndi nitrates, nitrites, ndi klorate, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi ya kuphulika.

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide

Makampani Amigodi

Mu Makampani opanga migodi, makamaka pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva, sodium cyanide ndiyofunika kwambiri. Njira ya cyanidation, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za sodium cyanide kusungunula golidi ndi siliva kuchokera ku ores, zimavomerezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake komanso kutsika mtengo. Pa kilogalamu iliyonse ya golidi yopangidwa, pafupifupi matani anayi kapena asanu a sodium cyanide angafunike. Kufunika kwa sodium cyanide mu gawoli kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwamitengo yazitsulo zamtengo wapatali pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pamene chuma chapadziko lonse chikuyenda bwino komanso mitengo yamtengo wapatali yachitsulo ikukwera, kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zamigodi kumabweretsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa sodium cyanide.

Chemical Synthesis

1.Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala wamba komanso zowonjezera zakudya monga penicillin, vitamini B6. kupatsidwa folic acid, guanine, ndi caffeine. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, gawo lake popanga mamolekyu am'maselo amankhwala ndi lofunikira kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga mankhwala omwe amachiza matenda osiyanasiyana.

2.Kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo

M'makampani ophera tizilombo, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala opha tizilombo monga glyphosate, fenvalerate, paraquat, atrazine, ndi isoprothiolane. Mankhwala ophera tizilombowa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poteteza mbewu ku tizirombo ndi udzu, ndikuonetsetsa kuti chakudya chili ndi chakudya. Njira zopangira sodium cyanide zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi mankhwala enaake.

3.Kuphatikizika kwa Ma Chemical Compounds Ena

Ndilo maziko opangira kupanga mitundu yambiri yazinthu zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe Cyanides. Pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mwachindunji, ma cyanides ofunikira monga sodium ferrocyanide, potaziyamu ferrocyanide, potassium cyanide, zinc cyanide, barium cyanide, cuprous cyanide, sodium thiocyanate, ndi potaziyamu thiocyanate amatha kupangidwa. M'malo a organic cyanides, mankhwala monga cyanoacetic acid, malononitrile, methionine, benzyl cyanide, ndi cyanuric chloride amapangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera mum'badwo wa hydrogen cyanide kuchokera ku sodium cyanide, zinthu monga methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, azobisisobutyronitrile, azobisisoheptanenitrile, nitrilotriacetic acid, ndi glycolonitrile zitha kupangidwanso. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zopangidwa, kuphatikizapo mapulasitiki, mphira, ndi ulusi.

Makampani a Electroplating

Mu electroplating, sodium cyanide ndi gawo lofunikira pakusamba kwa electroplating kwazitsulo monga mkuwa, siliva, cadmium, ndi zinki. Itha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya anodic polarization, kuonetsetsa kusungunuka kwabwino kwa anode. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya cathodic polarization, yomwe imathandizira kupeza yunifolomu zitsulo zokutira pamwamba pa workpiece. Izi sizimangowonjezera kukana kwa dzimbiri zazitsulo komanso zimawonjezera mawonekedwe awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi electroplated zikhale zowoneka bwino komanso zolimba.

Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide

Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide ndi njira yovuta yamankhwala. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndi njira ya Andrussow, yomwe imakhudza momwe methane, ammonia, ndi okosijeni amachitira pa platinamu - chothandizira cha rhodium pa kutentha kwambiri. Njira ina ndi njira ya Castner, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito momwe sodium amide ndi carbon mu ng'anjo yamagetsi. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe komanso kuopsa kwachilengedwe kwa sodium cyanide, kupanga kwake kumayendetsedwa mokhazikika ndi madipatimenti aboma padziko lonse lapansi. Opanga amayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zotetezedwa komanso zoteteza zachilengedwe kuti awonetsetse kuti mankhwalawa ndi otetezeka komanso okhazikika.

Chitetezo ndi Kusamalira Sodium Cyanide

Toxicity

Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Ngakhale pang'ono, pang'ono 100 - 200 mg, akhoza kupha ngati atalowetsedwa, kutulutsa mpweya, kapena kulowetsedwa pakhungu. Ikalowa m'thupi la munthu, imatulutsa ma cyanide ions (CN-), omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu wa ayoni wachitsulo m'maselo. Izi zimasokoneza njira yachibadwa ya okosijeni m'maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cell asphyxiation ndi hypoxia ya minofu, pamapeto pake afe. Kuwonekera kwambiri kungayambitse zizindikiro monga kufooka, chizungulire, mutu, nseru, chifuwa chomangika, kupuma movutikira, kugunda kwamtima, ndi kutaya chidziwitso.

Chitetezo

1.Kusungira

Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, owuma, omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino, kutali ndi magwero a kutentha, kuyatsa, ndi zidulo. Iyenera kusungidwa m'mitsuko yomata mwamphamvu yopangidwa ndi zida zoyenera kuti isatayike komanso kuti isagwirizane ndi chilengedwe. Malo osungiramo zinthu ayenera kukhala ndi zida zotayikira - zotolera ndi zizindikiro zochenjeza kuti zisawonongeke mwangozi.

2.Mayendedwe

Pa zoyendera, sodium cyanide iyenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima. Magalimoto apadera oyendera omwe ali ndi chitetezo choyenera amafunikira. Kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake Mapulani achitetezo chadzidzidzi ndi zida ziyenera kukhalapo pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.

3.Handling mu Industrial Settings

Ogwira ntchito yogwira sodium cyanide m'mafakitale ayenera kuphunzitsidwa bwino za chitetezo. Ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikizapo zopumira, zovala zodzitetezera, magolovesi, ndi magalasi. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito m'mafakitale kuyenera kutsata njira zokhazikika zochepetsera chiopsezo chowonekera. Pakatayikira kapena kutayikira, njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi ziyenera kuchitidwa, monga kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide kuti muchepetse sodium cyanide.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Kutaya kosayenera kwa sodium cyanide kapena zinyalala zake kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe. Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa ndi zotsalira za zinyalala zimatha kuipitsa nthaka ndi magwero a madzi, kuyika pangozi moyo wa zomera, nyama, ndi zamoyo zam'madzi. M'makampani a migodi ya golide, mwachitsanzo, ma cyanide ambiri - okhala ndi michira amapangidwa chaka chilichonse. Michira iyi, ikapanda kusamalidwa bwino, imatha kubweretsa zoopsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, njira zolimbikitsira zoteteza zachilengedwe komanso matekinoloje ochotsera zinyalala ndizofunikira kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi sodium cyanide.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale ili ndi poizoni wambiri, ndi mankhwala ofunikira m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mankhwala ake apadera amamupangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, Kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwalandi electroplating. Komabe, chifukwa cha ziwopsezo zomwe zingachitike paumoyo wa anthu komanso chilengedwe, malamulo okhwima otetezedwa komanso njira zoyendetsera bwino ziyenera kutsatiridwa panthawi yonse yopangira, kuyendetsa, kusungirako, ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Pamene luso lamakono likupita patsogolo, zoyesayesa ziyeneranso kupangidwa kuti pakhale njira zina zotetezera zachilengedwe komanso zotetezeka kapena njira zowonjezera kuchepetsa kudalira ndi kuopsa kwa sodium cyanide pamene akukwaniritsa zofunikira za chitukuko cha mafakitale.